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52-498: The pineapple ( Ananas comosus ) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae . The pineapple is indigenous to South America , where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant to Europe in the 17th century made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. Pineapples grow as

104-541: A Hoyriri , a fruit cultivated and eaten by the Tupinambá people , living near modern Rio de Janeiro , and now believed to be a pineapple. Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a "Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple", where he used another Tupi word nanas , meaning 'excellent fruit'. This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientific binomial Ananas comosus , where comosus 'tufted' refers to

156-542: A cover for narcotrafficking , and containers are impounded routinely in both locations. In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into the Maquenque , Corredor Fronterizo , Barra del Colorado and Caño Negro wildlife refuges, all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have

208-721: A crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peru and 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico, where it was cultivated by the Mayas and the Aztecs . By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and a staple food of Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple was Christopher Columbus , in Guadeloupe on 4 November 1493. The Portuguese took

260-535: A meat marinade and tenderizer . Although pineapple enzymes can interfere with the preparation of some foods or manufactured products, such as gelatin -based desserts or gel capsules , their proteolytic activity responsible for such properties may be degraded during cooking and canning . The quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not significant, but specific extraction can yield sufficient quantities for domestic and industrial processing. Many cultivars are known. The leaves of

312-487: A short, stocky stem with tough, waxy leaves. When creating its fruit, it usually produces up to 200 flowers, although some large-fruited cultivars can exceed this. Once it flowers, the individual fruits of the flowers join together to create a multiple fruit . After the first fruit is produced, side shoots (called 'suckers' by commercial growers) are produced in the leaf axils of the main stem. These suckers may be removed for propagation, or left to produce additional fruits on

364-430: A small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form a multiple fruit . The plant normally propagates from the offset produced at the top of the fruit or from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year. The pineapple is a herbaceous perennial , which grows to 1.0 to 1.5 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall on average, although sometimes it can be taller. The plant has

416-571: A snack. It is sold whole or in halves with a stick inserted. Whole, cored slices with a cherry in the middle are a common garnish on hams in the West. Chunks of pineapple are used in desserts such as fruit salad, as well as in some savory dishes, including the Hawaiian pizza , or as a grilled ring on a hamburger . Traditional dishes that use pineapple include hamonado , afritada , kaeng som pla , and Hawaiian haystack . Crushed pineapple

468-417: A variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by mealybugs typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups. Other diseases include citrus pink disease , bacterial heart rot, anthracnose , fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus. Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by

520-429: Is a rich source of manganese (40% Daily Value , DV) and vitamin C (53% DV), but otherwise contains no micronutrients in significant amounts (table). Pineapple fruits and peels contain diverse phytochemicals , among which are polyphenols , including gallic acid , syringic acid , vanillin , ferulic acid , sinapic acid , coumaric acid , chlorogenic acid , epicatechin , and arbutin . Present in all parts of

572-587: Is an ingredient found in both Honduran and Filipino cuisine , where it is produced locally. In Mexico , it is usually made with peels from the whole fruit, rather than the juice; however, in Taiwanese cuisine , it is often produced by blending pineapple juice with grain vinegar. The European Union consumed 50% of the global total for pineapple juice in 2012–2016. The Netherlands was the largest importer of pineapple juice in Europe . Thailand , Costa Rica and

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624-432: Is categorized by five layers. The top layer being the upper tree layer. Here you will find the largest and widest trees in all the forest. These trees tend to have very large canopy's so they can be fully exposed to sunlight. A layer below that is the middle tree layer. Here you will find more compact trees and vegetation. These trees tend to be more skinny as they are trying to gain any sunlight they can. The third layer

676-435: Is caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. parasitica , fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; all suckers that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds. Tropical vegetation Rainforest vegetation

728-525: Is mainly bare except for various plants, mosses , and ferns . The forest floor is much more dense than above because of little sunlight and air movement. Plant species native to the tropics found in tropical ecosystems are known as tropical plants. Some examples of tropical ecosystems are the Guinean Forests of West Africa , the Madagascar dry deciduous forests and the broadleaf forests of

780-419: Is the lower tree area. These trees tend to be around five to ten meters high and tightly compacted. The trees found in the third layer are young trees trying to grow into the larger canopy trees. The fourth layer is the shrub layer beneath the tree canopy. This layer is mainly populated by sapling trees, shrubs, and seedlings. The fifth and final layer is the herb layer which is the forest floor. The forest floor

832-449: Is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing ethylene , which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative. A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is a non-climacteric fruit . Like most modern fruit production , pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly,

884-511: Is used in yogurt, jam, sweets, and ice cream. The juice of the pineapple is served as a beverage, and it is also the main ingredient in cocktails such as the piña colada and in the drink tepache . In the Philippines , a traditional jelly-like dessert called nata de piña has also been produced since the 18th century. It is made by fermenting pineapple juice with the bacteria Komagataeibacter xylinus . Pineapple vinegar

