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48-403: This article relating to knives is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article relating to swords is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Philippine history -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Knives A knife ( pl. : knives ; from Old Norse knifr 'knife, dirk' ) is a tool or weapon with

96-481: A hunting knife , soldiers use the combat knife , scouts, campers, and hikers carry a pocketknife ; there are kitchen knives for preparing foods (the chef's knife , the paring knife, bread knife , cleaver ), table knife ( butter knives and steak knives ), weapons ( daggers or switchblades ), knives for throwing or juggling, and knives for religious ceremony or display (the kirpan ). A modern knife consists of: The blade edge can be plain or serrated , or

144-404: A lining on the back side of laminating kraft to compensate for the tension created by the top side lamination. Cheaper particle boards may have only a lining of laminating kraft to give surface washability and resistance to wear. The decor paper can also be processed under heat and low/high pressure to create a melamine laminated sheet, that has several applications. The absorbent kraft paper

192-451: A tantō , a common Japanese knife. An athame , a ceremonial knife, is used in Wicca and derived forms of neopagan witchcraft. In Greece , a black-handled knife placed under the pillow is used to keep away nightmares. As early as 1646 reference is made to a superstition of laying a knife across another piece of cutlery being a sign of witchcraft . A common belief is that if a knife

240-451: A combination of both. Single-edged knives may have a reverse edge or false edge occupying a section of the spine. These edges are usually serrated and are used to further enhance function. The handle, used to grip and manipulate the blade safely, may include a tang , a portion of the blade that extends into the handle. Knives are made with partial tangs (extending part way into the handle, known as "stick tangs") or full tangs (extending

288-406: A cradle, to protect the baby; knives were included in some Anglo-Saxon burial rites, so the dead would not be defenseless in the next world. The knife plays an important role in some initiation rites, and many cultures perform rituals with a variety of knives, including the ceremonial sacrifices of animals. Samurai warriors, as part of bushido , could perform ritual suicide, or seppuku , with

336-428: A custom bulletin board or a visual presentation. Specially surfaced plastic sheets can be laminated over a printed image to allow them to be safely written upon, such as with dry erase markers or chalk. Multiple translucent printed images may be laminated in layers to achieve certain visual effects or to hold holographic images. Printing businesses that do commercial lamination keep a variety of laminates on hand, as

384-679: A cutting edge or blade , usually attached to a handle or hilt . One of the earliest tools used by humanity, knives appeared at least 2.5 million years ago , as evidenced by the Oldowan tools. Originally made of wood, bone, and stone (such as flint and obsidian ), over the centuries, in step with improvements in both metallurgy and manufacturing, knife blades have been made from copper , bronze , iron , steel , ceramic , and titanium . Most modern knives have either fixed or folding blades; blade patterns and styles vary by maker and country of origin. Knives can serve various purposes. Hunters use

432-453: A layered structure, combining the attributes of both. For example, a harder, more brittle steel may be pressed between an outer layer of softer, tougher, stainless steel to reduce vulnerability to corrosion. In this case, however, the part most affected by corrosion, the edge, is still vulnerable. Damascus steel is a form of pattern welding with similarities to laminate construction. Layers of different steel types are welded together, but then

480-557: A number of different materials, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Handles are produced in a wide variety of shapes and styles. Handles are often textured to enhance grip. More exotic materials usually only seen on art or ceremonial knives include: Stone, bone, mammoth tooth, mammoth ivory, oosik (walrus penis bone), walrus tusk, antler (often called stag in a knife context), sheep horn, buffalo horn, teeth, and mop (mother of pearl or "pearl"). Many materials have been employed in knife handles. Handles may be adapted to accommodate

528-427: A sharp edge for years with no maintenance at all, but are fragile and will break if dropped on a hard surface or twisted in use. They can only be sharpened on silicon carbide sandpaper and appropriate grinding wheels. Plastic blades are not sharp and are usually serrated to enable them to cut. They are often disposable. Steel blades are commonly shaped by forging or stock removal. Forged blades are made by heating

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576-445: A single piece of steel, then shaping the metal while hot using a hammer or press. Stock removal blades are shaped by grinding and removing metal. With both methods, after shaping, the steel must be heat treated . This involves heating the steel above its critical point, then quenching the blade to harden it. After hardening, the blade is tempered to remove stresses and make the blade tougher. Mass manufactured kitchen cutlery uses both

