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35-601: Plainfield Country Club is a private country club and golf course located in Edison in Middlesex County, New Jersey , United States. It was founded in 1890 as the Hillside Tennis Club . Its golf course was designed in 1916 by golf course designer Donald Ross , and opened BC for play in 1921. In 1904, Leighton Calkins—who served as the mayor of Plainfield, New Jersey , from 1915 through 1920—created

70-794: A war in Cuba and Muslim uprisings in Spanish Morocco . In the midst of these crises, the Carlist War continued and the Carlist party made itself strong in areas with claims over their national and institutional specificity such as Catalonia and the Basque Country . This unrest led to the creation of a group in favour of the Bourbon Restoration , led by the moderate conservative Antonio Cánovas del Castillo . Alfonso

105-457: A captain of the guard. Others have assigned the fatherhood to Federico Puig Romero, a colonel who was murdered under unclear circumstances in 1866. The relationship of the queen with Puigmoltó was so much of a public hearsay at the time that Francisco de Asís initially refused to attend the baptism ceremony of Alfonso (the heir apparent), though he was eventually forced to do so. These rumours were used as political propaganda against Alfonso by

140-587: A central sport such as golf, polo or tennis, although some of them did eventually offer other sports. Examples include Real Club de la Puerta de Hierro , Club de Campo Villa de Madrid , Real Club de Polo de Barcelona , Real Sociedad de Golf de Neguri, Real Club Pineda etc. Many of them are also located in those cities or towns that hosted the summer vacations of the royal family. Such is the case of Real Sociedad de Tenis de la Magdalena , Real Golf de Pedreña or Real Golf Club de Zarauz for example. The most notable difference between Spanish and American country clubs

175-778: A century (see History of Spain (1808–1874) ). Both Europe (the coastal regions, such as the Basque Country, Catalonia, and Asturias) and the colonies in the Antilles and Pacific were able to grow steadily. Cuba and Puerto Rico prospered to the point that Spain's first train was not in Spain proper but between Havana and Güines in Cuba, and the first telegraph in Latin America was in Puerto Rico, established by Samuel Morse , whose daughter and son-in-law lived there. Upon

210-531: A coup aimed at placing the military in the political-administrative positions of power, in reality ushered in a civilian regime that lasted until Primo de Rivera 's 1923 coup d'état. Cánovas was the real architect of the new regime of the Restoration. In 1881 Alfonso refused to sanction a law by which the ministers were to remain in office for a fixed term of 18 months. Upon the consequent resignation of Cánovas del Castillo, he summoned Práxedes Mateo Sagasta ,

245-461: A new dynasty on the throne. Prince Amadeo of Savoy , the younger son of King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and a distant cousin of Alfonso by common descent from Charles III , was recognized as King of Spain in November 1870. During a tumultuous reign, Amadeo was targeted by assassination attempts and struggled with opposition from both Carlists and republicans while his own faction split. After

280-512: A number of Spanish nobles who had tied their fortunes to those of the exiled queen. He assumed the name Alfonso XII, for although no king of united Spain had borne the name "Alfonso", the Spanish monarchy was regarded as continuous with the more ancient monarchy represented by the 11 kings of Asturias , León and Castile also named Alfonso . After the revolution, the Cortes decided to set up

315-646: A particular housing community. Early clubs focused primarily on equestrian-related sports: coaching, racing, jumping, polo, and foxhunting. In the 1980s, the nationwide interest shifted more towards golf. Country clubs were founded by upper-class elites between 1880 and 1930. The Brookline Country Club was founded in 1882 and is esteemed to be the nation’s first by the Encyclopaedia of American Urban History . By 1907, country clubs were claimed to be “the very essence of American upper-class.” The number of country clubs increased greatly with industrialization,

350-637: Is that the former are not normally located in the countryside but either within a city or town itself or in the outskirts at most. Many of the gentlemen's clubs established during the British Raj are still active in major cities, for example the Bangalore Club , Lahore Gymkhana , Karachi Gymkhana , Nizam Club , and Bengal Club . Gymkhanas are sporting or social clubs across the subcontinent. Country clubs exist in multiple forms, including athletic-based clubs and golf clubs. Examples are

385-642: The American invasion of Puerto Rico , ten US dollars were needed to buy one Puerto Rican peso. On 23 January 1878 at the Basilica of Atocha in Madrid, Alfonso married his first cousin, Princess María de las Mercedes , but she died within five months of the marriage. On 29 November 1879 at the Basilica of Atocha in Madrid , Alfonso married his double third cousin, Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria . During

