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49-564: Plains Cree may refer to: Plains Cree language Plains Cree people Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Plains Cree . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree&oldid=1050330854 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

98-408: A fricative , nasal , or y . The coda , when it occurs, is either [s] or [h] but many Plains Cree words end in a vowel . The following table describes the phonotactics of Plains Cree by the distribution of consonants and semivowels with relation to the obligatory vowel. Parentheses indicate optional components. Plains Cree is classified as a polysynthetic fusional language as a result of

147-525: A question mark is sometimes substituted for ⟨ʔ⟩ , and is preferred in languages such as Squamish . SENĆOŦEN  – whose alphabet is mostly unique from other Salish languages – contrastly uses the comma ⟨,⟩ to represent the glottal stop, though it is optional. In 2015, two women in the Northwest Territories challenged the territorial government over its refusal to permit them to use

196-530: A different pattern with respect to voicing. Plains Cree ᑊ p /p/ , ᐟ t /t/ , ᐠ k /k/ , ᐨ c /t͡s/ , and also ᐢ s /s/ normally correspond to the Michif sounds p /p/ , t /t/ , k /k/ , ch /t͡ʃ/ , and sh /ʃ/ , which in Michif do not have voiced allophones. Michif has voiced sounds b /b/ , d /d/ , g /ɡ/ , j /d͡ʒ/ , and zh /ʒ/ which are distinct phonemes, and in some cases

245-417: A dog". In this case, the contraction involved the same vowel ; the first vowel is taken and included in the second word in its long form. When the contraction involves different vowels , the first vowel is deleted and the second is lengthened: nāpēw mīna iskwēw "a man and a woman" is reduced to nāpēw mīn īskwēw . Contraction does not always occur, and the word boundary may also be distinguished by

294-687: A final consonant (and nasalized vowels), as aenhenk ' yes ' . There is a degree of variation in the sounds ᐨ c /t͡s/ and ᐢ s /s/ . On the Sweetgrass Reserve in Saskatchewan in 1925, ᐨ c /t͡s/ was either alveolar [t͡s] or palatoalveolar [t͡ʃ] , but ᐢ s /s/ was normally alveolar [s] , and only abnormally palatoalveolar [ʃ] . In contrast to this, Michif words of Plains Cree origin at Turtle Mountain, North Dakota, invariably have palatoalveolar pronunciation for both of these sounds. Voicing of

343-503: A final glottal stop. However, there is no way of writing a glottal stop in the standard Latin alphabet or in Cree syllabics. Wolfart 's grammar contains a text sample which includes this word without a glottal stop, and in his synopsis of Plains Cree sounds no mention of this sound is made. The same word also occurs in Michif , a language derived in part from Plains Cree. There it appears with

392-446: A following stop or affricate; these are not separate phonemes. Pre-aspiration can uniquely distinguish words. For example, compare the simple ᐠ k and cluster ᕽ hk in ᐑᒋᐦᐃᐠ wīcihik ' help me! ' and ᐑᒋᐦᐃᕽ wīcihihk ' help him! ' . Plains Cree is often described as having seven contrastive vowels, three short and four long. However, northern Plains Cree has only three long vowels. These vowels in

441-491: A glottal stop can be added exceptionally for emphatic reasons in particular circumstances. For instance, although the Latin language would normally avoid glottal stops, the exameter requires the reader to produce a glottal stop – to be regarded by all means as a consontant – before odiīs (i.e. “jactētur ʔodiīs”) in verse 668 of Virgil 's Aeneid : lītora jactētur odiīs Jūnōnis inīquae The table below demonstrates how widely

490-410: A hyphen instead of the reverse apostrophe if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. Tagalog pag-ibig , "love"; or Visayan gabi-i , "night"). If it occurs in the end of a word, the last vowel can be written with a circumflex accent (known as the pakupyâ ) if both a stress and a glottal stop occur in the final vowel (e.g. basâ , "wet") or a grave accent (known as the paiwà ) if

