Phonebloks is a modular smartphone concept created and designed by the Dutch designer Dave Hakkens in 2013, primarily to reduce electronic waste . While Phonebloks is not the first attempt at modular design in a phone, it is notable due to the extent of its modularity and the attention and support it has gained. By attaching individual third-party components (called "bloks") to a main board, a user would create a personalized smartphone. These bloks can be replaced at will to replace a broken blok, to upgrade an existing blok, or to expand the functionality of the phone into a specific direction. Bloks would be available in Blokstore, "an app store for hardware", where users could buy new and used bloks as well as sell back their old ones.
73-532: There is no plan to actually produce the Phonebloks design as a commercial product. Hakkens graduated cum laude from the Design Academy Eindhoven in summer 2013 with his idea for Phonebloks. Phonebloks consists of a main board onto which bloks could be snapped on by the user like Lego bricks. Each blok is responsible for a unique function of the phone, much like a desktop computer has
146-410: A GPA of minimum 7.5/10 at the end of their studies to graduate with Honours . In Scotland, all undergraduate degrees with honours must be of four-year duration. Students can choose to do the honours degree or the general (or pass/ordinary) degree. The first two years of both types of degrees are the same; however, after that, students who pursue the honours route will complete more advanced subjects and
219-750: A bonus difficult question at the oral examination. In Italy, 110 e lode (at institutions using a 110-point system) is the highest rank that can be achieved during the academic studies, and corresponds usually to a final score greater than 110/110 (the specific threshold varies from university to university). Up to 3 bonus points can be awarded for merits, e.g. having an average exams score greater than 28.5/30 (95% equivalent), excellent final project or for graduating on time. More notations include: bacio e abbraccio accademico ("academic kiss and embrace"), menzione d'onore ("honor mention"), and dignità di stampa ("dignity of printing"), and were given based on various university-specific requirements, but without
292-420: A cGPA between 1.5 and 1.84. Some other universities, such as McGill University , University of Ottawa , University of Western Ontario , University of British Columbia , Concordia University and Dalhousie University , require students to undertake an honours project in order to graduate with honours ( Latin : cum honore , French : spécialisé ). In those universities, honours programmes also require
365-617: A college or university's regulations set out definite criteria a student must meet to obtain a given honor. For example, the student might be required to achieve a specific grade point average, submit an honors thesis for evaluation, be part of an honors program , or graduate early. Each school sets its own standards. Since these standards vary, the same level of Latin honors conferred by different institutions can represent different levels of achievement. Similarly, some institutions grant equivalent (or additional) non-Latin honors to undergraduates. The University of Wisconsin–Madison , for example, has
438-499: A dissertation in their last year, while students who choose to do the general degree will complete their third year at a lower level of specialisation. Entry into the honours year in Scotland is generally not restricted and students are encouraged to take the honours year as the general/ordinary/pass degree does not provide the same level of depth and specialisation. Students enrolling in the honours programme but failing to achieve
511-445: A distinct sound card, graphics card, processor, monitor, and power supply. As a result, instead of replacing the entire phone when it becomes obsolete or broken, one could simply replace the defective or performance-limiting part. If the consumer wants a camera that suits their needs better, they could for example swap their small generic camera blok for a larger zoom camera from a manufacturer such as Nikon or Canon instead of buying
584-715: A final exam. A silver medal is awarded to high school students who have one or two grades of 4 ( Russian : хорошо horosho , "good", being second highest grade) on their final exams or other subjects as listed in the high school diploma ( аттестат о (полном) среднем образовании attestat o (polnom) srednem obrazovanii ). In Singapore , the Latin honors, cum laude , magna cum laude and summa cum laude are used by Singapore Management University . Graduates from Singapore Management University have to achieve GPAs of 3.4, 3.6 and 3.8 out of 4.3 (SMU awards 4.3 for A+ grades) respectively and without any exceptions to qualify for
657-607: A healthy incentive to the best work without exciting an excessive spirit of emulation. The new system of administration, of which the above is a part, is so original and peculiar that it is known as the Amherst System. In the UK , the Latin cum laude is used in commemorative Latin versions of degree certificates sold by a few universities (e.g. the University of Edinburgh ) to denote a bachelor's degree with honours , but