624-427: A small amount of carbon. It is not able to take quite as sharp an edge as carbon steel, but is highly resistant to corrosion. High carbon stainless steel is stainless steel with a higher amount of carbon, intended to incorporate the better attributes of carbon steel and stainless steel. High carbon stainless steel blades do not discolor or stain, and maintain a sharp edge. Laminated blades use multiple metals to create

672-601: A stud, hole, disk, or flipper located on the blade, all of which have the benefit of allowing the user to open the knife with one hand. The "wave" feature is another prominent design, which uses a part of the blade that protrudes outward to catch on one's pocket as it is drawn, thus opening the blade; this was patented by Ernest Emerson and is not only used on many of the Emerson knives, but also on knives produced by several other manufacturers, notably Spyderco and Cold Steel . Automatic or switchblade knives open using

720-852: A subtype of laminated fabrics. Nonwoven fabrics (e.g. fiberglass) are also often laminated. According to a 2002 source, the nonwovens fabric industry was the biggest single consumer of different polymer binding resins. Materials used in production of coated and laminated fabrics are generally subjected to heat treatment. Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics (e.g. formaldehyde polymers) are equally used in laminating and coating textile industry. In 2002 primary materials used included polyvinyl acetate , acrylics , polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethanes , and natural and synthetic rubbers . Copolymers and terpolymers were also in use. Thin-films of plastics were in wide use as well. Materials varied from polyethylene and PVC to kapton depending on application. In automotive industry for example

768-516: A tough plastic film between two layers of glass. This is to prevent shards of glass detaching from the windshield in case it breaks. Plywood is a common example of a laminate using the same material in each layer combined with an adhesive. Glued and laminated dimensional timber is used in the construction industry to make beams ( glued laminated timber , or Glulam ), in sizes larger and stronger than those that can be obtained from single pieces of wood. Another reason to laminate wooden strips into beams

816-412: A utility tool the knife can take many forms, including: The knife plays a significant role in some cultures through ritual and superstition , as the knife was an essential tool for survival since early man. Knife symbols can be found in various cultures to symbolize all stages of life; for example, a knife placed under the bed while giving birth is said to ease the pain, or, stuck into the headboard of

864-472: A wavy, scalloped or saw-like blade. Serrated blades are more well suited for tasks that require aggressive 'sawing' motions, whereas plain edge blades are better suited for tasks that require push-through cuts (e.g., shaving, chopping, slicing). Many knives have holes in the blade for various uses. Holes are commonly drilled in blades to reduce friction while cutting, increase single-handed usability of pocket knives, and, for butchers' knives, allow hanging out of

912-443: Is a normal kraft paper with controlled absorbency , which means a high degree of porosity . It is made of clean low kappa hardwood kraft with good uniformity . The grammage is 80 - 120 g/m and normally 2-4 plies are used. The decor paper is the most critical of the lamination papers as it gives the visual appearance of the laminate. The impregnation resin and cellulose have about the same refraction index which means that

960-494: Is also used in sculpture using wood or resin. An example of an artist who used lamination in his work is the American Floyd Shaman . Laminates can be used to add properties to a surface, usually printed paper, that would not have them otherwise, such as with the use of lamination paper . Sheets of vinyl impregnated with ferro-magnetic material can allow portable printed images to bond to magnets, such as for

1008-435: Is an OTF (out-the-front) switchblade, which only requires the push of a button or spring to cause the blade to slide out of the handle and lock into place. To retract the blade back into the handle, a release lever or button, usually the same control as to open, is pressed. A very common form of sliding knife is the sliding utility knife (commonly known as a stanley knife or boxcutter). The handles of knives can be made from

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1056-552: Is given as a gift, the relationship of the giver and recipient will be severed. Something such as a small coin, dove or a valuable item is exchanged for the gift, rendering "payment." Some types of knives are restricted by law, and carrying of knives may be regulated, because they are often used in crime, although restrictions vary greatly by jurisdiction and type of knife. For example, some laws prohibit carrying knives in public while other laws prohibit possession of certain knives, such as switchblades . Laminate Lamination

1104-641: Is produced using real wood veneer or multilaminar veneer as top surface. High-pressure laminates consists of laminates "molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1,000 lb per sq in.(70 kg per cm ) and more commonly in the range of 1,200 to 2,000 lb per sq in. (84 to 140 kg per cm ). Meanwhile, low pressure laminate is defined as "a plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 pounds per square inch (approximately 27 atmospheres or 2.8 × 106 pascals). Corrugated fiberboard boxes are examples of laminated structures, where an inner core provides rigidity and strength, and

