25-496: Peredur ( Welsh pronunciation: [pɛˈrɛdɨr] , Old Welsh Peretur ) is the name of a number of men from the boundaries of history and legend in sub-Roman Britain . The Peredur who is most familiar to a modern audience is the character who made his entrance as a knight in the Arthurian world of Middle Welsh prose literature. Gwrgi and Peredur are listed as sons of Eliffer (Old Welsh: Elidir or Eleuther ) "of
50-527: A Thaliesin , which assumes the form of a dialogue between Myrddin Wyllt (the prototype of Merlin ) and the poet Taliesin , deals out praise to the brave "sons of Eliffer", saying that they did not avoid spears in the heat of battle. The apparent context is the battle of Arfderydd, where Myrddin fought as one of Gwenddoleu's warriors, went mad from terror and in this way, acquired the gift of prophecy (see also Vita Merlini below). For some unknown reason, however,
75-611: A copy of a text from the 6th or 7th centuries. Words in bold are Latin , not Old Welsh. surexit tutbulc filius liuit ha gener tutri dierchi tir telih haioid ilau elcu filius gelhig haluidt iuguret amgucant pel amtanndi ho diued diprotant gener tutri o guir imguodant ir degion guragon tagc rodesit elcu guetig equs tres uache, tres uache nouidligi namin ir ni be cas igridu dimedichat guetig hit did braut grefiat guetig nis minn tutbulc hai cenetl in ois oisau Tudfwlch son of Llywyd and son-in-law of Tudri arose to claim
100-515: A horse called Corvan, which enabled them to watch the clouds of dust ("battle-fog") coming from Gwenddolau and his (mounted) forces in the battle of Arfderydd. The Dialogue of Myrddin and Taliesin , the first song of the Black Book of Carmarthen ( Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin ), refers frequently to the battle, and many warriors said to have fought in the conflict are named: Cedfyl, Cadfan, Maelgwn, Erith, Gwrith, Bran, Melgan, Rhys, Cynelyn, Cyndur,
125-576: A place as heroes in the Hen Ogledd of the late 6th century. Further detail is supplied in later legendary traditions, notably those represented by the Welsh Triads ( Trioedd Ynys Prydein ). One listing the three "Horse-Burdens" of Britain relates that Gwrgi, Peredur, Dynod Bwr and Cynfelyn Drwsgl were carried by a horse called Corvan, which enabled them to watch the clouds of dust ("battle-fog") coming from Gwenddoleu and his (mounted) forces in
150-592: A ruler in the British North. In his earlier and more famous work, Historia regum Britanniae , Geoffrey of Monmouth also used the name Peredurus for a legendary ruler of Britain who was the fifth and youngest son born to the legendary Morvidus , king of the Britons. He is said to have conspired with his brother Ingenius to capture and oust their brother Elidurus , locking him up in Trinovantum . When
175-517: A sister called Arddun, while a variant version in Peniarth MS 50 calls the third sibling Ceindrech Pen Asgell ("Wing-head") and names the mother Efrddyl verch Gynfarch. Peredur is said to have had a son by the name of Gwgon Gwron, called one of the three "Prostrate Chieftains" ( Lledyf Vnben ) because "they would not seek a dominion, which nobody could deny to them". Still further allusions are found in early Welsh poetry. The poem Ymddiddan Myrddin
200-532: Is a notorious mercenary knight who is hired to fight Gawain in a contest of champions in a March 2021 story line. Peredur appears as a mythic archetype in Robert Holdstock 's novel Mythago Wood . Old Welsh Old Welsh ( Welsh : Hen Gymraeg ) is the stage of the Welsh language from about 800 AD until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh . The preceding period, from
225-695: The Juvencus Manuscript and in De raris fabulis . Some examples of medieval Welsh poems and prose additionally originate from this period, but are found in later manuscripts; Y Gododdin , for example, is preserved in Middle Welsh . A text in Latin and Old Welsh in the Lichfield Gospels called the "Surrexit Memorandum" is thought to have been written in the early 8th century but may be
250-614: The "Three Faithful Warbands of the Island of Britain", going on to say that they "continued to battle for a fortnight and a month after their lord was slain." The retinue of Dreon the Brave "at the Dyke of Arfderydd" is named as one of the "Three Noble Retinues", while a listing of the three "Horse-Burdens" of Britain relates that Gwrgi, Peredur , Dunawd the Stout and Cynfelyn Drwsgl were carried by
275-578: The Welsh romance Peredur son of Efrawg , where he claims the role performed by the Arthurian knight Percival in the works of Chrétien de Troyes and other non-Welsh sources. In the Englynion y Beddau , another Peredur, called Peredur of Penweddig (a cantref of Ceredigion ), occurs as the father of the legendary hero Môr. In the syndicated U.S. comic strip Prince Valiant , Sir Peredur The Rover
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#1732773003847300-493: The battle of Arfderydd. The circumstances in which Gwrgi and Peredur died are alluded to in a Triad which explains that they had one of "Three Faithless Warbands of the Island of Britain". Their warband abandoned them at Caer Greu on the day before a battle with Eda Glinmaur ("Great-Knee") and so they were slain. The Welsh Triads also refer to family relations. One on the "Three Fair Womb-Burdens" of Britain, preserved incompletely in Peniarth MS 47, suggests that Peredur and Gwrgi had
