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39-637: The Phantom Corsair is a prototype automobile built in 1938. It is a six-passenger 2-door sedan that was designed by Rust Heinz of the H. J. Heinz family and Maurice Schwartz of the Bohman & Schwartz coachbuilding company in Pasadena, California . Although sometimes dismissed as a failure because it never entered production , the Corsair is regarded as ahead of its time because of its futuristic features, and styling cues such as faired-in fenders and

78-639: A mockup , which is an inert representation of a machine's appearance, often made of some non-durable substance. An electronics designer often builds the first prototype from breadboard or stripboard or perfboard , typically using "DIP" packages. However, more and more often the first functional prototype is built on a "prototype PCB " almost identical to the production PCB, as PCB manufacturing prices fall and as many components are not available in DIP packages, but only available in SMT packages optimized for placing on

117-522: A second (thus defining the speed of light to be 299,792,458 meters per second). In many sciences, from pathology to taxonomy, prototype refers to a disease, species, etc. which sets a good example for the whole category. In biology, prototype is the ancestral or primitive form of a species or other group; an archetype. For example, the Senegal bichir is regarded as the prototypes of its genus, Polypterus . Cost reduction Cost reduction

156-425: A PCB. Builders of military machines and aviation prefer the terms "experimental" and "service test". In electronics , prototyping means building an actual circuit to a theoretical design to verify that it works, and to provide a physical platform for debugging it if it does not. The prototype is often constructed using techniques such as wire wrapping or using a breadboard , stripboard or perfboard , with

195-482: A building. In the public sector , cost reduction programs can be used where income is reduced or to reduce debt levels. Companies typically launch a new product without focusing too much on cost. Cost becomes more important when competition increases and PRICE becomes a differentiator in the market. The importance of cost reduction in relation to other strategic business goals is often debated. Consultants Deloitte reported in 2006 that over three-quarters of

234-639: A car accident in July 1939 ended those plans, leaving the prototype Corsair as the only one ever built. The Phantom Corsair now resides in the National Automobile Museum (also known as The Harrah Collection) in Reno, Nevada . Prototype A prototype can also mean a typical example of something such as in the use of the derivation ' prototypical '. This is a useful term in identifying objects, behaviours and concepts which are considered

273-529: A favorite among US Military modelers), railroad equipment, motor trucks, motorcycles, and space-ships (real-world such as Apollo/Saturn Vs, or the ISS). As of 2014, basic rapid prototype machines (such as 3D printers ) cost about $ 2,000, but larger and more precise machines can cost as much as $ 500,000. In architecture , prototyping refers to either architectural model making (as form of scale modelling ) or as part of aesthetic or material experimentation , such as

312-524: A hefty 4,600 lb (2,100 kg), the Phantom Corsair could achieve speeds of up to 115 mph (185 km/h) because of its modified, naturally aspirated 125 bhp Lycoming engine as well as its aerodynamic shape. Rust Heinz planned to put the Phantom Corsair, which cost approximately $ 24,000 to produce in 1938 (equivalent to about $ 370,000 in 2010), into limited production at an estimated selling price of $ 12,500. However, Heinz's death in

351-432: A low profile. The Phantom Corsair's steel-and-aluminum body measured just 57 in (140 cm) in height and incorporated fully skirted wheels and completely flush fenders while forgoing running boards . The car also lacked door handles, as the doors were instead opened electrically using push-buttons located on the exterior and the instrument panel. The instrument panel also featured a compass and altimeter , while

390-424: A scar or mark; by analogy a shape i.e. a statue, (figuratively) style, or resemblance; a model for imitation or illustrative example—note "typical"). Prototypes explore different aspects of an intended design: In general, the creation of prototypes will differ from creation of the final product in some fundamental ways: Engineers and prototype specialists attempt to minimize the impact of these differences on

429-608: A separate console above the windshield indicated when a door was ajar or if the car's lights or radio were turned on. The Corsair's body was mated to the "most advanced chassis available in the United States" at that time, the Cord 810 . The Lycoming 80º V-8 engine -powered Cord chassis also featured front-wheel drive and an electrically operated four-speed pre-selector gearbox , as well as fully independent suspension and adjustable shock absorbers . Though these features from

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468-499: A time to the initial prototype. In many programming languages , a function prototype is the declaration of a subroutine or function (and should not be confused with software prototyping). This term is rather C / C++ -specific; other terms for this notion are signature , type and interface . In prototype-based programming (a form of object-oriented programming ), new objects are produced by cloning existing objects, which are called prototypes. The term may also refer to