936-662: The Maui Pineapple Company began cultivation on Maui in 1909. James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911. Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations in Honolulu in 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii. In 2009,

988-593: The Netherlands are the major suppliers to the European Union market in 2012–2016. Countries consuming the most pineapple juice in 2017 were Thailand , Indonesia and the Philippines , having combined consumption of 47% of the world total. The consumption of pineapple juice in China and India is low compared to their populations. The 'Red Spanish' cultivar of pineapples were once extensively cultivated in

1040-581: The Phi Pan Nam Range , part of the Central Indochina dry forests . They are affected by often long seasonal dry periods and, though less biologically diverse than rainforests, tropical dry forests are home to a wide variety of wildlife. Tropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands are spread over a large area of the tropics with a vegetation made up mainly of low shrubs and grasses , often including sclerophyll species. Some of

1092-461: The Philippines . The long leaves of the cultivar were the source of traditional piña fibers, an adaptation of the native weaving traditions with fibers extracted from abacá . These were woven into lustrous lace-like nipis fabrics usually decorated with intricate floral embroidery known as calado and sombrado . The fabric was a luxury export from the Philippines during

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1144-776: The Thai highlands and the El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico . The term "tropical vegetation" is frequently used in the sense of lush and luxuriant, but not all the vegetation of the areas of the Earth in tropical climates can be defined as such. Despite lush vegetation, often the soils of tropical forests are low in nutrients making them quite vulnerable to slash-and-burn deforestation techniques, which are sometimes an element of shifting cultivation agricultural systems. Tropical vegetation may include

1196-481: The 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse at Empress Anna 's new Moscow palace. Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called "pineries", pineapple became a symbol of wealth . They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot. In

1248-494: The 18th century where it is known as the hala kahiki ("foreign hala "), but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor was James Dole , who moved to Hawaii in 1899 and started a 24-hectare (60-acre) pineapple plantation in 1900 which would grow into the Dole Food Company . Dole and Del Monte began growing pineapples on the island of Oahu in 1901 and 1917, respectively, and

1300-412: The 20th century, importation of hummingbirds was prohibited. The ovaries develop into berries , which coalesce into a large, compact, multiple fruit. The fruit of a pineapple is usually arranged in two interlocking helices , often with 8 in one direction and 13 in the other, each being a Fibonacci number . The pineapple carries out CAM photosynthesis , fixing carbon dioxide at night and storing it as

1352-619: The Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was "Smooth Cayenne", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to the United Kingdom in 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread via Hawaii to Australia and Africa. The "Smooth Cayenne" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the "Smooth Cayenne") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today. Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from

1404-458: The Hali'imaile Pineapple Company continues to grow Maui Gold on the slopes of Haleakala . In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29 million tonnes , led by Indonesia , the Philippines , and Costa Rica , each producing about 3 million tonnes. The flesh and juice of the pineapple are used in cuisines around the world. In many tropical countries, pineapple is prepared and sold on roadsides as

1456-800: The Indians". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr's Decades of the New World (1516) and Antonio Pigafetta 's Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo (1524–1525), and the first known illustration was in Oviedo's Historia General de Las Indias (1535). While the pineapple fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism, it was not successfully cultivated in Europe until Pieter de la Court (1664–1739) developed greenhouse horticulture near Leiden. Pineapple plants were distributed from

1508-566: The Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui, and by 2013, only the Dole Plantation on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production. Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii. Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as "Hawaiian" for this reason alone. In the Philippines, "Smooth Cayenne"

1560-693: The Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730. In England, the first pineapple was grown at Dorney Court , Dorney in Buckinghamshire, and a huge "pineapple stove" to heat the plants was built at the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1723. In France, King Louis XV was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at Versailles in 1733. In Russia, Peter the Great imported de la Court's method into St. Petersburg in

1612-524: The Spanish colonial period and gained favor among European aristocracy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Domestically, they were used to make the traditional barong tagalog , baro't saya , and traje de mestiza clothing of the Filipino upper class, as well as women's kerchiefs ( pañuelo ). They were favored for their light and breezy quality, which was ideal in the hot tropical climate of

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1664-577: The West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices. Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes. The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in

1716-553: The acid malate , then releasing it during the day aiding photosynthesis. The pineapple comprises five botanical varieties, formerly regarded as separate species. The genomes of three varieties, including the wild progenitor variety bracteatus , have been sequenced. The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the French of André Thevet 's The New Found World, or Antarctike where he refers to

