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52-599: Pepo may refer to: Pepo (botany) , a modified berry with a hard outer rind, typical of cucurbits such as cucumbers and melons Pepo Mill. , a synonym of the genus Cucurbita Pepo (ethnology) , Plain Indigenous peoples in Taiwan. Pepo (jurist) , an 11th-century law teacher at the University of Bologna Pepo (cartoonist) , born René Ríos Boettiger,

104-416: A stone (pit) produced from a single flower containing one ovary . Berries so defined include grapes , currants , and tomatoes , as well as cucumbers , eggplants (aubergines), persimmons and bananas , but exclude certain fruits that meet the culinary definition of berries , such as strawberries and raspberries . The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire outer layer of

156-407: A Chilean cartoonist, who used Pepo as a pseudonym PEPO Lappeenranta , a Finnish football club Pepo (film) , a 1935 Armenian film made by Hamo Beknazarian Nickname of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pepo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

208-406: A berry is a simple fruit having seeds and fleshy pulp (the pericarp ) produced from the ovary of a single flower. The ovary can be inferior or superior . It is indehiscent , i.e. it does not have a special "line of weakness" along which it splits to release the seeds when ripe. The pericarp is divided into three layers. The outer layer is called the "exocarp" or " epicarp "; the middle layer,

260-433: A food source to humans since before the start of agriculture, and remain among the primary food sources of other primates. Botanically defined berries with culinary uses include: Some berries are brightly coloured, due to plant pigments such as anthocyanins and other flavonoids . These pigments are localized mainly in the outer surface and the seeds . Such pigments have antioxidant properties in vitro , but there

312-548: A hard outer rind, have also been used as containers by removing the inner flesh and seeds and then drying the remaining exocarp. The English name of Lagenaria siceraria , "bottle gourd", reflects its use as a liquid container. Some true berries have also been used as a source of dyes . In Hawaii , these included berries from a species of Dianella , used to produce blue, and berries from black nightshade ( Solanum americanum ), used to produce green. Cucurbit berries or pepos, particularly from Cucurbita and Lagenaria , are

364-476: A hard, persistent endocarp, even woody in some species. Fruits classified as berries are thus not necessarily homologous, with the fleshy part being derived from different parts of the ovary, and with other structural and developmental differences. The presence or absence of berries is not a reliable guide to phylogeny. Indeed, fruit type in general has proved to be an unreliable guide to flowering plant relationships. Berries, defined loosely, have been valuable as

416-399: A single fruit, and multiple fruits like pineapples are formed from the ovaries of separate flowers that are close together. Because aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from many ripened ovaries together, they are actually infructescences or groups of fruits that are arranged together in a structure. Some fruits, like the apple, are accessory fruits which can include other parts of

468-444: A structure (the core) in which tough tissue clearly separates the seeds from the outer softer pericarp. Although pomes are not botanical berries, Amelanchier pomes become soft at maturity, resembling a blueberry , and are commonly called Juneberries, serviceberries or Saskatoon berries . Aggregate or compound fruits contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower, with the individual "fruitlets" joined at maturity to form

520-458: A superior ovary. In epigynous berries, the berry includes tissue derived from parts of the flower other than the ovary. The floral tube, formed from the basal part of the sepals, petals and stamens, can become fleshy at maturity and is united with the ovary to form the fruit. Common fruits that are sometimes classified as epigynous berries include bananas , coffee , members of the genus Vaccinium (e.g., cranberries and blueberries), and members of

572-423: A surrounding fruit, this meaning that juniper and yew "berries" are not fruits, but modified cones . Fruits are responsible for the dispersal and protection of seeds in angiosperms and cannot be easily characterized due to the differences in defining culinary and botanical fruits. After double fertilization and ripening, the ovary becomes the fruit, the ovules inside the ovary become the seeds of that fruit, and

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624-406: A thin outer skin, not self-supporting when removed from the berry. This distinguishes, for example, a Vaccinium or Solanum berry from an Adansonia (baobab) amphisarca, which has a dry, more rigid and self-supporting skin. The fruit of citrus , such as the orange , kumquat and lemon , is a berry with a thick rind and a very juicy interior divided into segments by septa , that is given

676-466: A two-volume work, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum (on the fruits and seeds of plants) between 1788 and 1792. In addition to Linnaeus' eight terms, he introduced seven more, including pepo for the berry-like fruits of cucurbits. A pepo was distinguished by being a fleshy berry with the seeds distant from the axis, and so nearer the fruit wall (i.e. by having " parietal placentation " in modern terminology). Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in 1813 used

728-552: Is a berry-like example of a multiple fruit; it develops from a cluster of tiny separate flowers that become compressed as they develop into fruit. Accessory fruits are not botanical berries. In accessory fruits, the edible part is not generated by the ovary. Berry-like examples include: The female seed cones of some conifers have fleshy and merged scales, giving them a berry-like appearance. Juniper "berries" (family Cupressaceae ), in particular those of Juniperus communis , are used to flavour gin . The seed cones of species in

