57-512: Perry Hall may refer to: Perry Hall, Birmingham , whose grounds are now Perry Hall Park Perry Hall Mansion in Baltimore County, Maryland, named after the above The district of Perry Hall, Maryland , name after Perry Hall Mansion Perry Hall High School , Baltimore County, Maryland Perry Hall (baseball) (1898–1993), American Negro league baseball player Perry Hall, London ,
114-630: A place in the London Borough of Bromley , United Kingdom See also [ edit ] Perry Hill (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Perry Hall . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perry_Hall&oldid=1101916911 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
171-647: A conduit for the dispersal of pollen grains, spores and seeds , the atmosphere can be considered to be a habitat-type in its own right. There are metabolically active microbes present that actively reproduce and spend their whole existence airborne, with hundreds of thousands of individual organisms estimated to be present in a cubic meter of air. The airborne microbial community may be as diverse as that found in soil or other terrestrial environments, however, these organisms are not evenly distributed, their densities varying spatially with altitude and environmental conditions. Aerobiology has not been studied much, but there
228-404: A direct result of human activities, such as deforestation , the plowing of ancient grasslands, the diversion and damming of rivers, the draining of marshland and the dredging of the seabed. The introduction of alien species can have a devastating effect on native wildlife – through increased predation , through competition for resources or through the introduction of pests and diseases to which
285-489: A downpour occurs and lays its eggs in the transient pools that form; the tadpoles develop with great rapidity, sometimes in as little as nine days, undergo metamorphosis , and feed voraciously before digging a burrow of their own. Other organisms cope with the drying up of their aqueous habitat in other ways. Vernal pools are ephemeral ponds that form in the rainy season and dry up afterwards. They have their specially-adapted characteristic flora, mainly consisting of annuals,
342-413: A forest is divided into parts by logging, with strips of cleared land separating woodland blocks, and the distances between the remaining fragments exceeds the distance an individual animal is able to travel, that species becomes especially vulnerable. Small populations generally lack genetic diversity and may be threatened by increased predation, increased competition, disease and unexpected catastrophe. At
399-526: A home for both static organisms, anchored to the substrate , and for a large range of organisms crawling on or burrowing into the surface. Some creatures float among the waves on the surface of the water, or raft on floating debris, others swim at a range of depths, including organisms in the demersal zone close to the seabed, and myriads of organisms drift with the currents and form the plankton . Many animals and plants have taken up residence in urban environments. They tend to be adaptable generalists and use
456-716: A mile below the ice of Antarctica; in the absence of sunlight, they must rely on organic material from elsewhere, perhaps decaying matter from glacier melt water or minerals from the underlying rock. Other bacteria can be found in abundance in the Mariana Trench , the deepest place in the ocean and on Earth; marine snow drifts down from the surface layers of the sea and accumulates in this undersea valley, providing nourishment for an extensive community of bacteria. Other microbes live in environments lacking in oxygen, and are dependent on chemical reactions other than photosynthesis . Boreholes drilled 300 m (1,000 ft) into
513-444: A natural habitat is no longer able to support its native species. The organisms once living there have either moved to elsewhere or are dead, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and species numbers . Habitat destruction is in fact the leading cause of biodiversity loss and species extinction worldwide. The protection of habitat types is a necessary step in the maintenance of biodiversity because if habitat destruction occurs,
570-410: A parasitic organism, its habitat is the particular part of the outside or inside of its host on or in which it is adapted to live. The life cycle of some parasites involves several different host species, as well as free-living life stages, sometimes within vastly different microhabitat types. One such organism is the trematode (flatworm) Microphallus turgidus , present in brackish water marshes in
627-443: A particular community of plants and animals. The chief environmental factors affecting the distribution of living organisms are temperature, humidity, climate, soil and light intensity , and the presence or absence of all the requirements that the organism needs to sustain it. Generally speaking, animal communities are reliant on specific types of plant communities. Some plants and animals have habitat requirements which are met in
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#1732791437433684-557: A particular species well, but its presence or absence at any particular location depends to some extent on chance, on its dispersal abilities and its efficiency as a colonizer. Arid habitats are those where there is little available water. The most extreme arid habitats are deserts . Desert animals have a variety of adaptations to survive the dry conditions. Some frogs live in deserts, creating moist habitat types underground and hibernating while conditions are adverse. Couch's spadefoot toad ( Scaphiopus couchii ) emerges from its burrow when