730-447: A high minimum grade point average. Sometimes it is lost, despite a high average mark, when the student gets a mark of 6 or lower for one of the many exams (on a scale of 1–10, where 10 is the highest). It may also be awarded based on the weighted average of first achieved grades for each subject only. Generally, less than 2% receive the cum laude distinction. It is also possible to receive a PhD degree cum laude , although this honor
803-494: A higher degree of specialization than non-honours " major " degrees, including a supervised research project or thesis, and students are required to maintain a high academic standard. Thesis-based honours degrees prepare students for research-based postgraduate study, and may sometimes allow direct entry into doctoral programmes. A four-year bachelor's degree is required for entry to most postgraduate courses in Canada. In
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#1732791406800876-476: A higher level of achievement than a non-honours degree. In some countries (e.g. Australia), an honours degree may also involve a longer period of study than a non-honours degree. Students who complete all the requirements for a non-honours bachelor's degree but do not receive sufficient merit to be awarded an honours degree would normally be awarded a non-honours degree (sometimes known as a "pass", "general" or "ordinary" degree), although students who do not complete
949-758: A legal value. In Malta , for Bachelor Honours degrees summa cum laude refers to first class honours, magna cum laude refers to second class honours (upper division), cum laude refers to second class honours (lower division), whilst bene probatus refers to third class honours. Professional degrees lasting longer than the standard three years such as the five year Bachelor of Pharmacy are awarded egregia cum laude . Postgraduate diplomas and master's degrees may be awarded as pass with distinction ( summa cum laude ), pass with merit ( magna cum laude ), or pass ( bene probatus ). In Mexico , cum laude (also known as mención honorífica in Spanish)
1022-494: A limited selection of bloks to choose from, taking away from the open-source appeal of the system. Because all bloks are external of the main board, signals between components have to travel for significantly longer distances. This extra distance could lead to drops in signal quality, lower data transfer speeds and increased power consumption due to added interfacing resistance. In addition, the quality of connection needed would require expensive Pogo pins and sockets, and developing
1095-472: A long, high-quality research thesis . This is usually accompanied by a seminar or presentation of the findings to an academic board for marking. In the case of a quality thesis being produced, its findings may be published in a peer-reviewed academic journal or similar publication. Students receiving high marks in their honours programme have the option of continuing to candidature of a doctoral programme, such as Doctor of Philosophy , without having to complete
1168-410: A master's degree. Honours can be awarded at up to five levels, depending on the awarding institution, and may be indicated in post-nominals in general as "(Hons)": At the master's level, Monash University has a Master of Business with Honours programme in which students can be awarded an honours classification upon completion. Macquarie University has phased out the honours degree in favour of
1241-425: A perfect grade on all final examinations. Usually less than 2% of all graduating students accomplish this (depending on the university and year). In military schools, a "red diploma" may be accompanied by a gold medal ( summa cum laude ) for outstanding performance. Russian high schools also award a gold medal to the student who achieves a perfect score in all final examinations and in all other subjects not requiring
1314-508: A period not exceeding the standard period of study by more than one year. Other distinctions such as magna cum laude or cum laude are not used. Alternatively, the phrase s vyznamenáním , which means "with honours", is substituted for the usual summa cum laude . The Czech universities usually do not award any Latin honours to its graduates in rigorosum and doctoral study programmes. In Estonia , up until 2010 both summa cum laude and cum laude were used. Summa cum laude
1387-430: A phone with a better camera. In theory, this would lead to fewer people throwing away their phones and contributing to the ever-increasing problem of electronic waste. Smartphones based on the Phonebloks system would be sold part by part, as well as in starter sets. When assembled, the phone would have a screen covering the entirety of the front, volume buttons and headphone jacks along the outer edge, and bloks clicked into
