Polyester is a category of polymers that contain one or two ester linkages in every repeat unit of their main chain. As a specific material , it most commonly refers to a type called polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyesters include naturally occurring chemicals, such as in plants and insects , as well as synthetics such as polybutyrate . Natural polyesters and a few synthetic ones are biodegradable , but most synthetic polyesters are not. Synthetic polyesters are used extensively in clothing.
52-608: (Redirected from Pes ) [REDACTED] Look up PES , pes , or talipes in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pes (Latin for "foot") or the acronym PES may refer to: Pes [ edit ] Pes (unit) , a Roman unit of length measurement roughly corresponding with a foot Pes or podatus, a Neume § Neumes representing two notes Pes (rural locality) , several rural localities in Russia Pes (river) ,
104-410: A values than phenols and therefore do not form alcoholate ions in aqueous solutions. The base catalysed reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol may also be carried out in one phase using tertiary amines (e. g. triethylamine , Et 3 N) or pyridine as acid acceptors: [REDACTED] While acyl chloride-based polyesterifications proceed only very slowly at room temperature without a catalyst,
156-433: A cellophane -like polyester lining for their underground brood cells earning them the nickname "polyester bees". The family of synthetic polyesters comprises Depending on the chemical structure, polyester can be a thermoplastic or thermoset . There are also polyester resins cured by hardeners; however, the most common polyesters are thermoplastics. The OH group is reacted with an Isocyanate functional compound in
208-623: A cloth with blended properties. Cotton -polyester blends can be strong, wrinkle- and tear-resistant, and reduce shrinking. Synthetic fibers using polyester have high water, wind, and environmental resistance compared to plant-derived fibers. They are less fire-resistant and can melt when ignited. Liquid crystalline polyesters are among the first industrially used liquid crystal polymers . They are used for their mechanical properties and heat-resistance. These traits are also important in their application as an abradable seal in jet engines. Polyesters can contain one ester linkage per repeat unit of
260-436: A 2 component system producing coatings which may optionally be pigmented. Polyesters as thermoplastics may change shape after the application of heat. While combustible at high temperatures, polyesters tend to shrink away from flames and self-extinguish upon ignition. Polyester fibers have high tenacity and E-modulus as well as low water absorption and minimal shrinkage in comparison with other industrial fibers. Increasing
312-451: A centre-left pan-European political party Social Encounter Party , a Mexican former political party Solidarity Encounter Party , a Mexican former political party Philadelphia Energy Solutions, the corporate owner of the refinery involved in the 2019 Philadelphia refinery explosion Science [ edit ] Pallasite Eagle Station , a pallasite meteorite grouplet Photoemission spectroscopy or Photoelectron spectroscopy,
364-407: A finish on high-quality wood products such as guitars , pianos , and vehicle/yacht interiors. Thixotropic properties of spray-applicable polyesters make them ideal for use on open-grain timbers, as they can quickly fill wood grain, with a high-build film thickness per coat. It can be used for fashionable dresses, but it is most admired for its ability to resist wrinkling and shrinking while washing
416-704: A high melting point and low solubility. The named properties are in particular based on a high percentage of aromatic carbons in the polymer backbone which produces a certain stiffness. Approaches for an improvement of processability include the incorporation of flexible spacers into the backbone, the attachment of stable pendent groups or the incorporation of non-symmetrical structures. Flexible spacers include, for example, ether or hexafluoroisopropylidene, carbonyl or aliphatic groups like isopropylidene; these groups allow bond rotation between aromatic rings. Less symmetrical structures, for example, based on meta - or ortho -linked monomers, introduce structural disorder, decreasing
468-590: A low reactivity with carboxylic acids and cannot be polymerized via direct acid alcohol-based polyesterification. In the case of PET production, however, the direct process has several advantages, in particular a higher reaction rate, a higher attainable molecular weight, the release of water instead of methanol and lower storage costs of the acid when compared to the ester due to the lower weight. [REDACTED] Transesterification : An alcohol-terminated oligomer and an ester-terminated oligomer condense to form an ester linkage, with loss of an alcohol. R and R' are
