Peregrino is an oil field (block BM-C-7) located offshore of Brazil , east of Rio de Janeiro , in the southwest part of the Campos Basin area with about 2.3 billion barrels (370 × 10 ^ m) of oil in place within the sanctioned area. The oil field was discovered in 2004 and was formerly known as Chinook .
36-397: The location is 53 miles (85 km) off the coast, situated in 328 to 390 feet (100 to 119 m) of water. Peregrino is a heavy crude oil of 13. API and with high viscosity . Sulfur content is 1.8% which is considered medium sour. The estimated recoverable volume of crude oil is 300 million barrels (48 × 10 ^ m) to 600 million barrels (95 × 10 ^ m). The first oil
72-535: A diluent is added at regular distances in a pipeline carrying heavy crude to facilitate its flow. Dilbit (diluted bitumen ) is a means of transporting highly viscous hydrocarbons. Per the Alberta Oil Sands Bitumen Valuation Methodology, "Dilbit Blends" means "Blends made from heavy crudes and/or bitumens and a diluent usually condensate , for the purpose of meeting pipeline viscosity and density specifications, where
108-741: A 2009 report, the National Toxics Network, citing data provided by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center of the government of the United States and the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), stated that emissions of CO 2 per unit of energy produced were ~84% of those for coal (0.078/0.093) - higher than CO 2 emissions of conventional oil. Environmental Research Web has reported that "because of
144-493: A discount to lighter ones. The increased viscosity and density also makes production more difficult (see reservoir engineering ). On the other hand, large quantities of heavy crudes have been discovered in the Americas, including Canada , Venezuela and California . The relatively shallow depth of heavy oil fields (often less than 3,000 ft (910 m)) can contribute to lower production costs; however, these are offset by
180-411: A more severe environmental impact than light ones. With more difficult production comes the employment of a variety of enhanced oil recovery techniques, including steam flooding and tighter well spacing, often as close as one well per acre. Heavy crude oils also carry contaminants. For example, Orinoco extra heavy oil contains 4.5% sulfur as well as vanadium and nickel . However, because crude oil
216-452: A relatively high proportion of a mixed bag of complex, high molecular weight, non-paraffinic compounds and a low proportion of volatile, low molecular weight compounds. Heavy oils typically contain very little paraffin and may or may not contain high levels of asphaltenes. Heavy crude oil is generally categorized in two ways : Siem Offshore Siem Offshore is an international offshore and subsea shipping company registered on
252-540: A reservoir viscosity of more than 10,000 centipoises . Heavy oils and asphalt are dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). They have a low solubility and a viscosity greater than, and density higher than, water. Large spills of DNAPL will quickly penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate at the bottom. Heavy crude oil is closely related to natural bitumen from oil sands . Petroleum geologists categorize bitumen from oil sands as 'extra-heavy oil' due to its density of less than 10° API. Bitumen
288-559: A ship-shaped floating production, storage and off-take unit ( FPSO ) called Maersk Peregrino built in Singapore . It is 345m long, cost 1B euros and is powered by 72 MW steam turbines fueled by gas from the field. The platforms are tied back to the FPSO by flowlines and power umbilicals. Project requires extensive sub-surface and reservoir management skills such as produced water injection, horizontal wells and flow assurance to sustain
324-448: Is asphaltic and contains asphaltenes and resins . It is "heavy" (dense and viscous) due to the high ratio of aromatics and naphthenes to linear alkanes and high levels of NSOs ( nitrogen , sulfur , oxygen and heavy metals ). Heavy oil has a higher percentage of compounds with over 60 carbon atoms and hence a high boiling point and molecular weight. For example, the viscosity of Venezuela's Orinoco extra-heavy crude oil lies in
360-415: Is refined before use, generating specific alkanes via cracking and fractional distillation , this comparison is not valid in a practical sense. Heavy crude refining techniques may require more energy input though, so its environmental impact is presently more significant than that of lighter crude if the intended final products are light hydrocarbons (gasoline motor fuels). On the other hand, heavy crude
396-509: Is a better source for road asphalt mixes than light crude. With present technology, the extraction and refining of heavy oils and oil sands generates as much as three times the total CO 2 emissions when compared with conventional oil, primarily driven by the extra energy consumption of the extraction process (which may include burning natural gas to heat and pressurize the reservoir to stimulate flow). Current research into better production methods seek to reduce this environmental impact. In
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#1732793338243432-485: Is expected for early 2011, where 5 wells are anticipated for production and production should reach a plateau of 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m/d) within the first year with a targeted production of some 120,000 barrels per day (19,000 m/d) by 2012. The field will be completed in three phases and will include approximately 60 wells; phase one of the project includes 37 wells; 30 production wells and 7 water injection wells. The temperature of