741-487: A similar way; their eggs hatch and the juvenile fish grow with great rapidity when the conditions are right, but the whole population of fish may end up as eggs in diapause in the dried up mud that was once a pond. Freshwater habitat types include rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, marshes and bogs. They can be divided into running waters (rivers, streams) and standing waters (lakes, ponds, marshes, bogs). Although some organisms are found across most of these habitat types,
798-509: A similarly rich fauna of invertebrates as a more varied habitat. The monotypic habitat occurs in both botanical and zoological contexts. Some invasive species may create monocultural stands that prevent other species from growing there. A dominant colonization can occur from retardant chemicals exuded, nutrient monopolization, or from lack of natural controls, such as herbivores or climate, that keep them in balance with their native habitat types. The yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis
855-498: A variety of bacteria and fungi; and snowfields on which algae grow. Whether from natural processes or the activities of man, landscapes and their associated habitat types change over time. There are the slow geomorphological changes associated with the geologic processes that cause tectonic uplift and subsidence , and the more rapid changes associated with earthquakes, landslides, storms, flooding, wildfires, coastal erosion , deforestation and changes in land use. Then there are
912-442: A very limited set of factors to survive. The habitat of a species is not necessarily found in a geographical area, it can be the interior of a stem, a rotten log, a rock or a clump of moss ; a parasitic organism has as its habitat the body of its host , part of the host's body (such as the digestive tract), or a single cell within the host's body. Habitat types are environmental categorizations of different environments based on
969-595: A wide range of locations. The small white butterfly Pieris rapae for example is found on all the continents of the world apart from Antarctica . Its larvae feed on a wide range of Brassicas and various other plant species, and it thrives in any open location with diverse plant associations. The large blue butterfly Phengaris arion is much more specific in its requirements; it is found only in chalk grassland areas, its larvae feed on Thymus species, and because of complex life cycle requirements it inhabits only areas in which Myrmica ants live. Disturbance
1026-562: Is chemosynthesis , a process by which microbes convert such substances as hydrogen sulfide or ammonia into organic molecules. These bacteria and Archaea are the primary producers in these ecosystems and support a diverse array of life. About 350 species of organism, dominated by molluscs , polychaete worms and crustaceans , had been discovered around hydrothermal vents by the end of the twentieth century, most of them being new to science and endemic to these habitat types. Besides providing locomotion opportunities for winged animals and
1083-404: Is a concept sometimes used in conservation biology , in which a single species of animal or plant is the only species of its type to be found in a specific habitat and forms a monoculture . Even though it might seem such a habitat type is impoverished in biodiversity as compared with polytypic habitat types, this is not necessarily the case. Monocultures of the exotic plant Hydrilla support
1140-516: Is a vigorous grass from Europe which has been introduced to the United States where it has become invasive. It is highly adapted to fire, producing large amounts of flammable detritus and increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires. In areas where it has become established, it has altered the local fire regimen to such an extant that native plants cannot survive the frequent fires, allowing it to become even more dominant. A marine example
1197-497: Is bisected by the River Tame , flowing generally north-west to south-east. In the 1980s, work was completed to lower the parkland south-west of the river, and to create flood alleviation measures. At times of flood, excess water from the river flows over a bund and onto the sports pitches, where it is held until it can be safely and slowly released. By Summer (northern hemisphere) 2014, this had occurred on four occasions. The area
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#17327914374331254-586: Is designated as a reservoir , Perry Hall Playing Fields Flood Detention Reservoir , which has a capacity of 184,000 cubic metres (40,000,000 imp gal). The river was remodelled in 2005 to slow the flow, alleviate flooding and create improved habitats for wildlife , as part of the SMURF (Sustainable Management of Urban Rivers and Floodplains) project. From 2-8 July 1913, the Imperial Scout Exhibition, Rally and Sea Scout Display ,
1311-519: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Architectural disambiguation pages Perry Hall, Birmingham Perry Hall Park or Perry Hall Country Park , and previously Perry Hall Playing Fields , is a park in Perry Barr , Birmingham , England, at grid reference SP059918 . It was in Staffordshire until 1928. The site