507-472: A way that the Planck constant h is prescribed a value of exactly 6.626 070 15 × 10  joule-second (J⋅s) Until 1960, the meter was defined by a platinum-iridium prototype bar with two marks on it (that were, by definition, spaced apart by one meter), the international prototype of the metre , and in 1983 the meter was redefined to be the distance in free space covered by light in 1/299,792,458 of

546-537: Is a "data-driven approach", i.e. ensuring that staff within the department have "a good understanding of the distribution and profile of costs in their business". Centralisation of procurement activity has been hightlighted as a beneficial public sector cost reduction strategy. Scott Brown et al , of "Excellence in Business", note that in most cases, a successful approach to cost reduction which aims to maintain service quality "has at its heart an approach based on

585-518: Is a form of functional or working prototype. The justification for its creation is usually a data migration , data integration or application implementation project and the raw materials used as input are an instance of all the relevant data which exists at the start of the project. The objectives of data prototyping are to produce: To achieve this, a data architect uses a graphical interface to interactively develop and execute transformation and cleansing rules using raw data. The resultant data

624-517: Is becoming practical to eliminate the creation of a physical prototype (except possibly at greatly reduced scales for promotional purposes), instead modeling all aspects of the final product as a computer model . An example of such a development can be seen in Boeing 787 Dreamliner , in which the first full sized physical realization is made on the series production line. Computer modeling is now being extensively used in automotive design, both for form (in

663-416: Is the process used by organisations aiming to reduce their costs and increase their profits , or to accommodate reduced income. Depending on a company’s services or products , the strategies can vary. Every decision in the product development process affects cost: design is typically considered to account for 70–80% of the final cost of a project such as an engineering project or the construction of

702-414: Is then evaluated and the rules refined. Beyond the obvious visual checking of the data on-screen by the data architect, the usual evaluation and validation approaches are to use Data profiling software and then to insert the resultant data into a test version of the target application and trial its use. When developing software or digital tools that humans interact with, a prototype is an artifact that

741-499: Is used as the standard of measurement of some physical quantity to base all measurement of that physical quantity against. Sometimes this standard object is called an artifact . In the International System of Units ( SI ), there remains no prototype standard since May 20, 2019 . Before that date, the last prototype used was the international prototype of the kilogram , a solid platinum-iridium cylinder kept at

780-409: Is used to ask and answer a design question. Prototypes provide the means for examining design problems and evaluating solutions. HCI practitioners can employ several different types of prototypes: In the field of scale modeling (which includes model railroading , vehicle modeling, airplane modeling , military modeling, etc.), a prototype is the real-world basis or source for a scale model—such as

819-594: The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) in Sèvres France (a suburb of Paris ) that by definition was the mass of exactly one kilogram . Copies of this prototype are fashioned and issued to many nations to represent the national standard of the kilogram and are periodically compared to the Paris prototype. Now the kilogram is redefined in such

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858-546: The FTSE 100 listed companies had commenced a cost reduction programme during the preceding 12 months. Cost reduction is most frequently stimulated by recognition that profits and profitability are below expected levels. Some examples of programmes include: Examples specifically focussed on the use of suppliers and the costs of goods and services supplied include: In a public sector spending review , an overall target for reduction in expenditure may be identified: for example, in

897-528: The Forty Wall House open source material prototyping centre in Australia. Architects prototype to test ideas structurally, aesthetically and technically. Whether the prototype works or not is not the primary focus: architectural prototyping is the revelatory process through which the architect gains insight. In the science and practice of metrology , a prototype is a human-made object that

936-536: The Prototype Javascript Framework . Additionally, the term may refer to the prototype design pattern. Continuous learning approaches within organizations or businesses may also use the concept of business or process prototypes through software models. The concept of prototypicality is used to describe how much a website deviates from the expected norm, and leads to a lowering of user preference for that site's design. A data prototype

975-421: The styling and aerodynamics of the vehicle) and in function—especially for improving vehicle crashworthiness and in weight reduction to improve mileage. The most common use of the word prototype is a functional, although experimental, version of a non-military machine (e.g., automobiles, domestic appliances, consumer electronics) whose designers would like to have built by mass production means, as opposed to

1014-540: The Cord 810 chassis were all retained on the Phantom Corsair, the chassis was modified in order to accommodate the Corsair's large body. The body measured an impressive 237 in (600 cm) long and 76.5 in (194 cm) wide, enough to accommodate four people in the front row, including one person to the left of the driver. The back seats could only hold two passengers, however, in large part because of space limitations posed by on-board beverage cabinets. Though weighing