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420-973: The Breakfast Point Country Club , Cumberland Grove Country Club and Terrey Hills Golf & Country Club in Sydney , the Castle Hill Country Club, the Gold Coast Polo & Country Club, The Heritage Golf and Country Club , Elanora Country Club, and the Sanctuary Cove Golf & Country Club . In Japan, almost all golf clubs are called "Country Clubs" by their owners. Alfonso XII Alfonso XII (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo de Borbón y Borbón; 28 November 1857 – 25 November 1885), also known as El Pacificador (Spanish:

455-515: The Carlists , and he came to be widely nicknamed "Puigmoltejo" in reference to his supposed father. His mother's accession had created a second cause of instability, the Carlist Wars , where the supporters of Don Carlos, Count of Molina as King of Spain rose to have him enthroned. In addition, within the context of the post-Napoleonic restorations and revolutions which engulfed Europe and

490-557: The handicap system currently used in golf today. In honor of Calkins, a set of tees at the Plainfield Country Club bears his name. Plainfield Country Club has been home to the 1978 U.S. Amateur , the 1987 U.S. Women's Open , several state and regional championships, and has been ranked among the best in the country. In 2011, it was home to The Barclays golf tournament, the first PGA Tour FedEx Cup playoff event. In August 2015, Plainfield Country Club again hosted

525-459: The 1960s civil rights lawsuits forced clubs to drop exclusionary policies. In a 1990 landmark ruling at Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club , the PGA refused to hold tournaments at private clubs that practiced racial discrimination. This new regulation led to the admittance of black people at private clubs. The incident at Shoal Creek is comparable to the 1966 NCAA basketball tournament , which led to

560-825: The Americas, both the Carlistas and the Isabelino conservatives were opposed to the new Napoleonic constitutional system. Much like in Britain, which subtracted itself from the liberal constitutional process, Spanish conservatives wanted to continue with the traditional Organic Laws, such as the Fuero Juzgo , the Novísima Recopilación and the Partidas of Alfonso X . This led to a third cause of instability,

595-611: The Barclays PGA golf tournament. Country club Country clubs are most commonly located in city outskirts or suburbs, due to the requirement of having substantial grounds for outdoor activities, which distinguishes them from an urban athletic club . Country clubs originated in Scotland and first appeared in the US in the early 1880s. Country clubs had a profound effect on expanding suburbanization and are considered to be

630-766: The Carlists revolted and the Third Carlist War broke out, he abdicated and returned to Italy in early 1873. Following Amadeo's abandonment, the First Spanish Republic was established, including the territories of Cuba , Puerto Rico and the Pacific Archipelagos. The first act of President Estanislao Figueras was to extend the abolition of slavery to Puerto Rico; Cuban slaves would have to wait until 1889. The republicans were not in agreement either, and they had to contend with

665-730: The Liberal leader, to form a new cabinet. In order to eliminate one of the problems of the reign of Isabel II , the single party and its destabilizing consequences, the Liberal Party was allowed to incorporate and participate in national politics, and the ' turnismo ' or alternation was to become the new system. Turnismo would be endorsed in the Constitution of 1876 and the Pact of El Pardo (1885). It meant that liberal and conservative prime ministers would succeed each other ending thus

700-708: The Peacemaker ), was King of Spain from 29 December 1874 to his death in 1885. After the Glorious Revolution of 1868 deposed his mother Isabella II from the throne, Alfonso studied in Austria and France. His mother abdicated in his favour in 1870, and he returned to Spain as king in 1874 following a military coup against the First Spanish Republic . Alfonso died aged 27 in 1885, leaving his pregnant widow, Maria Christina of Austria , as regent of Spain. Their son, Alfonso XIII , became king upon his birth

735-521: The President resigned, and his power was transferred to the king's plenipotentiary and adviser, Cánovas. With Cánovas disapproval (he detested the intervention of the military in politics), the 29 December 1875 pronunciamento of Gen. Martínez Campos in Sagunto ended the failed republic and meant the rise of the young Prince Alfonso. Within a few days after Cánovas del Castillo took power as Premier,

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770-485: The United States' country clubs. Similar to the United States, Spain has had a tradition of country clubs as a pillar of social life. This began during the reign of Alfonso XII and was consolidated during the reign of his son and successor Alfonso XIII , who granted royal status to a handful of country clubs. Most country clubs in Spain are typically associated with the upper classes, and were conceived around

805-419: The affection of his people by fearlessly visiting districts ravaged by cholera or devastated by the 1884 Andalusian earthquake . His capacity for dealing with men was considerable, and he never allowed himself to become the instrument of any particular party. During his short reign, peace was established both at home and abroad, finances were well regulated, and the various administrative services were placed on