520-506: A measure used in economics Public employment services in the European Union PULHHEEMS , a system of grading physical and mental fitness used by Britain's armed forces See also [ edit ] Pez (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PES . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
572-429: A measure used in economics Public employment services in the European Union PULHHEEMS , a system of grading physical and mental fitness used by Britain's armed forces See also [ edit ] Pez (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PES . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
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#1732787507297624-826: A measurement of a substance's binding energy using the photoelectric effect Poly(ethylene succinate) , a type of polyester Polyester , an artificially produced organic chemical that is spun and woven to make fabric Polyethersulfone , a thermoplastic polymer Potential energy surface , in physics and chemistry Programmed electrical stimulation , a type of electrophysiologic study Pseudoexfoliation syndrome , an eye problem Other [ edit ] PES (director) (born 1973), film director and animator born Adam Pesapane Passenger Environment Survey , quality-control system for transit systems Payment for ecosystem services , incentives offered to farmers or landowners Pensarn railway station , Gwynedd, Wales, by National Rail station code Price elasticity of supply ,
676-495: A multi-platform video game series developed by Konami Packetized elementary stream , part of the MPEG communication protocol Peripheral Event System , an implementation of autonomous peripheral operations in microcontrollers PSTN Emulation System for IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Organizations [ edit ] Postal Express Service , United States military mail during World War I Power Engineering Society , now
728-457: A river in northwestern Russia Pes (anatomy) , zoological term for the distal portion of the hind limb of tetrapod animals Talipes equinovarus (pes equinovarus), clubfoot Talipes cavus ( pes cavus ), clawfoot Talipes planus (pes planus), flat feet Talipes valgus (pes valgus), valgus deformity of the foot Talipes varus (pes varus), varus deformity of the foot Pes anserinus (leg) Pes anserine bursitis , inflammatory of
780-516: Is >1000 tonnes/day and can easily reach 2500 tonnes/day. Besides the above-mentioned large processing units to produce staple fiber or yarns, there are ten thousands of small and very small processing plants, so that one can estimate that polyester is processed and recycled in more than 10 000 plants around the globe. This is without counting all the companies involved in the supply industry, beginning with engineering and processing machines and ending with special additives, stabilizers and colors. This
832-439: Is a gigantic industry complex and it is still growing by 4–8% per year, depending on the world region. Synthesis of polyesters is generally achieved by a polycondensation reaction. The general equation for the reaction of a diol with a diacid is: Polyesters can be obtained by a wide range of reactions of which the most important are the reaction of acids and alcohols, alcoholysis and or acidolysis of low-molecular weight esters or
884-460: Is carried out at lower temperatures than the equilibrium methods; possible types are the high-temperature solution condensation, amine catalysed and interfacial reactions. In addition, the use of activating agents is counted as non-equilibrium method. The equilibrium constants for the acyl chloride-based condensation yielding yielding arylates and polyarylates are very high indeed and are reported to be 4.3 × 10 and 4.7 × 10 , respectively. This reaction
936-432: Is circumvented by the mild temperatures of interfacial polycondensation. The procedure is applied to the commercial production of bisphenol-A-based polyarylates like Unitika's U-Polymer. Water could be in some cases replaced by an immiscible organic solvent (e. g. in the adiponitrile / carbon tetrachloride system). The procedure is of little use in the production of polyesters based on aliphatic diols which have higher p K
988-410: Is counted as commodity plastic . There are several reasons for the importance of polyethylene terephthalate: In the following table, the estimated world polyester production is shown. Main applications are textile polyester, bottle polyester resin, film polyester mainly for packaging and specialty polyesters for engineering plastics. After the first stage of polymer production in the melt phase,
1040-426: Is generally stated as being higher than 150 °C, whereas engineering plastics (such as polyamide or polycarbonate) are often defined as thermoplastics that retain their properties above 100 °C. Commodity plastics (such as polyethylene or polypropylene) have in this respect even greater limitations, but they are manufactured in great amounts at low cost. Poly(ester imides ) contain an aromatic imide group in