539-487: A unique form of glottalization. Additionally, there is the glottal stop as a null onset for English; in other words, it is the non-phonemic glottal stop occurring before isolated or initial vowels. Often a glottal stop happens at the beginning of vowel phonation after a silence. Although this segment is not a phoneme in English, it occurs phonetically in nearly all dialects of English, as an allophone of /t/ in

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588-405: A word are replaced by /c/ before the diminutive suffixes /es/ , /esis/ , etc. Thus, nitēm "my horse" would become nicēmisis "my little horse" and atimw- /aθemw/ "dog" would realize as acimosis "little dog". Palatalization to indicate diminution extends even to internal changes within the stem . This is why the statement yōtin "it is windy" can change to yōcin to say that "it

637-854: Is [iː] ; ᐁ ē /eː/ is close-mid [eː] ; ᐆ ō /oː/ is typically close-mid [oː] but its range includes close [uː] ; and ᐋ ā /aː/ ranges from front open [aː] to back open [ɑː] . The description of ᐁ ē /eː/ must be further qualified to account for geographic variation. Although this sound is [eː] in southern Plains Cree, it becomes closer farther north, becoming [iː] and merging with /iː/ in northern Plains Cree, as it has done also in neighbouring Woods Cree. Contrast in vowel length can be seen in such pairs as: ᓴᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ sakahikan nail vs     ᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ sākahikan lake ᓴᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ {vs} ᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ sakahikan {} sākahikan nail {} lake ᓂᐱᐩ nipiy water vs     ᓃᐱᐩ nīpiy leaf ᓂᐱᐩ {vs} ᓃᐱᐩ nipiy {} nīpiy water {} leaf The vowel /i/

686-463: Is a little windy". Word-final short vowels tend to be subject to apocope except for when the stem is syllabic . That is, the word /sīsīp-a/ would become sīsīp "duck" but /nisk-a/ remains niska "goose" because the stem is composed of only a single syllable . Similarly, post-consonantal word-final /w/ is lost. In the case of the Plains Cree word for "dog" /atimwa/ , the /w/

735-540: Is considered a dialect of the Cree-Montagnais language or a dialect of the Cree language that is distinct from the Montagnais language. Plains Cree is one of five main dialects of Cree in this second sense, along with Woods Cree, Swampy Cree, Moose Cree, and Atikamekw. Although no single dialect of Cree is favored over another, Plains Cree is the one that is the most widely used. Out of the 116,500 speakers of

784-435: Is day-break". Also, the combination of a long vowel and a short vowel deletes the short vowel . Therefore, nīpā "in the dark" and ohtē "walk" form nīpāhtēw "he walks in the dark". This deletion is true whether the short vowel occurs before or after the long vowel . When two short vowels occur in sequence, however, it is the second that deletes. For instance, the stem ositiyi "his foot/feet" combines with

833-503: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Plains Cree language Plains Cree ( endonym : ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ nēhiyawēwin ; alternatively: ᐸᐢᑳᐧᐃᐧᓃᒧᐃᐧᐣ paskwâwinîmowin "language of the prairie people" ) is a dialect of the Algonquian language , Cree , which is the most populous Canadian indigenous language . Plains Cree

882-444: Is inserted when morphemes with non-syllabic endings are followed by morpheme-initial consonants, such as when the transitive animate conjunct ending - at is followed by the third person plural marker - k . The result is not atk but rather acik . Note the palatalization of the /t-i/ sequence. This insertion does not occur before semivowels such as /w/ or in certain specific combinations. Because Plains Cree does not accept

931-427: Is only lost after the short vowel /a/ is dropped when the plural suffix - k is added. Thus, the word is realized atim while its plural form is atimwak . In normal, everyday spoken Plains Cree, several phonological contractions are observed. For instance, final vowels can merge with the initial vowel of the following word. This is how the phrase nāpēw mīna atim is reduced to nāpēw mīn ātim "a man and

980-565: Is pronounced /'pasa'kwa:pi'simowin/. This rule holds even in cases where the penultimate syllable is long. The syllable itself consists of an optional onset , a peak obligatory vowel and an optional coda . The onset can be non-syllabic or a consonant , sometimes followed by a w . Although any vowel can occur in any position in the word, the long vowels /iː/, /eː/, and /oː/ are found only rarely in initial and final positions. Plains Cree does not permit vowel clusters ; clusters of identical non-syllabics; or fricatives followed by

