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22-558: The act was authored in the 73rd United States Congress by Senator Millard E. Tydings ( Dem. ) of Maryland and Representative John McDuffie ( Dem. ) of Alabama , and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The Tydings–McDuffie Act specified a procedural framework for the drafting of a constitution for the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines within two years of its enactment. The act specified

44-524: A declaration of war . Democratic leaders, including Appropriations Committee Chairman Carter Glass of Virginia , unleashed a furious response against Nye for "dirtdaubing the sepulcher of Woodrow Wilson." Standing before cheering colleagues in a packed Senate chamber, Glass slammed his fist onto his desk in protest until blood dripped from his knuckles, effectively prompting the Democratic caucus to withhold all funding for further hearings. Although

66-575: A concrete timeline for independence. Requiring the consent of the Philippine Senate for it to be implemented, the bill failed after the then-President of the Senate Manuel L. Quezon convinced it to reject the bill because of the act's provision that would have allowed for the U.S. to station military bases in the islands permanently. Thus, it was necessary for Congress to draft a new bill to address these complaints and finally establish

88-482: A number of mandatory constitutional provisions, and required approval of the constitution by the U.S. President and by Filipinos. The act mandated U.S. recognition of independence of the Philippine Islands as a separate and self-governing nation after a ten-year transition period. Prior to independence, the act allowed the U.S to maintain military forces in the Philippines and to call all military forces of

110-538: A timeline for the colony's independence. In 1934, Manuel L. Quezon , the President of the Senate of the Philippines , headed a "Philippine Independence mission" to Washington, D.C. It lobbied Congress and secured the act's passage. In 1935, under the provisions of the act, the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines was drafted and became law, establishing the Commonwealth of the Philippines with an elected executive,

132-765: The Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 . This act extended the Asian-exclusion policy of the Immigration Act of 1924 to the soon-to-be-former territory. This policy hampered the domestic lives of many Filipinos within the US because any Filipino who wished to go to the Philippines and then return to the United States would be subject to the restrictions on Asian immigration to America and would likely never be allowed to return. In 1946,

154-415: The President of the Philippines . The Commonwealth was to be a transitional government lasting for a period of ten years, with independence to be granted on July 4, 1946. Accordingly, President Harry S. Truman issued Proclamation 2695 of July 4, 1946, officially recognizing the independence of the Philippines. The immigration quota under the act was low, and immigration continued at levels much higher than

176-671: The Treaty of Manila . 73rd United States Congress The 73rd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives . It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1933, to January 3, 1935, during the first two years of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency . Because of

198-765: The "Nye Committee" failed to achieve its goal of nationalizing the arms industry, it inspired three congressional neutrality acts in the mid-1930s that signaled profound American opposition to overseas involvement. For details, see Changes in membership , below. There were 48 states with two senators per state, thus giving the Senate 96 seats. Membership changed with four deaths, one resignation, and two appointees who were replaced by electees. Membership changed with twelve deaths and three resignations. Section contents: Senate : Majority (D) , Minority (R) • House : Majority (D) , Minority (R) Senators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding

220-465: The Democrats an overall federal government trifecta , also for the first time since the 65th Congress. The first session of Congress, known as the " Hundred Days ", took place before the regular seating and was called by President Roosevelt specifically to pass two acts: The session also passed several other major pieces of legislation: The Senate Munitions Committee came into existence solely for

242-736: The House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. Employees include: Luce%E2%80%93Celler Act of 1946 The Luce–Celler Act of 1946, Pub. L. No. 79-483, 60 Stat. 416, is an Act of the United States Congress which provided a quota of 100 Filipinos and 100 Indians from Asia to immigrate to the United States per year, which for the first time allowed these people to naturalize as American citizens . Upon becoming citizens, these new Americans could own property under their names and even petition for their immediate family members from abroad. The Act

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264-481: The Philippine government into U.S. military service. The act empowered the U.S. President, within two years following independence, to negotiate matters relating to U.S. naval reservations and fueling stations of in the Philippine Islands. The act reclassified all Filipinos, including those who were living in the United States, as aliens for the purposes of immigration to America. A quota of 50 immigrants per year

286-576: The US decreased the tight restrictions of the Tydings–McDuffie Act with the Luce–Celler Act of 1946 , which increased the quota of Filipino immigrants to 100 per year and gave Filipinos the right to become naturalized American citizens. Filipinos would have been barred from immigrating to the U.S. without the Act. Two days later, on July 4, 1946, the Philippines became independent with the signing of

308-464: The hearing "when the Senate investigation is over, we shall see that war and preparation for war is not a matter of national honor and national defense, but a matter of profit for the few." Over the next 18 months, the " Nye Committee " (as newspapers called it) held 93 hearings, questioning more than 200 witnesses, including J.P. Morgan Jr. and Pierre du Pont . Committee members found little hard evidence of an active conspiracy among arms makers, yet

330-400: The hype of these reports to organize the hearing in hopes of nationalizing America's munitions industry. The Democrats chose a Republican renowned for his ardent isolationist policies, Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota, to head the hearing. Nye was typical of western agrarian progressives , and adamantly opposed America's involvement in any foreign war. Nye declared at the opening of

352-574: The legal quota. This was due to the strength of agricultural lobbies, such as the Hawaiian sugar planters, which were able to successfully lobby the federal government to allow more male Filipino agricultural workers provided that they demonstrated a need. This further increased the Filipino population in Hawaii which had at one point been 25% of agricultural workers on the islands. The act also led to

374-403: The names in the list below are Senate class numbers , which indicate the cycle of their election, In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1934; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1936; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1938. The names of members of

396-541: The newly ratified 20th Amendment , the duration of this Congress, along with the term of office of those elected to it, was shortened by 60 days. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1930 United States census . The Democrats greatly increased their majority in the House, and won control of the Senate for the first time since the 65th Congress in 1917. With Franklin D. Roosevelt being sworn in as president on March 4, 1933, this gave

418-519: The panel's reports did little to weaken the popular prejudice against "greedy munitions interests." The hearings overlapped the 73rd and 74th Congresses. They only came to an end after Chairman Nye provoked the Democratic caucus into cutting off funding. Nye, in the last hearing the Committee held in early 1936, attacked former Democratic President Woodrow Wilson , suggesting that Wilson had withheld essential information from Congress as it considered

440-399: The purpose of this hearing. Although World War I had been over for sixteen years, there were revived reports that America's leading munition companies had effectively influenced the United States into that conflict, which killed 53,000 Americans, hence the companies' nickname " Merchants of Death ". The Democratic Party, controlling the Senate for the first time since the first world war, used

462-570: Was established. Before this act, Filipinos were classified as United States nationals , but not United States citizens , and while they were allowed to migrate relatively freely, they were denied naturalization rights within the US, unless they were citizens by birth in the mainland US. An attempt to set a final date for Philippine independence was first manifested in the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act of 1933. Though Congress passed it, overriding President Hoover's veto, it failed to create

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484-576: Was proposed by Republican Clare Boothe Luce and Democrat Emanuel Celler in 1943 and signed into law by US President Harry S. Truman on July 2, 1946, two days before the Philippines became independent with the signing of the Treaty of Manila on July 4, 1946. Because of the imminent independence of the Philippines, Filipinos would have been barred from immigrating without the Act. Prior to 1946, Indian nationals were not eligible to naturalize in

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