325-562: The battle on the plain between Liddel and Carwannok. This was identified by W. F. Skene as being at Arthuret , near Longtown , Cumberland (now Cumbria ), in North West England . The battle of Arfderydd is mentioned numerous times in a number of medieval Welsh texts, including the Welsh Triads ( Trioedd Ynys Prydein ) and the Red Book of Hergest ( Llyfr Coch Hergest ). The Welsh Triads name Gwenddoleu's warband as one of
350-562: The brothers divided the kingdom between them, Peredur became ruler over the part north of the Humber, including ' Albany ' (Scotland), and following Elidurus' death, succeeded to the entire kingdom. In the same work, Geoffrey also includes one Peredur map Peridur among the leading magnates of the realm who attended King Arthur's plenary Court in the City of the Legion . A Peredur is also the hero of
375-584: The great warband" ( cascord maur ) and as sons of the Coeling dynasty in the Harleian genealogies , making them first cousins of Urien . Likewise, a pedigree from Jesus College MS 20 includes Gwrgi and Peredur as brothers together with one Arthur penuchel . Their principal claim to fame rests on their having fought in the Battle of Arfderydd . The Annales Cambriae report that this battle ( bellum Armterid )
400-568: The growth of the poem to draw personages known from such sources as the Annales Cambriae into the orbit of its subject matter, assuming he is the same Peredur. Geoffrey of Monmouth , the author of the Historia Regum Britanniae , mentions a Peredur in his Vita Merlini ( The Life of Merlin ), an account of Merlin drawing heavily on narrative traditions about Myrddin Wyllt. In an early episode based clearly on
425-527: The land of Telych, which was in the hand of Elgu son of Gelli and the tribe of Idwared. They disputed long about it; in the end they disjudge Tudri's son-in-law by law. The goodmen said to each other 'Let us make peace'. Elgu gave afterwards a horse, three cows, three cows newly calved, in order that there might not be hatred between them from the ruling afterwards till the Day of Judgement. Tudfwlch and his kin will not want it for ever and ever. Page 141 (on which
450-482: The other pages in the Lichfield Gospels . This language-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Wales -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to the history of Wales is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Battle of Arfderydd The Battle of Arfderydd (also known as Arderydd )
475-516: The poem extends the number of sons to seven. A warrior called Peredur is also listed in one of the younger sections of Y Gododdin ( awdl A.31), which shows him as one of the heroes to have died fighting in battle as a member of the warband of Mynyddog Mwynfawr , chieftain of the Gododdin in "the Old North" . It has been argued that Peredur's appearance here may have been due to a tendency in
500-604: The story of the Battle of Arfderydd , Peredur ( Peredurus ) is joined by his allies Merlin, king of the South Welsh, and Rhydderch Hael , king of the Cumbrians , when he engages Gwenddoleu ( Guennolus ), king of Scotland, in a battle at an unnamed site. Merlin loses three brothers and driven mad from grief, takes refuge in the woods. Peredur is here presented as prince of the North Welsh ( dux Venedotorum ) rather than
525-513: The text is written) also has a Latin memorandum above the Old Welsh text. It appears to hold more text written below the main text, and a mysterious section where text appears to have been erased, both of which are partially overwritten with Old English text. No translations or transcripts have yet been offered for this section. It is unknown why that particular page was used for the glosses, as little or no text appears to have been added to any of
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#1732773003847550-592: The time Welsh became distinct from Common Brittonic around 550, has been called "Primitive" or "Archaic Welsh". The phonology of Old Welsh is as follows. The oldest surviving text entirely in Old Welsh is understood to be that on a gravestone now in Tywyn – the Cadfan Stone – thought to date from the 7th century, although more recent scholarship dates it in the 9th century. A key body of Old Welsh text also survives in glosses and marginalia from around 900 in
575-500: Was defeated and killed in the battle. His bard , Myrddin Wyllt , reportedly went mad and ran into the forest. He is one of several proposed origins for the Arthurian character Merlin . The Welsh Triads refer to this battle as one of the "Three Futile Battles of the Island of Britain", along with the Battle of Camlann and the Battle of the Trees . The 14th-century chronicler John of Fordun 's Chronica Gentis Scotorum places
600-400: Was fought in 573, but gives no further detail. A later expansion of the entry names Gwrgi and Peredur, both described as sons of Eliffer, as the chieftains on the victorious side and tells that Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio was defeated and slain in the battle. Under the year 580, the Annales Cambriae record the deaths of Gwrgi ( Guurci ) and his brother Peredur ( Peretur ). These references give them
625-515: Was fought in medieval Britain in AD 573, according to the Annales Cambriae . The opposing armies are identified in a number of Old Welsh sources but vary between them, perhaps suggesting several allied armies were involved. The main adversaries appear to have been Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio and either the princely brothers Peredur and Gwrgi or King Rhydderch Hael of Strathclyde . Gwenddoleu
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