1092-417: Is particularly useful for when high melting and poorly soluble dicarboxylic acids are used. In addition, alcohols as condensation product are more volatile and thereby easier to remove than water. The high-temperature melt synthesis between bisphenol diacetates and aromatic dicarboxylic acids or in reverse between bisphenols and aromatic dicarboxylic acid diphenyl esters (carried out at 220 to 320 °C upon
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#17327875072971144-473: Is produced at one site starting from crude oil or distillation products in the chain oil → benzene → PX → PTA → PET melt → fiber/filament or bottle-grade resin. Such integrated processes are meanwhile established in more or less interrupted processes at one production site. Eastman Chemicals were the first to introduce the idea of closing the chain from PX to PET resin with their so-called INTEGREX process. The capacity of such vertically integrated production sites
1196-635: Is spun and woven to make fabric Polyethersulfone , a thermoplastic polymer Potential energy surface , in physics and chemistry Programmed electrical stimulation , a type of electrophysiologic study Pseudoexfoliation syndrome , an eye problem Other [ edit ] PES (director) (born 1973), film director and animator born Adam Pesapane Passenger Environment Survey , quality-control system for transit systems Payment for ecosystem services , incentives offered to farmers or landowners Pensarn railway station , Gwynedd, Wales, by National Rail station code Price elasticity of supply ,
1248-470: Is thus often referred to as a 'non-equilibrium' polyesterification. Even though the acyl chloride based synthesis is also subject of reports in the patent literature, it is unlikely that the reaction is utilized on the production scale. The method is limited by the acid dichlorides' high cost, its sensitivity to hydrolysis and the occurrence of side reactions. The high temperature reaction (100 to > 300 °C) of an diacyl chloride with an dialcohol yields
1300-631: Is used as cushioning and insulating material in pillows, comforters, stuffed animals and characters, and upholstery padding. Polyester fabrics are highly stain-resistant since polyester is a hydrophobic material, making it hard to absorb liquids. The only class of dyes which can be used to alter the color of polyester fabric are what are known as disperse dyes . Polyesters are also used to make bottles, films, tarpaulin , sails ( Dacron ), canoes, liquid crystal displays , holograms , filters , dielectric film for capacitors , film insulation for wire and insulating tapes . Polyesters are widely used as
1352-645: The MPEG communication protocol Peripheral Event System , an implementation of autonomous peripheral operations in microcontrollers PSTN Emulation System for IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Organizations [ edit ] Postal Express Service , United States military mail during World War I Power Engineering Society , now the Power & Energy Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Premier Election Solutions , formerly Diebold Election Systems Party of European Socialists ,
1404-417: The Power & Energy Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Premier Election Solutions , formerly Diebold Election Systems Party of European Socialists , a centre-left pan-European political party Social Encounter Party , a Mexican former political party Solidarity Encounter Party , a Mexican former political party Philadelphia Energy Solutions, the corporate owner of
1456-448: The alcoholysis of acyl chlorides. The following figure gives an overview over such typical polycondensation reactions for polyester production. Furthermore, polyesters are accessible via ring-opening polymerization. [REDACTED] Azeotrope esterification is a classical method for condensation. The water formed by the reaction of alcohol and a carboxylic acid is continually removed by azeotropic distillation . When melting points of
1508-474: The amine accelerates the reaction in several possible ways, although the mechanism is not fully understood. However, it is known that tertiary amines can cause side-reactions such as the formation of ketenes and ketene dimers. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Aliphatic polyesters can be assembled from lactones under very mild conditions, catalyzed anionically , cationically , metallorganically or enzyme-based. A number of catalytic methods for
1560-650: The aromatic parts of polyesters increases their glass transition temperature , melting temperature, thermostability , chemical stability, and solvent resistance. Polyesters can also be telechelic oligomers like the polycaprolactone diol (PCL) and the polyethylene adipate diol (PEA). They are then used as prepolymers . Thermally stable polymers, which generally have a high proportion of aromatic structures , are also called high-performance plastics . This application-oriented classification compares such polymers with engineering plastics and commodity plastics . The continuous service temperature of high-performance plastics
