The Germanic parent language ( GPL ), also known as Pre-Germanic Indo-European ( PreGmc ) or Pre-Proto-Germanic ( PPG ), is the stage of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family that was spoken c. 2500 BC – c. 500 BC , after the branch had diverged from Proto-Indo-European but before it evolved into Proto-Germanic during the First Germanic Sound Shift .
12-483: Pre-Germanic may refer to the predecessor of Common Germanic, see Germanic parent language a language spoken before the arrival of Germanic speakers during the Migration period, see Germanic substrate hypothesis Pre-Indo-European (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
24-515: A language spoken in the 1st millennium AD, proposedly at that time developing into the group of Germanic languages —a stricter term for that same proposition, but with an alternative chronography , is Proto-Germanic language . As an identifiable neologism , Germanic parent language appears to have been first used by Frans Van Coetsem in 1994. It also makes appearances in the works of Elżbieta Adamczyk, Jonathan Slocum, and Winfred P. Lehmann . Several historical linguists have pointed towards
36-443: Is noncommittal. Examples are fairly few: The first two examples, however, have good alternative explanations which don't involve Cowgill's law: If the sound law becomes generally accepted, the relative chronology of this law could have consequences for a possible reconstructed phonetic value of /h₃/ . Since Germanic /k/ results from earlier PIE /g/ , and since the change occurred before Grimm's law applied (according to Ringe),
48-678: The Germanic Parent Language , Frans Van Coetsem lays out a broad set of phonological characteristics which he considers to be representative of the various stages encompassed by the Germanic parent language: Koivulehto (2002) further defines Pre-Germanic as "[the] language stage that followed the depalatalization of IE palatals (e.g. IE ḱ > PreGmc k ) but preceded the Gmc sound shift "Lautverschiebung", "Grimm's Law", (e.g. k > PGmc χ )." Other rules thought to have affected
60-702: The Germanic parent language is thus used to encompass both the Pre-Proto-Germanic stage of development preceding the First Germanic Sound Shift (assumed to be contemporary with the Nordic Bronze Age) and that stage traditionally identified as Proto-Germanic up to the beginning of the Common Era . The upper boundary (earliest date) assigned to the Germanic parent language is described as "dialectal Indo-European". In
72-563: The Pre-Germanic stage include Cowgill's law , which describes the process of laryngeal loss known to have occurred in most post-PIE (IE) dialects, and Osthoff's law , which describes rules for the shortening of long vowels, known to have applied in western dialects such as Greek , Latin , and Celtic , but not in Tocharian or Indo-Iranian . Ringe (2006) suggests that it is likely that Osthoff's Law also applied to Germanic, and that
84-534: The apparent material and social continuity connecting the cultures of the Nordic Bronze Age (1800 – 500 BC) and the pre-Roman Iron Age in Northern Europe (500 BC – 1 AD) as having implications in regard to the stability and later development of the Germanic language group. The emerging consensus among scholars is that the First Germanic Sound Shift, long considered to be the defining mark in
96-408: The development of Proto-Germanic , happened as late as 500 BC. Research conducted over the past few decades displays a notable interest in exploring the linguistic and sociohistorical conditions under which this sound shift occurred, and often formulates theories and makes reconstructive efforts regarding the periods immediately preceding Proto-Germanic as traditionally characterised. The notion of
108-437: The incipient predecessor to Early Proto-Germanic, hence the terms Pre-Germanic Indo-European (Voyles) or Pre-Proto-Germanic (Van Coetsem) for this stage. The lower boundary (latest date) of the Germanic parent language has been tentatively identified as that point in the development of the language which preceded permanent fragmentation and which produced the Germanic daughter languages. In his work entitled The Vocalism of
120-546: The loss of laryngeals such as h 2 must have preceded the application of Grimm's Law. Cowgill%27s law of Germanic Cowgill's law says that a PIE laryngeal /h₃/ , and possibly /h₂/ , turns into /k/ in Proto-Germanic when directly preceded by a sonorant and followed by /w/ . This law is named after Indo-Europeanist Warren Cowgill . This law is still controversial, although increasingly accepted. Donald Ringe (2006) accepts it; Andrew Sihler (1995)
132-572: The title Pre-Germanic . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pre-Germanic&oldid=735785450 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Germanic parent language The less precise term Germanic , which appears in etymologies , dictionaries , etc., loosely refers to
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#1732765553888144-546: The works of both Van Coetsem and Voyles, attempts are made to reconstruct aspects of this stage of the language using a process the former refers to as inverted reconstruction ; i.e. one using the data made available through the attested daughter languages in light of and at times in preference to the results of the comparative reconstruction undertaken to arrive at Proto-Indo-European . The results are not strictly standard in terms of traditional Proto-Indo-European reconstruction, but they are instead presented as characteristic of
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