780-420: Is embedded or surrounded by the receptacle. This occurs in flowers of the family Lythraceae , which includes the crape myrtles . Such flowers are termed perigynous or half-epigynous . In some classifications, half-inferior ovaries are not recognized and are instead grouped with either the superior or inferior ovaries. More specifically, a half-inferior ovary has nearly equal portions of ovary above and below

832-590: Is less effective. Such habitats were increasingly common in the Paleogene and the associated change in fruit type may have led to the evolution of fruit eating in mammals and birds. Fruit type has been considered to be a useful character in classification and in understanding the phylogeny of plants. The evolution of fruits with a berry-like pericarp has been studied in a wide range of flowering plant families. Repeated transitions between fleshy and dry pericarps have been demonstrated regularly. One well-studied family

884-620: Is no reliable evidence that they have antioxidant or any other useful functions within the human body. Consequently, it is not permitted to claim that foods containing plant pigments have antioxidant health value on product labels in the United States or Europe. Some spices are prepared from berries. Allspice is made from the dried berries of Pimenta dioica . The fruits (berries) of different cultivars of Capsicum annuum are used to make paprika (mildly hot), chili pepper (hot) and cayenne pepper (very hot). Pepos, characterized by

936-412: Is often cited as an example, but close inspection of some pomes (such as Pyracantha ) will show that it is really a half-inferior ovary. Flowers with inferior ovaries are termed epigynous . Some examples of flowers with an inferior ovary are orchids (inferior capsule), Fuchsia (inferior berry), banana (inferior berry), Asteraceae (inferior achene-like fruit, called a cypsela ) and the pepo of

988-406: Is present in the ovary of some plants, near the micropyle of each ovule. It is an outgrowth of the placenta, important in nourishing and guiding pollen tubes to the micropyle. The ovary of some types of fruit is dehiscent ; the ovary wall splits into sections called valves. There is no standard correspondence between the valves and the position of the septa; the valves may separate by splitting

1040-435: Is rarely used. There remains no universally agreed system of classification for fruits, and there continues to be "confusion over classification of fruit types and the definitions given to fruit terms". By definition, berries have a fleshy, indehiscent pericarp, as opposed to a dry, dehiscent pericarp. Fossils show that early flowering plants had dry fruits; fleshy fruits, such as berries or drupes, appeared only towards

1092-551: Is the Solanaceae , because of the commercial importance of fruit such as tomatoes, bell peppers, and eggplants or aubergines. Capsules , which are dry dehiscent fruits, appear to be the original form of the fruit in the earliest diverging members of the family. Berries have then evolved at least three times: in Cestrum , Duboisia , and in the subfamily Solanoideae . Detailed anatomical and developmental studies have shown that

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1144-534: Is used of fruits that have the general structure and texture of a drupe, without necessarily meeting the full definition. Other drupe-like fruits with a single seed that lack the stony endocarp include sea-buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides , Elaeagnaceae ), which is an achene , surrounded by a swollen hypanthium that provides the fleshy layer. Fruits of Coffea species are described as either drupes or berries. The pome fruits produced by plants in subtribe Pyrinae of family Rosaceae , such as apples and pears, have

1196-617: The Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea suggests that banana cultivation there goes back to at least 7,000 BP, and possibly to 10,000 BP. The history of cultivated citrus fruit remains unclear, although some recent research suggests a possible origin in Papuasia rather than continental southeast Asia. Chinese documents show that mandarins and pomelos were established in cultivation there by around 4,200 BP. According to FAOSTAT data, in 2013 four of

1248-417: The fruits of the potato and the deadly nightshade , are poisonous to humans. A plant that bears berries is said to be bacciferous or baccate (from Latin bacca ). In everyday English, a " berry " is any small edible fruit. Berries are usually juicy, round, brightly coloured, sweet or sour , and do not have a stone or pit, although many small seeds may be present. In botanical language,

1300-423: The " mesocarp " or "sarcocarp"; the inner layer, the " endocarp ". Botanists have not applied these terms consistently. Exocarp and endocarp may be restricted to more-or-less single-layered "skins", or may include tissues adjacent to them; thus on one view, the exocarp extends inwards to the layer of vascular bundles ("veins"). The inconsistency in usage has been described as "a source of confusion". The nature of

1352-546: The berries of Cestrum and those of the Solanoideae are significantly different; for example, expansion of the fruit during development involves cell divisions in the mesocarp in Solanoideae berries, but not in Cestrum berries. When fruits described as berries were studied in the family Melastomaceae , they were found to be highly variable in structure, some being soft with an endocarp that soon broke down, others having