1029-495: Is the glottal stop. This may have crossed over from African American Vernacular English , particularly that of New York City. Most English speakers today often use a glottal stop before the initial vowel of words beginning with a vowel, particularly at the beginning of sentences or phrases or when a word is emphasized. This is also known as "hard attack". Traditionally in Received Pronunciation , "hard attack"

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1078-407: Is the last syllable that receives primary stress , as in the word /is'kwe:w/ iskwēw "woman" or /mih'ti/ mihti "piece of firewood". Words of three syllables or more exhibit primary stress on the third syllable from the end. In this case, secondary stress falls on alternate syllables from the antepenult . One may observe, for instance, that the word pasakwāpisimowin "Shut-Eye Dance"

1127-538: Is usually not aspirated in syllables ending either in a vowel + "t", such as "cat" or "outside"; or in a "t" + unstressed vowel + "n", such as "mountain" or "Manhattan". This is referred to as a "held t" as the airflow is stopped by tongue at the ridge behind the teeth. However, there is a trend of younger speakers in the Mid-Atlantic states to replace the "held t" with a glottal stop, so that "Manhattan" sounds like "Man-haʔ-in" or "Clinton" like "Cli(n)ʔ-in", where "ʔ"

1176-526: Is word boundary, not phrase boundary. So voiceless variants occur at the beginning of a word, at the end of a word, and after ᐦ h /h/ or ᐢ s /s/ . The voiced variants occur in all other situations. However, other distributions of voiceless versus voiced sounds are possible. Bloomfield reported the same voicing pattern as a possibility for the phoneme ᐠ k /k/ , but did not mentioned it for ᑊ p /p/ , ᐟ t /t/ , or ᐨ c /t͡s/ . The Plains Cree component of Michif shows

1225-633: The Crow language , the glottal stop is written as a question mark ⟨?⟩ . The only instance of the glottal stop in Crow is as a question marker morpheme at the end of a sentence. Use of the glottal stop is a distinct characteristic of the Southern Mainland Argyll dialects of Scottish Gaelic . In such a dialect, the standard Gaelic phrase Tha Gàidhlig agam ("I speak Gaelic"), would be rendered Tha Gàidhlig a'am . In

1274-517: The Nawdm language of Ghana, the glottal stop is written ɦ , capital Ĥ . In English, the glottal stop occurs as an open juncture (for example, between the vowel sounds in uh-oh! , ) and allophonically in t-glottalization . In British English , the glottal stop is most familiar in the Cockney pronunciation of "butter" as "bu'er". Geordie English often uses glottal stops for t, k, and p, and has

1323-425: The ending /in/ and kinātitin "I fetch you" where it is not palatalized before the ending /etin/ . This pattern includes several important exceptions, including that of the stem wāt- "hole". Before the inanimate proximate singular suffix /i/ , one would expect the /t/ to become either /s/ or /t͡s/ but it does not. Palatalization is also found in diminutives , where all instances of /t/ in

1372-454: The insertion of the /h/ sound: mīna iskwēw and mīna(h) iskwēw respectively. Within words, short vowels may also disappear when they are unstressed , especially between [s] and [t] or [n] and [s] . In normal speech, for example, the greeting tānisi "hello" is reduced to tānsi . The stress pattern of Plains Cree is dependent on the number of syllables rather than on vowel length . For instance, in disyllabic words, it

1421-418: The locative suffix /ehk/ to produce ositiyihk "on his foot/feet". Normal patterns of vowel combination and deletion , however, are set aside during prefixation , a process in which a [t] is inserted between vowels when the personal prefixes ki- , ni- , o- , and mi- precede a stem-initial vowel. As a result, when the personal prefix for "I" ni- is affixed to the stem for "sit" apin ,

1470-646: The Arabic ayin as well (also ⟨ʽ⟩ ) and is the source of the IPA character for the voiced pharyngeal fricative ⟨ ʕ ⟩. In Malay the glottal stop is represented by the letter ⟨k⟩ (at the end of words), in Võro and Maltese by ⟨q⟩ . Another way of writing the glottal stop is the saltillo ⟨Ꞌ ꞌ⟩ , used in languages such as Tlapanec and Rapa Nui . Other scripts also have letters used for representing