468-510: Is highly viscous oil that cannot easily flow from production wells under normal reservoir conditions. It is referred to as "heavy" because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil . Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than 20°. Physical properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as higher molecular weight hydrocarbon composition. In 2010,
504-586: Is more viscous than cold molasses and does not flow at ambient conditions. According to the World Resources Institute , concentrations of remarkable quantities of heavy oil and oil sands are found in Canada and Venezuela. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported in 2001 that the largest reserves of heavy crude oil in the world were located north of the Orinoco river , in
540-491: Is sometimes described as oil sands, but these deposits are non-bituminous, falling instead into the category of heavy or extra-heavy oil due to their lower viscosity. Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original conventional oils by bacteria . Thirty or more countries are known to have reserves. Production, transportation, and refining of heavy crude oil present special challenges compared to light crude oil. Generally,
576-691: Is the heaviest, thickest form of petroleum. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, bitumen is further distinguished as extra-heavy oil with a higher viscosity (i.e., resistance to flow): "Natural bitumen, also called tar sands or oil sands, shares the attributes of heavy oil but is yet more dense and viscous. Natural bitumen is oil having a viscosity greater than 10,000 cP." "Natural bitumen (often called tar sands or oil sands) and heavy oil differ from light oils by their high viscosity (resistance to flow) at reservoir temperatures, high density (low API gravity), and significant contents of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds and heavy-metal contaminants. They resemble
612-594: The Cayman Islands with its main offices in Kristiansand , Norway . The Company's fleet includes 50 vessels, of which 15 are under construction. The fleet includes platform supply vessels - PSVs, anchor handling tug and supply vessels - AHTS, multipurpose field and ROV support vessels - MRSVs, offshore subsea construction vessels - OSCVs, well intervention vessels - WIVs, scientific core drilling vessels - SCDVs and crew transport vessels - CTVs. Furthermore,
648-526: The World Energy Council (WEC) defined extra heavy oil as crude oil having a gravity of less than 10° and a reservoir viscosity of more than 10,000 centipoises. When reservoir viscosity measurements are not available, extra-heavy oil is considered by the WEC to have a lower limit of 4° API. In other words, oil with a density greater than 1000 kg/m (or a specific gravity greater than 1) and
684-468: The 270-mile long by 40-mile wide Orinoco Belt , in eastern Venezuela . At that time Venezuela began authorizing "joint ventures to upgrade the extra-heavy crude resources." Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) at that time estimated that there were 270 billion barrels of recoverable reserves in the area, the same amount as the conventional oil reserves of Saudi Arabia . The Orinoco Belt in Venezuela
720-535: The company expanded into the contracting business, when Five Oceans Services was acquired and subsequently renamed to Siem Offshore Contractors (SOC). SOC is specialized in the installation, repair and maintenance of submarine cable systems, with a regional focus on the renewable energy sector in Europe and the offshore oil and gas sector in the Middle east. This article related to a Norwegian ship transport company
756-547: The density of the diluent included in the blend is less than 800 kg/m ." Heavy crude oils provide an interesting situation for the economics of petroleum development. The resources of heavy oil in the world are more than twice those of conventional light crude oil. In October 2009, the United States Geological Survey updated the Orinoco deposits (Venezuela) recoverable value to 513 billion barrels (8.16 × 10 m ), making this area one of
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#1732793338243792-629: The difficulties of production and transport that render conventional production methods ineffective. Specialized techniques are being developed for exploration and production of heavy oil. Production of heavy oil is becoming more common in many countries, with 2008 production led by Canada and Venezuela. Methods for extraction include Cold heavy oil production with sand , steam assisted gravity drainage , steam injection , vapor extraction , Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI) , and open-pit mining for extremely sandy and oil-rich deposits. With current production and transportation methods, heavy crudes have
828-424: The energy needed for extraction and processing, petroleum from Canadian oil sands has higher life cycle emission" compared with conventional fossil fuels; "up to 25% more." Most geologists agree that crude becomes 'heavy' as a result of biodegradation , in which lighter oils are preferentially consumed by bacterial activity in the reservoir, leaving heavier hydrocarbons behind. This hypothesis leans heavily on
864-485: The engineering, procurement and construction management by Statoil for the provision of the drilling facilities. Siem Consub will provide maritime support for the initial 2 years under a renewable contract for an additional year. The PSV-ship will be available beginning in the first quarter of 2010. Seawell, a Seadrill subsidiary, will manage the drilling campaign at a cost of US$ 90 million. Heavy crude oil Heavy crude oil (or extra heavy crude oil )