1368-494: Is evidence of nitrogen fixation in clouds , and less clear evidence of carbon cycling, both facilitated by microbial activity. There are other examples of extreme habitat types where specially adapted lifeforms exist; tar pits teeming with microbial life; naturally occurring crude oil pools inhabited by the larvae of the petroleum fly ; hot springs where the temperature may be as high as 71 °C (160 °F) and cyanobacteria create microbial mats ; cold seeps where
1425-559: Is important in the creation of biodiverse habitat types. In the absence of disturbance, a climax vegetation cover develops that prevents the establishment of other species. Wildflower meadows are sometimes created by conservationists but most of the flowering plants used are either annuals or biennials and disappear after a few years in the absence of patches of bare ground on which their seedlings can grow. Lightning strikes and toppled trees in tropical forests allow species richness to be maintained as pioneering species move in to fill
1482-414: Is more appropriate. The physical factors may include (for example): soil , moisture , range of temperature , and light intensity . Biotic factors include the availability of food and the presence or absence of predators . Every species has particular habitat requirements, habitat generalist species are able to thrive in a wide array of environmental conditions while habitat specialist species require
1539-787: Is protected by Fields in Trust through a legal "Deed of Dedication" safeguarding the future of the space as public recreation land for future generations to enjoy. The park was formerly the site of Perry Hall , demolished 1927, home of the Gough family , though only the hall's moat remains after the Birmingham Corporation had to choose between saving Perry Hall and the nearby Aston Hall for financial purposes. When Harry Dorsey Gough set up home in Maryland , United States, in 1774, he named his estate there Perry Hall . The park
1596-416: Is the small-scale physical requirements of a particular organism or population. Every habitat includes large numbers of microhabitat types with subtly different exposure to light, humidity, temperature, air movement, and other factors. The lichens that grow on the north face of a boulder are different from those that grow on the south face, from those on the level top, and those that grow on the ground nearby;
1653-575: Is used by the Birmingham Parks Cricket League. A 5 kilometre parkrun is held every Saturday morning at 9.00 am. There is also a cycle speedway track in the park which is home to the Birmingham Monarchs team. The park has a small heronry . This West Midlands location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Habitat (ecology) In ecology , habitat refers to
1710-507: Is very challenging to research, and as well as being little-studied, it is vast, with 79% of the Earth's biosphere being at depths greater than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). With no plant life, the animals in this zone are either detritivores , reliant on food drifting down from surface layers, or they are predators, feeding on each other. Some organisms are pelagic , swimming or drifting in mid-ocean, while others are benthic, living on or near
1767-468: Is when sea urchin populations " explode " in coastal waters and destroy all the macroalgae present. What was previously a kelp forest becomes an urchin barren that may last for years and this can have a profound effect on the food chain . Removal of the sea urchins, by disease for example, can result in the seaweed returning, with an over-abundance of fast-growing kelp. Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) occurs when
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1824-508: The methane and hydrogen sulfide issue from the ocean floor and support microbes and higher animals such as mussels which form symbiotic associations with these anaerobic organisms ; salt pans that harbour salt-tolerant bacteria , archaea and also fungi such as the black yeast Hortaea werneckii and basidiomycete Wallemia ichthyophaga ; ice sheets in Antarctica which support fungi Thelebolus spp., glacial ice with
1881-467: The photic zone in the oceans are relatively familiar habitat types. However the vast bulk of the ocean is inhospitable to air-breathing humans, with scuba divers limited to the upper 50 m (160 ft) or so. The lower limit for photosynthesis is 100 to 200 m (330 to 660 ft) and below that depth the prevailing conditions include total darkness, high pressure, little oxygen (in some places), scarce food resources and extreme cold. This habitat
1938-436: The animals and plants reliant on that habitat suffer. Many countries have enacted legislation to protect their wildlife. This may take the form of the setting up of national parks, forest reserves and wildlife reserves, or it may restrict the activities of humans with the objective of benefiting wildlife. The laws may be designed to protect a particular species or group of species, or the legislation may prohibit such activities as
1995-409: The array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species . A species habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ecological niche . Thus "habitat" is a species-specific term, fundamentally different from concepts such as environment or vegetation assemblages, for which the term "habitat-type"