1404-400: The carpels; the number of locules present in a gynoecium may be equal to or less than the number of carpels, depending on whether septa are present. The ovules are attached to parts of the interior ovary walls called the placentae. Placental areas occur in various positions, corresponding to various parts of the carpels that make up the ovary. See Ovule#Location within the plant . An obturator

1456-500: The complete fruit. Examples of aggregate fruits commonly called "berries" include members of the genus Rubus , such as blackberry and raspberry . Botanically, these are not berries. Other large aggregate fruits, such as soursop ( Annona muricata ), are not usually called "berries", although some sources do use this term. Multiple fruits are not botanical berries. Multiple fruits are the fruits of two or more multiple flowers that are merged or packed closely together. The mulberry

1508-437: The definition of a fruit, as not all botanical fruits can be identified as culinary fruits. A ripened ovary may be a fleshy fruit such as a grapefruit or a dry fruit such as a nut. Further complicating this, culinary nuts are not always botanical nuts ; some culinary nuts such as the coconut and almond are another type of fruit called a drupe . In this same way, not all "fruits" are true fruits. A true fruit only consists of

1560-761: The earliest plants known to be domesticated – before 9,000–10,000 BP in the Americas, and probably by 12,000–13,000 BP in Asia. Peppers were domesticated in Mesoamerica by 8,000 BP. Many other early cultivated plants were also berries by the strict botanical definition, including grapes, domesticated by 8,000 BP and known to have been used in wine production by 6,000 BP. Bananas were first domesticated in Papua New Guinea and Southeast Asia . Archaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence at Kuk Swamp in

1612-554: The egg within the ovule becomes the zygote . Double fertilization of the central cell in the ovule produces the nutritious endosperm tissue that surrounds the developing zygote within the seed. Angiosperm ovaries do not always produce a fruit after the ovary has been fertilized. Problems that can arise during the developmental process of the fruit include genetic issues, harsh environmental conditions, and insufficient energy which may be caused by competition for resources between ovaries; any of these situations may prevent maturation of

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1664-569: The end of the Cretaceous Period or the beginning of the Paleogene Period , about 66 million years ago . The increasing importance of seed dispersal by fruit-eating vertebrates, both mammals and birds, may have driven the evolution of fleshy fruits. Alternatively, the causal direction may be the other way round. Large fleshy fruits are associated with moist habitats with closed tree canopies, where wind dispersal of dry fruits

1716-412: The endocarp distinguishes a berry from a drupe , which has a hardened or stony endocarp (see also below). The two kinds of fruit intergrade, depending on the state of the endocarp. Some sources have attempted to quantify the difference, e.g. requiring the endocarp to be less than 2 mm thick in a berry. Examples of botanical berries include: "True berries", or "baccae", may also be required to have

1768-554: The families Podocarpaceae and Taxaceae have a bright colour when fully developed, increasing the resemblance to true berries. The "berries" of yews ( Taxus species) consist of a female seed cone with which develops a fleshy red aril partially enclosing the poisonous seed. The Latin word baca or bacca (plural baccae ) was originally used for "any small round fruit". Andrea Caesalpinus (1519–1603) classified plants into trees and herbs, further dividing them by properties of their flowers and fruit. He did not make

1820-410: The family Cucurbitaceae (gourds, cucumbers , melons and squash ). Many fruits which are berries in the culinary definition are not berries in the botanic sense, but fall into one of the following categories: Drupes are varyingly distinguished from botanical berries. Drupes are fleshy fruits produced from a (usually) single-seeded ovary with a hard woody layer (called the endocarp ) surrounding

1872-441: The first textbook of descriptive systematic botany. He used eight different terms for fruits, one of which was bacca or berry, distinguished from other types of fruit such as drupa (drupe) and pomum (pome). A bacca was defined as " pericarpium farctum evalve, semina ceteroquin nuda continens ", meaning "unvalved solid pericarp, containing otherwise naked seeds". The adjective " farctus " here has

1924-413: The five top fruit crops in terms of world production by weight were botanical berries. The other was a pome (apples). Citrus fruit includes, but is not limited to, oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit (including pomelos), tangerines, mandarins, clementines and satsumas. Oranges make up 53% of the total. According to FAOSTAT, in 2001, bananas (including plantains) and citrus comprised over 25% by value of

1976-452: The flower such as the receptacle , hypanthium , perianth , or calyx in addition to the mature and ripened ovary. Locules are chambers within the ovary of the flower and fruits. The locules contain the ovules (seeds), and may or may not be filled with fruit flesh. Depending on the number of locules in the ovary, fruits can be classified as uni-locular (unilocular), bi-locular, tri-locular or multi-locular. Some plants have septa between