1519-692: The Cree language, the Plains Cree dialect is spoken by about 34,000 people primarily in Saskatchewan and Alberta but also in Manitoba and Montana . The number of people who can speak an Aboriginal language, such as Plains Cree, has increased. For example, in the 2016 census, 263,840 people could speak an Aboriginal language well enough to conduct a conversation. From 1996 to 2016, the total number of people who were able to speak an Aboriginal language went up by 8%. The number of Plains Cree speakers similarly has increased along with population increases over

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1568-424: The Cree syllabics symbols chosen for this table all represent syllable codas , as in ᐁᐤ ēw , ᐁᑊ ēp , [ᐁᐟ] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) ēt , etc. The consonants are represented differently when they comprise or are a component of a syllable onset , as in ᐍ wē , ᐯ pē , ᐻ pwē , ᑌ tē , etc. The exception is ᐦ h , which always has

1617-458: The Plains Cree sounds correspond to these. These cases all involve syncope of vowel i /i/ that results in a cluster of nasal consonant plus stop, affricate or sibilant . At the beginning of a word, the nasal consonant is subsequently lost. Unlike the stops and the affricate, sh /ʃ/ becomes voiced only at the beginning of a word. Plains Cree has pre-aspirated stops and a pre-aspirated affricate which are actually clusters of /h/ plus

1666-420: The complexity of its affix combinations. Apart from four personal prefixes , Plains Cree utilizes suffixes exclusively. Glottal stop As a result of the obstruction of the airflow in the glottis, the glottal vibration either stops or becomes irregular with a low rate and sudden drop in intensity. Features of the glottal stop: In the traditional romanization of many languages, such as Arabic,

1715-512: The end of interjections of surprise or anger and are represented by the character ⟨ っ ⟩ . In the graphic representation of most Philippine languages , the glottal stop has no consistent symbolization. In most cases, however, a word that begins with a vowel-letter (e.g. Tagalog aso , "dog") is always pronounced with an unrepresented glottal stop before that vowel (as in Modern German and Hausa ). Some orthographies use

1764-405: The glottal stop in the histories of such languages as Danish (see stød ), Cantonese and Thai . In many languages, the unstressed intervocalic allophone of the glottal stop is a creaky-voiced glottal approximant . It is known to be contrastive in only one language, Gimi , in which it is the voiced equivalent of the stop. . In some languages that normally maintain the flow of vowels fluid,

1813-460: The glottal stop is transcribed with the apostrophe ⟨ʼ⟩ or the symbol ⟨ʾ⟩ , which is the source of the IPA character ⟨ ʔ ⟩. In many Polynesian languages that use the Latin alphabet , however, the glottal stop is written with a rotated apostrophe, ⟨ʻ⟩ (called ʻokina in Hawaiian and Samoan ), which is commonly used to transcribe

1862-462: The glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. batà , "child"). Some Canadian indigenous languages , especially some of the Salishan languages , have adopted the IPA letter ⟨ʔ⟩ into their orthographies. In some of them, it occurs as a casing pair , ⟨Ɂ⟩ and ⟨ɂ⟩ . The digit ⟨7⟩ or

1911-616: The glottal stop, such as the Hebrew letter aleph ⟨ א ‎⟩ and the Cyrillic letter palochka ⟨Ӏ⟩ , used in several Caucasian languages . The Arabic script uses hamza ⟨ ء ⟩ , which can appear both as a diacritic and as an independent letter (though not part of the alphabet). In Tundra Nenets , it is represented by the letters apostrophe ⟨ʼ⟩ and double apostrophe ⟨ˮ⟩ . In Japanese , glottal stops occur at

1960-400: The letter ⟨ʔ⟩ in their daughters' names: Sahaiʔa , a Chipewyan name, and Sakaeʔah , a Slavey name (the two names are actually cognates ). The territory argued that territorial and federal identity documents were unable to accommodate the character. The women registered the names with hyphens instead of the ⟨ʔ⟩ , while continuing to challenge the policy. In