1460-634: A series of plain English grading honors based on class standing. Some colleges and universities, notably including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , Reed College , and Yale Law School , do not use honors at all. These honors, when they are used, are almost always awarded to undergraduate students earning their bachelor's degree, and, with the exception of law school graduates, much more rarely to graduate students receiving their master's or doctorate degree. The honor
1533-495: A similar differentiation between three- and four-year degrees, additionally imposing a higher cGPA minimum of 1.85 for the honours option instead of the 1.5 required for ordinary. Beginning with the Summer 2001 session, the three-year option was discontinued and is unavailable to new students. As of the 2022-23 academic year, students taking a four-year degree may still elect to receive an ordinary B.A. or B.Sc. if they graduate with
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#17327914068001606-430: A single-year (120 credit) course following on from a bachelor's degree, and it prepares students for postgraduate study. Bachelor's degrees issued are abbreviated as B.Com. (Hons), B.Sc. (Hons), etc. The award of honours recognises outstanding achievement, meritorious achievement or a pass; these may be termed first class honours, second class honours: first or second divisions, and third class honours. In South Africa ,
1679-643: A specialisation within a three-year programme. In the Netherlands , the honours programme is an addition of 30 ECTS to the regular bachelor's programme, and must be completed within two to three years of undergraduate studies. In most universities, this programme offers an interdisciplinary approach, blending teachings from social and medical sciences, as well as knowledge from the fields of business and economics, art and law to all honours students. To gain access to this programme, prospective students must demonstrate outstanding academic performance, and average
1752-448: A system to allow the user to arbitrarily place bloks would be very difficult. The end product would likely be much thicker than non-modular smartphones, and the bloks would be at risk of dislodging from the main board. RF design of a modular phone would be a challenge. Antennas integrated into the main body of the phone would require RF routing to the RF modem(s) in the modules and could limit
1825-421: A third class degree or better to have "achieved honours status". In France , the honours degree may correspond to the double licence diploma. It lasts the same length of time as the general bachelor's degree, but requires a higher level of study. It is generally offered in faculties with post-graduate degrees, whereas the double licence degree is mainly offered in undergraduate schools or colleges. However,
1898-527: A total of 2,500 doctoral graduates per year (i.e. 0.8%) achieve a sub auspiciis degree. In Belgium , the university degree awarded is limited to: In Brazil , most universities do not provide honors to their students. Among the few universities that do so, the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA—Technological Institute of Aeronautics) awards the cum laude honor for graduates with every individual grade above 8.5 (out of 10.0),
1971-611: Is also used in some Southeastern Asian countries with European colonial history, such as Indonesia and the Philippines , and African countries such as Zambia and South Africa , although sometimes translations of these phrases are used instead of the Latin originals. The honors distinction should not be confused with the honors degrees offered in some countries, or with honorary degrees . The system usually has three levels of honor (listed in order of increasing merit): cum laude , magna cum laude , and summa cum laude . Generally,
2044-543: Is awarded after a secret vote of the jury members, using envelopes that must be opened in a session separate from the defense session. Obtaining the qualification of doctorate cum laude requires the unanimity of the members of the examining board (between 3 and 5 experts, depending on the university). In Spain, the cum laude mention is regulated by RD 534/2013. In Switzerland , the degrees rite , cum laude , magna cum laude , insigni cum laude ("distinguished with praise"), and summa cum laude are used, but
2117-651: Is awarded to students who have achieved an average grade of 75% or higher throughout the degree. Cum laude in South Africa can be considered broadly equivalent to a first class degree in the United Kingdom or a GPA of 3.7–4.0 in the United States . In Spain , the Latin honors cum laude is used for PhD degrees only and is the highest possible qualification. It is only applicable to doctoral degrees that achieve an outstanding mark (10/10) and it
2190-530: Is even rarer than for master's graduates. In view of the difficulty and subjectivity of determining this, some universities and fields of study very seldom award doctorates cum laude . At Dutch university colleges cum laude , magna cum laude and, exceptionally, summa cum laude may be awarded. In the Philippines , junior high school and senior high school students under the new K–12 curriculum use an honor system using Filipino translations of