1053-497: The United Kingdom, the 2010 spending review anticipated a reduction of £81bn in public expenditure over the four year budget planning period. In order to meet the challenges of a significant reduction in expenditure, government departments are expected to look at how they can "take cost out of the business" rather than simply cut services. One of the main principles expected of government departments in order to reduce costs

1092-481: The accepted norm and is analogous with terms such as stereotypes and archetypes . The word prototype derives from the Greek πρωτότυπον prototypon , "primitive form", neutral of πρωτότυπος prototypos , "original, primitive", from πρῶτος protos , "first" and τύπος typos , "impression" (originally in the sense of a mark left by a blow, then by a stamp struck by a die (note "typewriter"); by implication

1131-407: The cycle returns to customer evaluation. The cycle starts by listening to the user, followed by building or revising a mock-up, and letting the user test the mock-up , then back. There is now a new generation of tools called Application Simulation Software which help quickly simulate application before their development. Extreme programming uses iterative design to gradually add one feature at

1170-480: The final production costs due to inefficiencies in materials and processes. Prototypes are also used to revise the design for the purposes of reducing costs through optimization and refinement. It is possible to use prototype testing to reduce the risk that a design may not perform as intended, however prototypes generally cannot eliminate all risk. Building the full design is often expensive and can be time-consuming, especially when repeated several times—building

1209-528: The final production design. This is due to the skill and choices of the designer(s), and the inevitable inherent limitations of a prototype. Due to differences in materials, processes and design fidelity, it is possible that a prototype may fail to perform acceptably although the production design may have been sound. Conversely, prototypes may perform acceptably but the production design and outcome may prove unsuccessful. In general, it can be expected that individual prototype costs will be substantially greater than

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1248-464: The full design, figuring out what the problems are and how to solve them, then building another full design. As an alternative, rapid prototyping or rapid application development techniques are used for the initial prototypes, which implement part, but not all, of the complete design. This allows designers and manufacturers to rapidly and inexpensively test the parts of the design that are most likely to have problems, solve those problems, and then build

1287-508: The full design. In technology research, a technology demonstrator is a prototype serving as proof-of-concept and demonstration model for a new technology or future product, proving its viability and illustrating conceivable applications. In large development projects, a testbed is a platform and prototype development environment for rigorous experimentation and testing of new technologies, components, scientific theories and computational tools. With recent advances in computer modeling it

1326-440: The intended role for the prototype. For example, if a visual prototype is not able to use the same materials as the final product, they will attempt to substitute materials with properties that closely simulate the intended final materials. Engineers and prototyping specialists seek to understand the limitations of prototypes to exactly simulate the characteristics of their intended design. Prototypes represent some compromise from

1365-450: The principles of Systems Thinking ": a fundamental review of the whole service, its purpose and objectives. The "Route Map for Change" which they advocate has been used effectively by Kent County Council for their highway maintenance contract, while the decommissioning of various warships and aircraft squadrons following the UK's Strategic Defence Review in 2010 is seen as a good example of

1404-411: The prototyping platform, or replace it with only the microcontroller chip and the circuitry that is relevant to their product. Prototype software is often referred to as alpha grade , meaning it is the first version to run. Often only a few functions are implemented, the primary focus of the alpha is to have a functional base code on to which features may be added. Once alpha grade software has most of

1443-438: The real EMD GP38-2 locomotive—which is the prototype of Athearn 's (among other manufacturers) locomotive model. Technically, any non-living object can serve as a prototype for a model, including structures, equipment, and appliances, and so on, but generally prototypes have come to mean full-size real-world vehicles including automobiles (the prototype 1957 Chevy has spawned many models), military equipment (such as M4 Shermans,

1482-463: The required features integrated into it, it becomes beta software for testing of the entire software and to adjust the program to respond correctly during situations unforeseen during development. Often the end users may not be able to provide a complete set of application objectives, detailed input, processing, or output requirements in the initial stage. After the user evaluation, another prototype will be built based on feedback from users, and again

1521-459: The result being a circuit that is electrically identical to the design but not physically identical to the final product. Open-source tools like Fritzing exist to document electronic prototypes (especially the breadboard-based ones) and move toward physical production. Prototyping platforms such as Arduino also simplify the task of programming and interacting with a microcontroller . The developer can choose to deploy their invention as-is using

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