2052-416: The changes in habitat types brought on by alterations in farming practices, tourism, pollution, fragmentation and climate change. Loss of habitat is the single greatest threat to any species. If an island on which an endemic organism lives becomes uninhabitable for some reason, the species will become extinct . Any type of habitat surrounded by a different habitat is in a similar situation to an island. If
2109-424: The characteristics of a given geographical area, particularly vegetation and climate. Thus habitat types do not refer to a single species but to multiple species living in the same area. For example, terrestrial habitat types include forest , steppe , grassland , semi-arid or desert . Fresh-water habitat types include marshes , streams , rivers , lakes , and ponds ; marine habitat types include salt marshes,
2166-570: The coast, the intertidal zone , estuaries , reefs , bays, the open sea, the sea bed, deep water and submarine vents . Habitat types may change over time. Causes of change may include a violent event (such as the eruption of a volcano , an earthquake , a tsunami , a wildfire or a change in oceanic currents); or change may occur more gradually over millennia with alterations in the climate , as ice sheets and glaciers advance and retreat, and as different weather patterns bring changes of precipitation and solar radiation . Other changes come as
2223-455: The collecting of bird eggs, the hunting of animals or the removal of plants. A general law on the protection of habitat types may be more difficult to implement than a site specific requirement. A concept introduced in the United States in 1973 involves protecting the critical habitat of endangered species , and a similar concept has been incorporated into some Australian legislation. International treaties may be necessary for such objectives as
2280-420: The edge of each forest fragment, increased light encourages secondary growth of fast-growing species and old growth trees are more vulnerable to logging as access is improved. The birds that nest in their crevices, the epiphytes that hang from their branches and the invertebrates in the leaf litter are all adversely affected and biodiversity is reduced. Habitat fragmentation can be ameliorated to some extent by
2337-669: The first International Scout Rally in Birmingham, was held in and around the city. The park hosted the rally, attended by about 30,000 Scouts . The park is skirted by the Birmingham - Walsall railway line (the " Chase Line "), formerly part of the Grand Junction Railway which opened on 4 July 1837. It is served by nearby Perry Barr railway station and, at the western end, Hamstead railway station . The park contains football pitches and 15 cricket pitches and
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2394-745: The gaps created. Similarly, coastal habitat types can become dominated by kelp until the seabed is disturbed by a storm and the algae swept away, or shifting sediment exposes new areas for colonisation. Another cause of disturbance is when an area may be overwhelmed by an invasive introduced species which is not kept under control by natural enemies in its new habitat. Terrestrial habitat types include forests, grasslands, wetlands and deserts. Within these broad biomes are more specific habitat types with varying climate types, temperature regimes, soils, altitudes and vegetation. Many of these habitat types grade into each other and each one has its own typical communities of plants and animals. A habitat-type may suit
2451-470: The indigenous species have no immunity. The word "habitat" has been in use since about 1755 and derives from the Latin habitāre , to inhabit, from habēre , to have or to hold. Habitat can be defined as the natural environment of an organism , the type of place in which it is natural for it to live and grow. It is similar in meaning to a biotope ; an area of uniform environmental conditions associated with
2508-720: The lichens growing in the grooves and on the raised surfaces are different from those growing on the veins of quartz. Lurking among these miniature "forests" are the microfauna , species of invertebrate , each with its own specific habitat requirements. There are numerous different microhabitat types in a wood; coniferous forest, broad-leafed forest, open woodland, scattered trees, woodland verges, clearings, and glades; tree trunk, branch, twig, bud, leaf, flower, and fruit; rough bark, smooth bark, damaged bark, rotten wood, hollow, groove, and hole; canopy, shrub layer, plant layer, leaf litter , and soil; buttress root, stump, fallen log, stem base, grass tussock, fungus, fern, and moss. The greater
2565-531: The majority have more specific requirements. The water velocity, its temperature and oxygen saturation are important factors, but in river systems, there are fast and slow sections, pools, bayous and backwaters which provide a range of habitat types. Similarly, aquatic plants can be floating, semi-submerged, submerged or grow in permanently or temporarily saturated soils besides bodies of water. Marginal plants provide important habitat for both invertebrates and vertebrates, and submerged plants provide oxygenation of
2622-521: The needs of the local residents for food, fuel and other resources. Faced with hunger and destitution, a farmer is likely to plough up a level patch of ground despite it being the last suitable habitat for an endangered species such as the San Quintin kangaroo rat , and even kill the animal as a pest. In the interests of ecotourism it is desirable that local communities are educated on the uniqueness of their flora and fauna. A monotypic habitat type