2263-462: Is generally considered a postgraduate year because a bachelor's degree can be completed without it. Entry to an honours degree generally requires proven abilities and a distinction (75% or greater average) in the relevant area or the final-year units, and even then is quite competitive. In the regular (standalone) honours, the student will complete selected courses within a supervised programme of research (field, laboratory, or secondary), and produce
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2336-694: Is normally taken following an honours degree as a conversion course. Ordinary (non-honours) bachelor's degrees are at level 7 of the framework and take three years (180 EFTS credits) to complete. In Canada there are two type of honours degree. Some universities, especially in Ontario , award an honours degree after four years of undergraduate study, instead of the three years of an ordinary bachelor's degree. Examples of universities awarding this degree include Queen's University and York University . In those universities, honours degree students may undertake an honours thesis. University of Toronto previously had
2409-408: Is required for an honours degree, e.g. only passing 300 credits rather than the 360 usually required for an honours degree. In addition to bachelor's degrees, four-year integrated master's degrees, which combine study at the bachelor's and master's levels, are also awarded with honours. The University of Oxford does not award honours with its standard BA degree, but considers students who gain
2482-460: Is typically indicated on the diploma . Latin honors are often conferred upon law school students graduating as a Juris Doctor or J.D., in which case they are generally based upon class rank or grade point average . Most American colleges and universities use Latin honors for bachelor's degrees and for the Juris Doctor law degree, but not for other degrees such as master's degrees or
2555-635: Is used, by the major universities, to recognize an outstanding dissertation for bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees. Also different awards on public and private universities are given to the student with the highest final grade average (i.e. Presea Lázaro Cárdenas [ es ] or Gabino Barreda Medal) and a diploma is given as a form of cum laude . In the Netherlands , two classes of honors may be used for bachelor's, master's and PhD degree programs: cum laude (with honor) and summa cum laude (with highest honor). Typically these distinctions are reserved to mark exceptional achievement above
2628-410: The magna cum laude honor for graduates with average grade above 8.5 and more than 50% of individual grades above 9.5, and the summa cum laude honor for graduates with average grade above 9.5. As of 2009, only 22 graduates have received the summa cum laude honor at ITA. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro awards the cum laude honor for graduates with average grade from 8.0 to 8.9,
2701-430: The magna cum laude honor for graduates with average grade from 9.0 to 9.4, and the summa cum laude honor for graduates with average grade from 9.5 to 10.0. The Federal University of Ceará awards the magna cum laude honor for undergraduates who have never failed a course, achieved an average grade from 8.5 (out of 10.0) and have received a fellowship of both Academic Extension and Teaching Initiation . In
2774-541: The British undergraduate degree classification (usually used in Commonwealth countries) which is more widely used with varying criteria and nomenclature depending on country, including Australia , Bangladesh , Barbados , Brazil , Colombia , Georgia , Hong Kong , India , Ireland , Jamaica , Kenya , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , Singapore , Sri Lanka , South Africa , Trinidad and Tobago , Uganda ,
2847-547: The Czech Republic , universities usually award the summa cum laude distinction to its best graduates in bachelors and masters study programmes. The criteria required by Czech universities are usually the following: a) an overall study results average up to 1.5 out of 4.0 (while "1" is the best, "excellent" grade and "4" is the failing grade), b) completion of the final state exam with the overall classification of 1 ("excellent") and also c) proper completion of studies in
2920-657: The Institut d'études politiques de Paris , HEC Paris , use the Latin and English titles "summa cum laude" / "graduated with highest honors" for the top 2% and "cum laude" / "graduated with honors" for the next 5% of a year. From 2016, honorifics ceased to be used for the completion of a PhD . Before this date, the French PhD diploma could be awarded with increasing honors: mention bien , mention très honorable , mention très honorable avec félicitations du jury . While these honors grades have been revoked for