1768-657: The commonly grown "Smooth Cayenne" cultivar and its various clones are smooth, and it is the most commonly grown worldwide. Many cultivars have become distributed from its origins in Paraguay and the southern part of Brazil , and later improved stocks were introduced into the Americas, the Azores, Africa, India, Malaysia and Australia. Varieties include: In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute

1820-472: The container reaches 20 centimeters (8 in). In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially. Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator, Ethephon ,

1872-455: The following habitat types: Tropical rainforest ecosystems include significant areas of biodiversity , often coupled with high species endemism . Rainforests are home to half of all the living animal and plant species on the planet and roughly two-thirds of all flowering plants can be found in rainforests. The most representative are the Borneo rainforest, one of the oldest rainforests in

1924-432: The fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria Acetobacter aceti , Gluconobacter oxydans , Pantoea citrea and Tatumella ptyseos . Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales, thrips , mites, mealybugs, ants, and symphylids . Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease

1976-457: The fruit from Brazil and introduced it into India by 1550. The ' Red Spanish  [ es ] ' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to the Philippines , and it was grown to produce piña fibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century. Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called it piña de Indes , meaning "pine of

2028-491: The international trade until the 1960s. The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014. Raw pineapple pulp is 86% water, 13% carbohydrates , 0.5% protein , and contains negligible fat (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, raw pineapple supplies 209 kilojoules (50 kilocalories) of food energy , and

2080-560: The islands. The industry was destroyed in the Second World War and is only starting to be revived. The variety A. comosus 'Variegatus' is occasionally grown as a houseplant. It needs direct sunlight and thrives at temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F), with a minimum winter temperature of 16 °C (61 °F). It should be kept humid, but the soil should be allowed to dry out between waterings. It has almost no resting period but should be repotted each spring until

2132-869: The most representative are the Western Zambezian grasslands in Zambia and Angola , as well as the Einasleigh upland savanna in Australia and the Everglades in United States of America . Tree species such as Acacia and baobab may be present in these ecosystems depending on the region. Paran%C3%A1 River Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

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2184-412: The original plant. Commercially, suckers that appear around the base are cultivated. It has 30 or more narrow, fleshy, trough-shaped leaves that are 30 to 100 cm (1 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  ft) long, surrounding a thick stem ; the leaves have sharp spines along the margins. In the first year of growth, the axis lengthens and thickens, bearing numerous leaves in close spirals. After 12 to 20 months,

2236-608: The pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, often Nicaraguan . Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups. Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called " banana republics ". Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as

2288-488: The pineapple plant, bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes . It is present in stem, fruit, crown, core, leaves of pineapple itself. Bromelain is under preliminary research for treatment of a variety of clinical disorders, but has not been adequately defined for its effects in the human body. Bromelain may be unsafe for some users, such as in pregnancy , allergies , or anticoagulation therapy. Having sufficient bromelain content, raw pineapple juice may be useful as

2340-450: The proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around 358.5 ha (1.384 sq mi) of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around 1,659 ha (6.41 sq mi). Pineapples are subject to

2392-454: The seasonal forests that predominate across much the Indian subcontinent , Indochina , and northern Australia: Queensland . Tropical dry broadleaf forests are territories with a forest cover that is not very dense and has often an unkempt, irregular appearance, especially in the dry season. This type of forest often includes bamboo and teak as the dominant large tree species, such as in

2444-527: The second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats. John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore , built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone cupola 14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as the Dunmore Pineapple . In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality. Many different varieties, mostly from

2496-535: The stem grows into a spike-like inflorescence up to 15 cm (6 in) long with over 100 spirally arranged, trimerous flowers, each subtended by a bract. In the wild, pineapples are pollinated primarily by hummingbirds . Certain wild pineapples are foraged and pollinated at night by bats . Under cultivation, because seed development diminishes fruit quality, pollination is performed by hand, and seeds are retained only for breeding . In Hawaii , where pineapples were cultivated and canned industrially throughout

2548-532: The stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit as Ananas , but the Oxford English Dictionary 's first record of the word pineapple itself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714. The wild plant originates from the Paraná – Paraguay River drainages between southern Brazil and Paraguay . Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as

2600-699: The world, the Brazilian and Venezuelan Amazon Rainforest , as well as the eastern Costa Paulon rainforests. Seasonal tropical forests generally receive high total rainfall, averaging more than 1000 mm per year, but with a distinct dry season . They include: the Congolian forests , a broad belt of highland tropical moist broadleaf forest which extends across the basin of the Congo River ; Central American tropical forests in Panama and Nicaragua ;

2652-527: Was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and Maui Land and Pineapple . Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'. The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold. The successor company to MPC,

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2704-591: Was introduced in the early 1900s by the US Bureau of Agriculture during the American colonial period . Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island of Mindanao in the 1920s; in the provinces of Cotabato and Bukidnon , respectively. Large scale canning had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged by World War II , and Hawaii dominated

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