2028-500: The insertion point, it is superior; if below, inferior. A superior ovary is an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts. A superior ovary is found in types of fleshy fruits such as true berries , drupes , etc. A flower with this arrangement is described as hypogynous . Examples of this ovary type include the legumes (beans and peas and their relatives). A half-inferior ovary (also known as “half-superior”, “subinferior,” or “partially inferior,”)

2080-413: The insertion point. Other varying degrees of inferiority can be described by other fractions. For instance, a "one-fifth inferior ovary" has approximately one fifth of its length under the insertion point. Likewise, only one quarter portion of a "three-quarters inferior ovary" is above the insertion. An inferior ovary lies below the attachment of other floral parts. A pome is a type of fleshy fruit that

2132-409: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepo&oldid=921679414 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pepo (botany) In botany , a berry is a fleshy fruit without

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2184-427: The modern distinction between "fruits" and "seeds", calling hard structures like nuts semina or seeds. A fleshy fruit was called a pericarpium . For Caesalpinus, a true bacca or berry was a pericarpium derived from a flower with a superior ovary; one derived from a flower with an inferior ovary was called a pomum . In 1751, Carl Linnaeus wrote Philosophia Botanica , considered to be

2236-408: The ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible " pericarp ". Berries may be formed from one or more carpels from the same flower (i.e. from a simple or a compound ovary). The seeds are usually embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary, but there are some non-fleshy exceptions, such as Capsicum species, with air rather than pulp around their seeds. Many berries are edible, but others, such as

2288-534: The ovary. Fruits are important in the dispersal and protection of seeds, and variation in fruit shape or size results from an evolutionary response that aids in the dispersal of seeds in different environments. For example, the seeds of large fleshy fruits are often dispersed through endozoochory ; this means that animals consume the fleshy fruit and as a result disperse its seeds with their movement. The seeds of fruits can be dispersed by endozoochory, gravity, wind, or other means. There are some complications to

2340-415: The ripened ovary and its contents. Fruits can be separated into three major categories: simple fruits , aggregate fruits , and multiple fruits . Simple fruits like oranges are formed from a single ovary which may or may not consist of multiple parts, while aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from several ovaries together. Aggregate fruits like raspberries are the ripened ovaries of one flower that form

2392-444: The seed. Familiar examples include the stonefruits of the genus Prunus ( peaches , plums and cherries ), olives , coconut , dates , bayberry and Persea species. Some definitions make the mere presence of an internally differentiated endocarp the defining feature of a drupe; others qualify the nature of the endocarp required in a drupe, e.g. defining berries to have endocarp less than 2 mm thick. The term "drupaceous"

2444-505: The sense of "solid with tissue softer than the outside; stuffed". A berry or bacca was distinguished from a drupe and a pome, both of which also had an unvalved solid pericarp; a drupe also contained a nut ( nux ) and a pome a capsule ( capsula ), rather than the berry's naked seeds. Linnaeus' use of bacca and pomum was thus significantly different from that of Caesalpinus. Botanists continue to differ on how fruit should be classified. Joseph Gaertner published

2496-401: The septa (septicidal dehiscence), or by spitting between them (loculicidal dehiscence), or the ovary may open in other ways, as through pores or because a cap falls off. The terminology of the positions of ovaries is determined by the insertion point , where the other floral parts ( perianth and androecium ) come together and attach to the surface of the ovary. If the ovary is situated above

2548-473: The special name " hesperidium ". A specialized term, pepo , is also used for fruits of the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae , which are modified to have a hard outer rind, but are not internally divided by septa. The fruits of Passiflora ( passion fruit ) and Carica (papaya) are sometimes also considered pepos. Berries that develop from an inferior ovary are sometimes termed epigynous berries or false berries, as opposed to true berries, which develop from

2600-419: The terms hesperidium and amphisarca as further subdivisions of berries. A hesperidium, called by others bacca corticata (berry with a cortex), had separate internal compartments ( " loges " in the original French) and a separable membraneous epicarp or skin. An amphisarca was described as woody on the outside and fleshy on the inside. "Hesperidium" remains in general use, but "amphisarca"

2652-464: The total. Prepared fruit here is "fruit, nuts and peel, including frozen, prepared or preserved, jam, paste, marmalade, purée and cooked fruits, other than those listed separately". Ovary (plants) A fruit is the mature, ripened ovary of a flower following double fertilization in an angiosperm . Because gymnosperms do not have an ovary but reproduce through fertilization of unprotected ovules , they produce naked seeds that do not have

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2704-511: The world's exported fruits and vegetables, citrus fruits being more valuable than bananas. Export quantities of fruit are not entirely comparable with production quantities, since slightly different categories are used. The top five fruit exports by weight in 2012 are shown in the table below. The top two places are again occupied by bananas and citrus. Citrus fruit includes oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit (including pomelos), tangerines, mandarins, clementines and satsumas. Oranges make up 43% of

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