2993-611: The Master of Research degree for most fields, although it still offers honours degrees in psychology and engineering as honours degrees are required for accreditation in these fields. The bachelor honours degree is a separate level on the New Zealand Qualifications Framework from the bachelor's degree without honours, as in Australia and Scotland. It may either be a 4-year (480 credit) course or
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3066-696: The Ph.D. and M.D. degrees. There are three standard levels of Latin honors: In 1869, Harvard College became the first college in the United States to award final honors to its graduates. From 1872 to 1879, cum laude and summa cum laude were the two Latin honors awarded to graduates. Beginning in 1880, magna cum laude was also awarded. In his 1895 history of Amherst College , college historian William Seymour Tyler traced Amherst's system of Latin honors to 1881, and attributed it to Amherst College president Julius Hawley Seelye : Instead of attempting to fix
3139-529: The United Kingdom , Zimbabwe and many other countries. Malta shows the Latin honors on the degree certificates, but the UK model is shown on the transcript. In Austria , the only Latin honor in use is sub auspiciis Praesidentis rei publicae ("under the auspices of the president of the republic") for doctoral degrees. Candidates must have consistently excellent grades throughout high school and university, making it very difficult to attain: only about 20 out of
3212-648: The United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Bangladesh , Hong Kong , and India ; the honours bachelor's degree in Ireland ; the bachelor with honours and bachelor honours degree in New Zealand ; the bachelor with honours and honours bachelor's degree in Canada ; and the bachelor honours degree in Australia . In South Africa the bachelor honours degree is a postgraduate degree that follows on from
3285-484: The United States , many honours degrees (or honors degrees in US spelling) require a thesis or project work beyond that needed for the normal bachelor's programme. Honours programmes in the US are taken alongside the rest of the degree and often have a minimum GPA requirement for entry or college-entrance exam score, which can vary between institutions. In rare cases, a student may petition to write one even if they do not meet
3358-489: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University follow a GPA scale of 4.3, and The Chinese University of Hong Kong follows a GPA scale of 4.0. The consecutive Australian with-honours degree is usually a one to two-year research programme, after the completion of a bachelor's degree in the same field. It can also be started as a concurrent programme in the fourth year of a four-year bachelor's degree. It
3431-750: The Honours Degree is a one-year program, typically specialising in a single subject; the degree title may correspond - e.g. BSc. Honours in mathematics , B.A. Hons. ( English ). Entering students will be graduates of the corresponding 3-year bachelor's degree ; intake into the Honours degree is often highly selective. The degree is at level 8 on the National Qualifications Framework of the South African Qualifications Authority ; Honours
3504-411: The Latin honors. It is also used by Yale-NUS College, with the top 5% of a graduating class receiving summa cum laude , the next 10% magna cum laude , and the next 20% cum laude . There are no credit (CAP) requirements to achieve the Latin honors at Yale-NUS College. In South Africa , the Latin honors cum laude is used for bachelor's degrees, honour's degrees and master's degrees, and
3577-457: The Latin original. Students who achieve a final grade average of 90-94 are awarded the title May Karangalan ( with honors ) and will receive a bronze medal with the DepEd seal. Those who have a final grade average of 95–97 receive the title of May Mataas na Karangalan ( with high honors ) and a silver medal with the same seal. Students with a final grade average of 98-100 shall be awarded
3650-558: The PhD diploma, they are still in use for doctors of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dental Medicine. In Germany , the range of degrees is: These degrees are mostly used when a doctorate is conferred, not for diplomas, bachelor's or master's degrees, for which numerical grades between 1.0 ("very good") and 4.0 ("pass"), and 5.0 ("fail"), are given. In Hungary , the range of degrees—similar to the German system—is: rite ("duly" conferred, that is,
3723-420: The back where bloks can slide in. Hakkens encourages the supporters of Phonebloks to stay involved in the design process. However, this project was later cancelled. Cum laude Latin honors are a system of Latin phrases used in some colleges and universities to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned. The system is primarily used in the United States . It
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#17327914068003796-452: The back, forming a rectangular block shape overall. While many people support the concept's development into an actual product, there are objections as to the concept's viability and ultimate impact. One challenge this concept faces is the great amount of money and manufacturing required in order to make the Phonebloks system a viable competitor with other major smartphone developers. Without many manufacturers producing bloks, there would be