1612-619: The bursa of the pes anserinus Parotid plexus , pes anserinus of the facial nerve PES [ edit ] Education [ edit ] PES University , formerly P.E.S. Institute of Technology, a university in Bangalore, India Providence Elementary School , an elementary school in Chesterfield County, Virginia Computing [ edit ] Pro Evolution Soccer , a multi-platform video game series developed by Konami Packetized elementary stream , part of
PES - Misplaced Pages Continue
1664-571: The chemical reaction between two primary raw materials: purified terephthalic acid (PTA) or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and monoethylene glycol (MEG). The production process includes the following steps: Polyethylene terephthalate , the polyester with the greatest market share, is a synthetic polymer made of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) or its dimethyl ester dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and monoethylene glycol (MEG). With 18% market share of all plastic materials produced, it ranges third after polyethylene (33.5%) and polypropylene (19.5%) and
1716-734: The copolymerization of epoxides with cyclic anhydrides have also recently been shown to provide a wide array of functionalized polyesters, both saturated and unsaturated. Ring-opening polymerization of lactones and lactides is also applied on the industrial scale. Numerous other reactions have been reported for the synthesis of selected polyesters, but are limited to laboratory-scale syntheses using specific conditions, for example using dicarboxylic acid salts and dialkyl halides or reactions between bisketenes and diols. Instead of acyl chlorides, so-called activating agents can be used, such as 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole , dicyclohexylcarbodiimide , or trifluoroacetic anhydride . The polycondensation proceeds via
1768-796: The crystallinity. The generally poor processability of aromatic polymers (for example, a high melting point and a low solubility) also limits the available options for synthesis and may require strong electron-donating co-solvents like HFIP or TFA for analysis (e. g. H NMR spectroscopy ) which themselves can introduce further practical limitations. Fabrics woven or knitted from polyester thread or yarn are used extensively in apparel and home furnishings, from shirts and pants to jackets and hats, bed sheets, blankets, upholstered furniture and computer mouse mats. Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in car tire reinforcements, fabrics for conveyor belts, safety belts, coated fabrics and plastic reinforcements with high-energy absorption. Polyester fiber
1820-404: The distal portion of the hind limb of tetrapod animals Talipes equinovarus (pes equinovarus), clubfoot Talipes cavus ( pes cavus ), clawfoot Talipes planus (pes planus), flat feet Talipes valgus (pes valgus), valgus deformity of the foot Talipes varus (pes varus), varus deformity of the foot Pes anserinus (leg) Pes anserine bursitis , inflammatory of the inner knee at
1872-416: The free dictionary. Pes (Latin for "foot") or the acronym PES may refer to: Pes [ edit ] Pes (unit) , a Roman unit of length measurement roughly corresponding with a foot Pes or podatus, a Neume § Neumes representing two notes Pes (rural locality) , several rural localities in Russia Pes (river) , a river in northwestern Russia Pes (anatomy) , zoological term for
1924-411: The inner knee at the bursa of the pes anserinus Parotid plexus , pes anserinus of the facial nerve PES [ edit ] Education [ edit ] PES University , formerly P.E.S. Institute of Technology, a university in Bangalore, India Providence Elementary School , an elementary school in Chesterfield County, Virginia Computing [ edit ] Pro Evolution Soccer ,
1976-465: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PES&oldid=1189771714 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages PES [REDACTED] Look up PES , pes , or talipes in Wiktionary,
2028-428: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PES&oldid=1189771714 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Polyester Polyester fibers are sometimes spun together with natural fibers to produce
2080-423: The monomers are sufficiently low, a polyester can be formed via direct esterification while removing the reaction water via vacuum. [REDACTED] Direct bulk polyesterification at high temperatures (150 – 290 °C) is well-suited and used on the industrial scale for the production of aliphatic, unsaturated, and aromatic–aliphatic polyesters. Monomers containing phenolic or tertiary hydroxyl groups exhibit
2132-485: The polyester and hydrogen chloride. Under these relatively high temperatures the reaction proceeds rapidly without a catalyst: [REDACTED] The conversion of the reaction can be followed by titration of the evolved hydrogen chloride. A wide variety of solvents has been described including chlorinated benzenes (e.g. dichlorobenzene), chlorinated naphthalenes or diphenyls, as well as non-chlorinated aromatics like terphenyls, benzophenones or dibenzylbenzenes. The reaction
PES - Misplaced Pages Continue