900-456: The oil field for US$ 2.1 billion. At the time of acquiring the license, the field's recovery factor was estimated to be 9%. However, with the current reservoir depletion plan of the field calling for the use of produced water injection and rock compaction, Peregrino's recovery factor has increased to 20%. On 21 May 2010, Statoil agreed to sell 40% stake to Sinochem . The first phase of the development includes two drilling and wellhead platforms and
936-401: The oil, gas, water and sand from the field is 79.6°C in the reservoir and 60-66°C on arrival in the ship, and then heated to 130-150°C for processing (separation). After this, the temperature is kept at 65-70°C to keep the oil liquid. The field was originally planned to be operated by Anadarko Petroleum with Statoil as 50%; however, on March 4, 2008, Statoil purchased Anadarko's 50% share of
972-470: The pipelines connecting the two platforms to the FPSO. Another contract was awarded to Kiewit Offshore Services Ltd. for the supply of two drilling platforms for the field. FMC Technologies will manufacture and install the surface wellheads and surface production trees for the Peregrino project. Wood Group Brasil was selected by Statoil to provide operations, maintenance and modification services for
1008-562: The project over a longer-term. With the current reservoir depletion plan of the field calling for the use of produced water injection and rock compaction, Peregrino's recovery factor has increased to 20%. The project commenced in February 2007, when South Atlantic Holding and Maersk Contractors signed an agreement to perform a FEED study for the project. Shortly after the FEED, a contract was awarded to Maersk Contractors (now Maersk FPSOs) for
1044-558: The provision of the FPSO and for 15 years of operation of the FPSO. Aker Solutions will perform the mooring installation work – the first marine installation job for Aker Solutions in Brazil. The scope of work comprises planning and installation of a submerged turret production (STP) buoy with mooring system using ten mooring lines with 90-tonne piles, heavy chain and wire. The operations were scheduled to be conducted during Q4 2009. APL (a subsidiary of National Oilwell Varco ) will provide
1080-488: The range 1000–5000 cP (1–5 Pa·s ), while Canadian extra-heavy crude has a viscosity in the range 5000–10,000 cP (5–10 Pa·s), about the same as molasses, and higher (up to 100,000 cP or 100 Pa·s for the most viscous commercially exploitable deposits). A definition from the Chevron Phillips Chemical company is as follows: The "heaviness" of heavy oil is primarily the result of
1116-472: The residuum from the refining of light oil. Most heavy oil is found at the margins of geologic basins and is thought to be the residue of formerly light oil that has lost its light-molecular-weight components through degradation by bacteria, water-washing, and evaporation. Conventional heavy oil and bitumens differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original crude oil by bacteria and erosion. ( Meyer & Atanasi 2003 , p. 1) Often, bitumen
Peregrino - Misplaced Pages Continue
1152-509: The submerged turret production and mooring system for the Peregrino FPSO. Kiewit Offshore Services was selected for the engineering, procurement, and construction of the two large 6,500-ton decks and two jackets, 6,600 and 7,000 tons respectfully. Additional scope also includes the fabrication of two piles weighing a total of 5,600 tons. Subsea 7 received a contract for the engineering, procurement, construction and installation of
1188-558: The subsidiary Siem Consub (Siem Offshore do Brasil) operates additional vessels in Brazil . Siem Industries (33.7%) and Ace Crown International (19.4%) are the largest owners. The company was founded on 1 July 2005 as a spin-off from Subsea 7 . In September the same year it bought Rovde Shipping and has since ordered a substantial number of new vessels, primarily platform supply, anchor handling tug and supply as well as offshore subsea construction and well intervention vessels. In 2011,
1224-611: The techniques of petroleum geochemistry . Poor geologic reservoir sealing exposes the hydrocarbons to surface contaminants, including organic life (such as bacteria) and contributes to this process. Heavy oil can be found in shallow, young reservoirs, with rocks from the Pleistocene , Pliocene , and Miocene (younger than 25 million years). In some cases, it can also be found in older Cretaceous , Mississippian , and Devonian reservoirs. These reservoirs tend to be poorly sealed, resulting in heavy oil and oil-sands. Heavy oil
1260-496: The two Peregrino wellhead platforms. The five-year contract is valued at approximately US $ 60 million. Wood Group Brasil's project scope includes both offshore services and onshore support, and covers all production processes and equipment except drilling services. The project will be managed by Wood Group Brasil's existing management team, and more than 50 local workers will be hired for operations, maintenance, engineering and other positions. William Jacob Management, Inc. were awarded
1296-419: The world's largest recoverable oil deposits. However, recovery rates for heavy oil are often limited from 5-30% of oil in place. The chemical makeup is often the defining variable in recovery rates. New technology utilized for the recovery of heavy oil is constantly increasing recovery rates. On one hand, due to increased refining costs and high sulfur content for some sources, heavy crudes are often priced at
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