3869-658: The completion of a bachelor's degree. The undergraduate master of arts degree awarded by the ancient universities of Scotland in place of the bachelor of arts may be awarded as an honours or non-honours degree; these are at the same level as equivalent bachelor's degrees. At master's level, the integrated master's degrees in British universities, which students enter at the same level as bachelor's degrees, are also honours degrees. Many universities and colleges offer both honours and non-honours bachelor's degrees. In most countries where honours degrees are granted, they imply
3942-434: The consumer would have more pressure on them to replace several parts every few months; frequent replacement of bloks could add up to more waste on average than getting a new phone every two years. After exceeding his goal of 900,000 supporters on Thunderclap by October 2013, Hakkens started collaborating with Motorola on Project Ara , a more practical modular smartphone system consisting of an endoskeleton with slots on
4015-415: The degree abbreviation, with various punctuation according to local custom, e.g. "BA (Hons)", "B.A., Hons", etc. In Canada, honours degrees may be indicated with an "H" preceding the degree abbreviation, e.g. "HBA" for Honours Bachelor of Arts or Honours Business Administration. Examples of honours degree include the honors bachelor's degree in the United States ; the bachelor's degree with honours in
4088-466: The equivalent in Italian ) is used as an increasing level of the highest grade for both exams (30/30) and degrees (110/110), in all its levels; Passing an exam cum laude ( 30 e lode ) has usually only an honorific meaning, but sometimes it influences the average grade and can be useful to the student so honored (usually weighting 31/30). "30 e lode" is usually awarded after answering correctly
4161-474: The exact GPA corresponding to each varies by institution. In Ukraine , the university education honor system is based on by-law # 161 (2 June 1993) of the Ministry of Education of Ukraine (3.12.3.5). For a student to graduate from a university with a diploma with honors ( cum laude ), students have to receive mark 5 (excellent) at least on 75% of courses, receive mark 4 (good) at max 25% of courses, and pass
4234-645: The final examination. The Finnish Matriculation Examinations at the end of lukio / gymnasium uses the grades of: improbatur (I, failing; "not accepted"), approbatur (A; "accepted"), lubenter approbatur (B; "willingly accepted"), cum laude approbatur (C; "accepted with praise"), magna cum laude approbatur (M; "accepted with great praise"), eximia cum laude approbatur (E; "accepted with excellent praise") and laudatur (L; "praised"). They are roughly equivalent to Finnish school grades ranging from 4 to 10. Some Finnish universities, when grading master's theses and doctoral dissertations, use
4307-462: The frequencies on which the phone could operate, necessitating different phones for different networks. Antennas integrated into modules could be less efficient due to limited space and EM interactions with adjacent modules, limiting range. Despite Hakkens' stated goal of lessening electronic waste, critics have argued that, if put into practice, the concept could actually increase e-waste output. They argue that by producing constantly better components,
4380-534: The honours classification is stated as in English, e.g. primi ordinis for first class rather than summa cum laude , etc. Official degree certificates use English. For undergraduate degrees, Latin honors are used in only a few countries such as Israel , Indonesia , the Dominican Republic , the Philippines , one university in Singapore and Canada . Most countries use a different scheme, such as
4453-575: The honours degree, with its additional year after the bachelor's degree, corresponds more closely to the maîtrise diploma, a one-year master's degree in France. It corresponds to the first year (M1) of the french French master's degree . A number of honours degrees are offered by the University of Malta , and the Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology (MCAST), usually indicating an extra year of study with an undergraduate dissertation or
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#17327914068004526-764: The normal requirements. Some institutions do not have a separate honours programme, but instead refer to bachelor's degrees awarded with Latin honours , which may be based either on GPA or class position, as honours degrees. Universities in Hong Kong have four degree classifications: first class, second class upper division (or second class division one/I), second class lower division (or second class division two/II), and third class. Bachelor's degrees issued in Hong Kong are honour degrees and are abbreviated as BSc (Hons), BEng (Hons), BBA (Hons), etc. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and