840-818: The end of racial discrimination in college basketball. The Philadelphia Cricket Club is the oldest organized country club in the United States devoted to playing games, while The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts is the oldest club devoted to golf. In the United Kingdom, many country clubs are smaller than those in the USA though examples similar in size and scope to the American country club also exist. Gentlemen’s clubs in Britain—many of which admit women while remaining socially exclusive—fill many roles of

875-477: The following year. Maria Christina continued as regent until Alfonso XIII came of age in 1902. Alfonso was born in Madrid as the eldest son of the reigning Queen Isabella II on 28 November 1857. His official father, Isabella's husband Francisco de Asís , has been generally viewed as effeminate, impotent or homosexual, leading writers to question his biological paternity. There is speculation that Alfonso's biological father may have been Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans,

910-687: The goal of shaping him into the ideal king for the planned Bourbon Restoration, and next sent him to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst , in England. The training he received there was severe but more cosmopolitan than it would have been in Spain, given its atmosphere at the time. On 1 December 1874, Alfonso issued the Sandhurst Manifesto , where he set the ideological basis of the Bourbon Restoration. It

945-630: The honeymoon, a pastry cook named Otero fired at the young sovereign and his wife as they were driving in Madrid. The children of this marriage were: Alfonso had two sons by Elena Armanda Nicolasa Sanz y Martínez de Arizala (15 December 1849, in Castellón de la Plana – 24 December 1898, in Paris): In November 1885, Alfonso died aged 27 at the Royal Palace of El Pardo near Madrid. He had been suffering from tuberculosis , but

980-457: The immediate cause of his death was a recurrence of dysentery . In 1902, his widow Maria Cristina initiated a national contest to build a monument in memory of Alfonso . The winning design, by José Grases Riera , was constructed in an artificial lake in Madrid's Parque del Buen Retiro in 1922. Coming to the throne at such an early age, Alfonso had served no apprenticeship in the art of ruling. Benevolent and sympathetic in disposition, he won

1015-573: The independence of most of the American possessions, recognized between 1823 and 1850. When Queen Isabella II and her husband were forced to leave Spain by the Revolution of 1868 , Alfonso accompanied them to Paris. From there, he was sent to the Theresianum in Vienna to continue his studies. On 25 June 1870, he was recalled to Paris, where his mother abdicated in his favour, in the presence of

1050-469: The new king, proclaimed on 29 December 1874, arrived at Madrid , passing through Barcelona and Valencia and was acclaimed everywhere (1875). In 1876, a vigorous campaign against the Carlists , in which the young king took part, resulted in the defeat of Don Carlos and the Duke's abandonment of the struggle. Initially led by Cánovas del Castillo as moderate prime minister, what was thought at one time as

1085-406: The precursor to gated community development. Country clubs can be exclusive organizations. In small towns, membership in the country club is often not as exclusive or expensive as in larger cities where there is competition for a limited number of memberships. In addition to the fees, some clubs have additional requirements to join. For example, membership can be limited to those who reside in

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1120-555: The rise in incomes, and suburbanization in the 1920s. During the 1920s, country clubs acted as community social centers. When people lost most of their income and net worth during the Great Depression , the number of country clubs decreased drastically for lack of membership funding. Historically, many country clubs were "restricted" and refused to admit members of specific racial, ethnic or religious groups such as Jews , African Americans and Catholics . Beginning in

1155-476: The troubles. This led to the end of the Carlist revolts and the victory over the New York-backed Cuban revolutionaries, and led to a huge backing both by insular and peninsular Spaniards of Alfonso. Alfonso's short reign established the foundations for the final socioeconomic recuperation of Spain, bringing an end to the political instability that had dominated Spain for the past two-thirds of

1190-413: Was drafted in reply to a birthday greeting from his followers, a manifesto proclaiming himself the sole representative of the Spanish monarchy. At the end of 1874, Brigadier Martínez Campos , who had long been working more or less openly for the king, led some battalions of the central army to Sagunto , rallied the troops sent against him to his own flag, and entered Valencia in the king's name. Thereupon

1225-528: Was well-educated and cultured, especially compared to his mother. His tutors took great care to have him educated in good schools and to familiarize him with different cultures, languages and government models throughout Europe. During the Franco-Prussian War , Alfonso relocated from Paris to Geneva with his family, and then continued his studies at the Theresianum in Vienna in 1872. Cánovas began to take responsibility for Alfonso's education with

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