2184-415: The polyester family, based on the varying nature of the R group (see first figure with blue ester group). Polyesters occurring in nature include the cutin component of plant cuticles , which consists of omega hydroxy acids and their derivatives, interlinked via ester bonds, forming polyester polymers of indeterminate size. Polyesters are also produced by bees in the genus Colletes , which secrete
2236-461: The polyester melt with a high efficiency, high-output processing steps like staple fiber (50–300 tonnes/day per spinning line) or POY /FDY (up to 600 tonnes/day split into about 10 spinning machines) are meanwhile more and more vertically integrated direct processes. This means the polymer melt is directly converted into the textile fibers or filaments without the common step of pelletizing . We are talking about full vertical integration when polyester
2288-434: The polymer, as in polyhydroxyalkanoates like polylactic acid , or they may have two ester linkages per repeat unit, as in polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyesters are one of the most economically important classes of polymers, driven especially by PET, which is counted among the commodity plastics; in 2019 around 30.5 million metric tons were produced worldwide. There is a great variety of structures and properties in
2340-413: The product stream divides into two different application areas which are mainly textile applications and packaging applications. In the following table, the main applications of textile and packaging of polyester are listed. Abbreviations: A comparable small market segment (much less than 1 million tonnes/year) of polyester is used to produce engineering plastics and masterbatch . In order to produce
2392-406: The product. Its toughness makes it a frequent choice for children's wear. Polyester is often blended with other fibres like cotton to get the desirable properties of both materials. Cured polyesters can be sanded and polished to a high-gloss, durable finish. Polyester is typically produced through a process known as polymerization. For polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the production process involves
2444-409: The reaction occurs at the interface under high-speed agitation near room temperature. [REDACTED] The procedure is used for the production of polyarylates (polyesters based on bisphenols), polyamides , polycarbonates , poly(thiocarbonate)s , and others. Since the molecular weight of the product obtained by a high-temperature synthesis can be seriously limited by side reactions, this problem
2496-414: The refinery involved in the 2019 Philadelphia refinery explosion Science [ edit ] Pallasite Eagle Station , a pallasite meteorite grouplet Photoemission spectroscopy or Photoelectron spectroscopy, a measurement of a substance's binding energy using the photoelectric effect Poly(ethylene succinate) , a type of polyester Polyester , an artificially produced organic chemical that
2548-483: The release of acetic acid) is, besides the acyl chloride based synthesis, the preferred route to wholly aromatic polyesters. In acylation , the acid begins as an acyl chloride , and thus the polycondensation proceeds with emission of hydrochloric acid (HCl) instead of water. The reaction between diacyl chlorides and alcohols or phenolic compounds has been widely applied to polyester synthesis and has been subject of numerous reviews and book chapters. The reaction
2600-593: The repeat unit, the imide-based polymers have a high proportion of aromatic structures in the main chain and belong to the class of thermally stable polymers. Such polymers contain structures that impart high melting temperatures, resistance to oxidative degradation and stability to radiation and chemical reagents. Among the thermally stable polymers with commercial relevance are polyimides , polysulfones , polyetherketones , and polybenzimidazoles . Of these, polyimides are most widely applied. The polymers' structures result also in poor processing characteristics, in particular
2652-478: The two oligomer chains, R'' is a sacrificial unit such as a methyl group ( methanol is the byproduct of the esterification reaction). The term " transesterification " is typically used to describe hydroxy–ester, carboxy–ester, and ester–ester exchange reactions. The hydroxy–ester exchange reaction possesses the highest rate of reaction and is used for the production of numerous aromatic–aliphatic and wholly aromatic polyesters. The transesterification based synthesis
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#17327875072972704-514: Was also applied successfully to the preparation of highly crystalline and poorly soluble polymers which require high temperatures to be kept in solution (at least until a sufficiently high molecular weight was achieved). In an interfacial acyl chloride-based reaction, the alcohol (generally in fact a phenol) is dissolved in the form of an alkoxide in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution , the acyl chloride in an organic solvent immiscible with water such as dichloromethane , chlorobenzene or hexane ,
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