4599-430: The rank of every individual student by minute divisions on a scale of a hundred as formerly, five grades of scholarship were established and degrees were conferred upon the graduating classes according to their grades. If a student was found to be in the first or lowest grade, he was not considered as a candidate for a degree, though he might receive a certificate stating the facts in regard to his standing; if he appeared in
4672-475: The required academic merit for honours are awarded a pass/ordinary/general degree. In Ireland, honours bachelor's degrees are at level 8 of the National Framework of Qualifications and are Bologna first cycle degrees. They normally follow a three or four year (180-240 ECTS credits ) course. The higher diploma may be awarded at the same level following a single year of study (60 ECTS credits) and
4745-431: The requirements are fulfilled), cum laude (with honors), summa cum laude (with highest honors). These degrees are used in university diplomas and in certain fields of sciences (medical, legal and a very few others) only. The grades of degrees are dependent on the received average points from final exams and from average points from the university studies. In Italy , the cum laude notation ( con lode being
4818-680: The requirements for a higher education qualification at level 6 of the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in full, and is a first-cycle, end-of-cycle award on the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area established by the Bologna process . Students can be awarded an "ordinary" degree if they achieve the required learning outcomes over a smaller volume of studies than
4891-425: The requirements for an integrated master's honours degree may receive a bachelor's honours degree. In England , Northern Ireland and Wales , almost all bachelor's degrees are awarded as honours degrees; in contrast, honours degrees are rarely awarded in the United States. The current British undergraduate degree classification system, with its division into first, upper and lower second, and third class honours,
4964-484: The same scale with the additional grade of non sine laude approbatur (N; "accepted not without praise") between lubenter and cum laude ; technical universities use a numerical scale (1–5) instead. In France , usually the French honors mention très bien ("very good mention"), mention bien ("good mention"), and mention assez bien ("quite good mention") are used. However some Grandes Écoles , like
5037-473: The second grade the degree of A.B. was conferred upon him rite; if in the third, cum laude ; if in the fourth, magna cum laude ; while if he reached the fifth grade he received the degree summa cum laude . The advantages of this course, as stated to the trustees by the president, are that it properly discriminates between those who, though passing over the same course of study, have done it with great differences of merit and of scholarship, and that it furnishes
5110-550: The state exams only with mark 5 (excellent). Also, students are expected to have participated in research projects with visible results. Honors degree Honours degree has various meanings in the context of different degrees and education systems . Most commonly it refers to a variant of the undergraduate bachelor's degree containing a larger volume of material or a higher standard of study, or both, rather than an "ordinary", "general" or "pass" bachelor's degree. Honours degrees are sometimes indicated by " Hons " after
5183-541: The title of May Pinakamataas na Karangalan ( with highest honors ) and a gold medal with the same specification. In college, students are awarded the latin honors cum laude , magna cum laude and summa cum laude , respectively. In Russia , the honor system is based on the grade point average. At least 4.75 out of 5.0 points are required for the summa cum laude degree (in Russian, с отличием s otlichiem , "with excellence"). The graduate has to receive
5256-400: Was awarded only for very exceptional work. Since 1 September 2010, only cum laude is used. It is awarded to bachelors, masters and integrated studies graduates. Occasionally the word kiitusega , which means "with praise", is substituted for the usual cum laude . To receive cum laude one must achieve a 4.60 GPA (out of 5) and receive the highest grade (A – 5.00) for the thesis or
5329-722: Was developed in 1918 to distinguish between students on the basis of their academic achievement. The concept of an "honours" degree goes back much further than this, however, as there were examinations for honours in the original regulations of the University of London in 1839, and Nevil Maskelyne being recorded as taking a bachelor's degree with honours at Cambridge in 1754. Other countries and territories influenced by this system include Australia, Brunei, Canada, New Zealand, Malta, Singapore, South Africa, The Netherlands and Hong Kong. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, bachelor's degrees are normally awarded "with honours" after three years of study. The bachelor's degree with honours meets
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