2009-470: The past 20 years. The consonant inventory of Plains Cree contains 10 or 11 sounds. This includes the semi-vowels /w/ and /j/ , which are glides that act like and often follow consonants. The consonants of Plains Cree in the two standard writing systems , Cree syllabics and the Cree Latin alphabet, are listed in the following table (with IPA phonemic notation within slashes). Note that

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2058-401: The phonological sequence /ww/ , however, one /w/ is dropped. When the morpheme /ahkw/ , a marker for the inclusive plural in the conjunct order, is followed by /waːw/ , the third person plural marker, the word is realized as /ahkwaːw/ . The glide /j/ is inserted between two long vowels , which is why the combination of kīsikā "be day" and āpan "be dawn" forms kīsikāyāpan "it

2107-568: The same representation, as in ᐁᐦ ēh or ᐦᐁ hē . The status of the glottal stop , /ʔ/ , as a phoneme in Plains Cree is uncertain. It was recorded in the word ēhaʔ ' yes ' (transcribed ähaʔ ) by Leonard Bloomfield , who stated that the sound occurred only in this word. In a collaborative online dictionary, Cree speakers have contributed several variants of this word, including ᐁᐦᐊ ēha (written eha and êha ), ᐁᐦᐁ ēhē (written êhê ), and ᐄᐦᐃ īhi (written îhi ). None of these forms includes

2156-452: The sometimes back vowels ᐊ a and ᐋ ā are not. Within these phonemes there is a degree of allophonic variation. The short close vowels ᐃ i /i/ and ᐅ o /u/ are typically near close [ɪ] and [ʊ] , but range to close [i] and [u] . The short open vowel ᐊ a /a/ is typically open, ranging from front [a] to back [ɑ] , but its range extends to front open-mid [ɛ] and back open-mid [ʌ] . The long front close vowel ᐄ ī /iː/

2205-493: The standard writing systems are listed in the following table (with IPA phonemic notation within slashes). Note that the Cree syllabics symbols chosen for this table all represent syllable nuclei which have no syllable onset. The vowels are represented differently with non-null onset, as for example with n -onset in ᓀ nē , ᓂ ni , ᓃ nī , etc. A distinction not indicated in the table is between back rounded and back unrounded. The back vowels ᐅ o and ᐆ ō are rounded, whereas

2254-586: The stops and the affricate is not contrastive in Plain Cree, which is to say that the phonemes ᑊ p /p/ , ᐟ t /t/ , ᐠ k /k/ , ᐨ c /t͡s/ have voiceless allophones [p] , [t] , [k] , [t͡s, t͡ʃ] and voiced allophones [b] , [d] , [ɡ] , [d͡z, d͡ʒ] . According to Wolfart and Carroll, the distribution of voiceless and voiced allophones is complementary: voiceless allophones occur in unvoiced phonological contexts; voiced allophones occur in voiced contexts. The context limit

2303-401: The syllable coda. Speakers of Cockney, Scottish English and several other British dialects also pronounce an intervocalic /t/ between vowels as in city . In Received Pronunciation , a glottal stop is inserted before a tautosyllabic voiceless stop: stoʼp, thaʼt, knoʼck, waʼtch, also leaʼp, soaʼk, helʼp, pinʼch. In American English , a "t"

2352-410: The word is realized as nitapin instead of nipin . In isolated cases, /h/ or /w/ is sometimes inserted instead of [t] , such as the word nihayān "I have it". Palatalization of the sounds /θ/ and /t/ to /s/ and /t͡s/ respectively occurs before the vowels /i/ and /iː/ as well as the consonant /j/ . For example, the stem /naːθ/ "fetch" becomes kināsin "you fetch me" before

2401-510: Was seen as a way to emphasize a word. Today, in British, American and other varieties of English, it is increasingly used not only to emphasize but also simply to separate two words, especially when the first word ends in a glottal stop. In many languages that do not allow a sequence of vowels, such as Persian , the glottal stop may be used epenthetically to prevent such a hiatus . There are intricate interactions between falling tone and

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