2679-545: The proteins the flexibility they need. There are also unsaturated fats in their membranes which prevent them from solidifying at low temperatures. Hydrothermal vents were first discovered in the ocean depths in 1977. They result from seawater becoming heated after seeping through cracks to places where hot magma is close to the seabed. The under-water hot springs may gush forth at temperatures of over 340 °C (640 °F) and support unique communities of organisms in their immediate vicinity. The basis for this teeming life
2736-428: The provision of wildlife corridors connecting the fragments. These can be a river, ditch, strip of trees, hedgerow or even an underpass to a highway. Without the corridors, seeds cannot disperse and animals, especially small ones, cannot travel through the hostile territory, putting populations at greater risk of local extinction . Habitat disturbance can have long-lasting effects on the environment. Bromus tectorum
2793-573: The rocky seabed have found microbial communities apparently based on the products of reactions between water and the constituents of rocks. These communities have not been studied much, but may be an important part of the global carbon cycle . Rock in mines two miles deep also harbour microbes; these live on minute traces of hydrogen produced in slow oxidizing reactions inside the rock. These metabolic reactions allow life to exist in places with no oxygen or light, an environment that had previously been thought to be devoid of life. The intertidal zone and
2850-565: The seabed. Their growth rates and metabolisms tend to be slow, their eyes may be very large to detect what little illumination there is, or they may be blind and rely on other sensory inputs. A number of deep sea creatures are bioluminescent ; this serves a variety of functions including predation, protection and social recognition. In general, the bodies of animals living at great depths are adapted to high pressure environments by having pressure-resistant biomolecules and small organic molecules present in their cells known as piezolytes , which give
2907-400: The seeds of which survive the drought, but also some uniquely adapted perennials. Animals adapted to these extreme habitat types also exist; fairy shrimps can lay "winter eggs" which are resistant to desiccation , sometimes being blown about with the dust, ending up in new depressions in the ground. These can survive in a dormant state for as long as fifteen years. Some killifish behave in
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#17327914374332964-531: The setting up of marine reserves. Another international agreement, the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals , protects animals that migrate across the globe and need protection in more than one country. Even where legislation protects the environment, a lack of enforcement often prevents effective protection. However, the protection of habitat types needs to take into account
3021-535: The southeastern United States. Its first intermediate host is a snail and the second, a glass shrimp . The final host is the waterfowl or mammal that consumes the shrimp. Although the vast majority of life on Earth lives in mesophyllic (moderate) environments, a few organisms, most of them microbes , have managed to colonise extreme environments that are unsuitable for more complex life forms. There are bacteria , for example, living in Lake Whillans , half
3078-559: The structural diversity in the wood, the greater the number of microhabitat types that will be present. A range of tree species with individual specimens of varying sizes and ages, and a range of features such as streams, level areas, slopes, tracks, clearings, and felled areas will provide suitable conditions for an enormous number of biodiverse plants and animals. For example, in Britain it has been estimated that various types of rotting wood are home to over 1700 species of invertebrate. For
3135-455: The town's features to make their homes. Rats and mice have followed man around the globe, pigeons , peregrines , sparrows , swallows and house martins use the buildings for nesting, bats use roof space for roosting, foxes visit the garbage bins and squirrels , coyotes , raccoons and skunks roam the streets. About 2,000 coyotes are thought to live in and around Chicago . A survey of dwelling houses in northern European cities in
3192-418: The twentieth century found about 175 species of invertebrate inside them, including 53 species of beetle, 21 flies, 13 butterflies and moths, 13 mites, 9 lice, 7 bees, 5 wasps, 5 cockroaches, 5 spiders, 4 ants and a number of other groups. In warmer climates, termites are serious pests in the urban habitat; 183 species are known to affect buildings and 83 species cause serious structural damage. A microhabitat
3249-460: The water, absorb nutrients and play a part in the reduction of pollution. Rivers Ponds Lakes Marine habitats include brackish water, estuaries, bays, the open sea, the intertidal zone, the sea bed, reefs and deep / shallow water zones. Further variations include rock pools , sand banks , mudflats , brackish lagoons, sandy and pebbly beaches, and seagrass beds, all supporting their own flora and fauna. The benthic zone or seabed provides
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