1152-498: Is quality control, as with this method each and every strip can be inspected before it becomes part of a highly stressed component. Examples of laminate materials include melamine adhesive countertop surfacing and plywood . Decorative laminates and some modern millwork components are produced with decorative papers with a layer of overlay on top of the decorative paper, set before pressing them with thermoprocessing into high-pressure decorative laminates (HPDL). A new type of HPDL

1200-520: Is the technique/process of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength , stability, sound insulation , appearance , or other properties from the use of the differing materials, such as plastic. A laminate is a layered object or material assembled using heat , pressure , welding , or adhesives . Various coating machines, machine presses and calendering equipment are used. There are different lamination processes, depending primarily on

1248-466: Is transferred from the hook on the blade's tang to the hook on the rocker bar and thence to the small rocker pin. Excessive stress can shear one or both of these hooks rendering the knife effectively useless. Knife company Cold Steel uses a variant of the lock back called the Tri-Ad Lock which introduces a pin in front of the rocker bar to relieve stress on the rocker pin, has an elongated hole around

1296-434: Is used in the lamination to shape the product and give the juicebox an extra source of strength. The base is most often particle - or fiberboards , then some layers of absorbent kraft paper . The last layers are a decor paper covered with an overlay . The lamination papers are covered with an inert resin , often melamine , which is cured to form a hard composite with the structure of paper. The laminates may also have

1344-412: Is used to mechanically strengthen the knife. Knife blades can be manufactured from a variety of materials, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Carbon steel , an alloy of iron and carbon , can be very sharp. It holds its edge well, and remains easy to sharpen, but is vulnerable to rust and stains. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium , possibly nickel , and molybdenum , with only

1392-408: The liner lock , an L-shaped split in the liner allows part of the liner to move sideways from its resting position against the handle to the centre of the knife where it rests against the flat end of the tang. To disengage, this leaf spring is pushed so it again rests flush against the handle allowing the knife to rotate. A frame lock is functionally identical but instead of using a thin liner inside

1440-479: The PVC/ acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene (ABS) mixtures were often applied for interiors by laminating onto a polyurethane foam to give a soft-touch properties. Specialty films were used in protective clothing, .e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyurethane etc. Plastic film can be used to laminate either side of a sheet of glass . Vehicle windshields are commonly made as composites created by laminating

1488-408: The appearance of the decor paper come through. The laminating kraft have a grammage of 70 - 150 g/m and is a smooth dense kraft paper . Electrical equipment such as transformers and motors usually use an electrical steel laminate coatings to form the core of the coils used to produce magnetic fields . The thin lamination reduces the power loss due to eddy currents . Fiber metal laminate

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1536-405: The blade is not released by means of a button or catch on the handle; rather, the blade itself is the actuator. Most assisted openers use flippers as their opening mechanism. Assisted opening knives can be as fast or faster than automatic knives to deploy. In the lock back , as in many folding knives, a stop pin acting on the top (or behind) the blade prevents it from rotating clockwise. A hook on

1584-424: The cellulose fibers of the paper appear as a shade and only the dyestuffs and pigments are visible. Due to this the decor paper demands extreme cleanness and is produced only on small paper machines with grammage 50 - 150 g/m . The overlay paper have grammage of 18 – 50 m and is made of pure cellulose , thus it must be made of well delignified pulp . It becomes transparent after impregnation letting

1632-404: The forging and stock removal processes. Forging tends to be reserved for manufacturers' more expensive product lines, and can often be distinguished from stock removal product lines by the presence of an integral bolster, though integral bolsters can be crafted through either shaping method. Knives are sharpened in various ways. Flat ground blades have a profile that tapers from the thick spine to

1680-488: The full length of the handle, often visible on top and bottom). There is also the enterçado construction method present in antique knives from Brazil, such as the Sorocaban Knife , which consists in riveting a repurposed blade to the ricasso of a bladeless handle. The handle may include a bolster, a piece of heavy material (usually metal) situated at the front or rear of the handle. The bolster, as its name suggests,

1728-425: The handle material uses a thicker piece of metal as the handle and the same split in it allows a section of the frame to press against the tang. A sliding knife is a knife that can be opened by sliding the knife blade out the front of the handle. One method of opening is where the blade exits out the front of the handle point-first and then is locked into place (an example of this is the gravity knife ). Another form

1776-470: The handle of the knife on both sides allowing the user to slide the bolt backward freeing the knife to close. The Axis Lock used by knife maker Benchmade is functionally identical to the bolt lock except that it uses a cylinder rather than a rectangle to trap the blade. The Arc Lock by knife maker SOG is similar to the Axis Lock except the cylinder follows a curved path rather than a straight path. In

1824-492: The needs of people with disabilities. For example, knife handles may be made thicker or with more cushioning for people with arthritis in their hands. A non-slip handle accommodates people with palmar hyperhidrosis . As a weapon, the knife is universally adopted as an essential tool. It is the essential element of a knife fight . For example: A primary aspect of the knife as a tool includes dining, used either in food preparation or as cutlery . Examples of this include: As

1872-516: The outer layers provide a smooth surface. A starch-based adhesive is usually used. Laminating paper products, such as photographs , can prevent them from becoming creased, faded, water damaged, wrinkled, stained, smudged, abraded, or marked by grease or fingerprints. Photo identification cards and credit cards are almost always laminated with plastic film. Boxes and other containers may be laminated using heat seal layers, extrusion coatings, pressure sensitive adhesives, UV coating , etc. Lamination

1920-458: The process for bonding different types is generally similar when working with thin materials. Paper is normally laminated on particle or fiberboards giving a good-looking and resistant surface for use as furniture , decoration panels and flooring . Paper laminations are also used in packaging . For example, juiceboxes are fabricated from liquid packaging board which is usually six layers of paper, polyethylene, and aluminum foil. Paper

1968-428: The rocker pin to allow the mechanism to wear over time without losing strength and angles the hooks so that the faces no longer meet vertically. The bolt in the bolt lock is a rectangle of metal that is constrained to slide only back and forward. When the knife is open a spring biases the bolt to the forward position where it rests above the tang of the blade preventing the blade from closing. Small knobs extend through

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2016-489: The sharp edge in a straight or convex line. Seen in cross section, the blade would form a long, thin triangle, or where the taper does not extend to the back of the blade, a long thin rectangle with one peaked side. Hollow ground blades have concave , beveled edges. The resulting blade has a thinner edge, so it may have better cutting ability for shallow cuts, but it is lighter and less durable than flat ground blades and will tend to bind in deep cuts. Serrated blade knives have

2064-410: The stock is manipulated to create patterns in the steel. Titanium is a metal that has a better strength-to-weight ratio, is more wear resistant, and more flexible than steel. Although less hard and unable to take as sharp an edge, carbides in the titanium alloy allow them to be heat-treated to a sufficient hardness. Ceramic blades are hard, brittle, lightweight, and do not corrode: they may maintain

2112-476: The stored energy from a spring that is released when the user presses a button or lever or other actuator built into the handle of the knife. Automatic knives are severely restricted by law in the UK and most American states. Increasingly common are assisted opening knives which use springs to propel the blade once the user has moved it past a certain angle. These differ from automatic or switchblade knives in that

2160-405: The tang of the blade engages with a hook on the rocker bar which prevents the blade from rotating counter-clockwise. The rocker bar is held in position by a torsion bar. To release the knife the rocker bar is pushed downwards as indicated and pivots around the rocker pin, lifting the hook and freeing the blade. When negative pressure (pushing down on the spine) is applied to the blade all the stress

2208-662: The type or types of materials to be laminated. The materials used in laminates can be identical or different, depending on the object to be laminated, the process and the desired properties. Laminated fabric are widely used in different fields of human activity, including medical and military. Woven fabrics (organic and inorganic based) are usually laminated by different chemical polymers to give them useful properties like chemical resistance, dust, grease, photoluminescence (glowing and other light-effects e.g. in high-visibility clothing ), tear strength , stiffness, thickness, and being wind proof . Coated fabrics may be considered as

2256-449: The user's hand, folding knives typically have a locking mechanism. Different locking mechanisms are favored by various individuals for reasons such as perceived strength (lock safety), legality, and ease of use. Popular locking mechanisms include: Another prominent feature of many folding knives is the opening mechanism. Traditional pocket knives and Swiss Army knives commonly employ the nail nick, while modern folding knives more often use

2304-411: The way when not in use. A fixed blade knife, sometimes called a sheath knife , does not fold or slide, and is typically stronger due to the tang, the extension of the blade into the handle, and lack of moving parts. A folding knife connects the blade to the handle through a pivot , allowing the blade to fold into the handle. To prevent injury to the knife user through the blade accidentally closing on

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