62-722: [REDACTED] Look up pred in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pred may refer to: Prednisolone , as a tradename, and abbreviation Predator , as an abbreviation Nashville Predators , American hockey team; often called the "Preds" Macro (computer science) , as an abbreviation of "predefined"/"predefinition" Allan Pred (1936-2007) U.S. geographer Michele Pred , Swedish-American feminist artist See also [ edit ] Predator (disambiguation) , abbreviation of several entries Predicate (disambiguation) , abbreviation of several entries Topics referred to by
124-437: A class of steroid hormones . Glucocorticoids are corticosteroids that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor that is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell. The name "glucocorticoid" is a portmanteau ( gluco se + cort ex + ster oid ) and is composed from its role in regulation of glucose metabolism , synthesis in the adrenal cortex , and its steroidal structure (see structure below). Glucocorticoids are part of
186-427: A dose that provides approximately the same glucocorticoid effects as normal cortisol production; this is referred to as physiologic, replacement, or maintenance dosing. This is approximately 6–12 mg/m /day of hydrocortisone (m refers to body surface area (BSA), and is a measure of body size; an average man's BSA is 1.9 m ). Glucocorticoids cause immunosuppression , and the therapeutic component of this effect
248-445: A few days begins to produce suppression of the patient's adrenal glands suppressing hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) leading to suppressed production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the anterior pituitary. With prolonged suppression, the adrenal glands atrophy (physically shrink), and can take months to recover full function after discontinuation of the exogenous glucocorticoid. During this recovery time,
310-464: A glucocorticosteroid, unauthorized or ad hoc use of prednisolone during competition via oral, intravenous, intramuscular or rectal routes is banned under World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) anti-doping rules. Prednisolone is used in the treatment of inflammatory and allergic conditions in cats, dogs, horses, small mammals such as ferrets , birds, and reptiles. Its usage in treating inflammation, immune-mediated disease, Addison's disease , and neoplasia
372-436: A lesser extent, after treatment, a condition known as " steroid dementia ". Glucocorticoids could act centrally, as well as peripherally, to assist in the normalization of extracellular fluid volume by regulating body's action to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Centrally, glucocorticoids could inhibit dehydration-induced water intake; peripherally, glucocorticoids could induce a potent diuresis. Glucocorticoids bind to
434-600: A multitude of less-dramatic physiologic roles for glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have multiple effects on fetal development. An important example is their role in promoting maturation of the lung and production of the surfactant necessary for extrauterine lung function. Mice with homozygous disruptions in the corticotropin -releasing hormone gene (see below) die at birth due to pulmonary immaturity. In addition, glucocorticoids are necessary for normal brain development, by initiating terminal maturation, remodeling axons and dendrites, and affecting cell survival and may also play
496-413: A raised intraocular pressure. While this phenomenon is dose dependent, it is shown to have a greater effect especially in children under 6 years of age. Researches on animal reproduction have indicated that there is a trace of teratogenicity when doses are reduced by 10 times of the human recommended dose. There is no sufficient information on human pregnancy at this moment. Use is only recommended when
558-404: A relatively short half-life , ranging 2–4 hours. It also has a large therapeutic window , considering the dosage required to produce a therapeutic effect is a few times higher than what the body naturally produces. Prednisolone is 70–90% plasma protein bound , it binds to proteins such as albumin . Both prednisolone phosphate and prednisolone acetate go through ester hydrolysis in
620-491: A role in hippocampal development . Glucocorticoids stimulate the maturation of the Na /K /ATPase, nutrient transporters, and digestion enzymes, promoting the development of a functioning gastro-intestinal system. Glucocorticoids also support the development of the neonate's renal system by increasing glomerular filtration. Glucocorticoids act on the hippocampus , amygdala , and frontal lobes . Along with adrenaline , these enhance
682-892: A significant impact on vigilance ( attention deficit disorder ) and cognition (memory). This appears to follow the Yerkes-Dodson curve , as studies have shown circulating levels of glucocorticoids vs. memory performance follow an upside-down U pattern, much like the Yerkes-Dodson curve. For example, long-term potentiation (LTP; the process of forming long-term memories) is optimal when glucocorticoid levels are mildly elevated, whereas significant decreases of LTP are observed after adrenalectomy (low-glucocorticoid state) or after exogenous glucocorticoid administration (high-glucocorticoid state). Elevated levels of glucocorticoids enhance memory for emotionally arousing events, but lead more often than not to poor memory for material unrelated to
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#1732782770393744-547: A vein , used topically as a skin cream, or as eye drops . It differs from the similarly named prednisone in having a hydroxyl at the 11th carbon instead of a ketone . Common side effects with short-term use include nausea , difficulty concentrating, insomnia , increased appetite , and fatigue . More severe side effects include psychiatric problems, which may occur in about 5% of people. Common side effects with long-term use include bone loss , weakness , yeast infections , and easy bruising . While short-term use in
806-424: A wide range of effects, including, for example: The opposite mechanism is called transcriptional repression, or transrepression . The classical understanding of this mechanism is that activated glucocorticoid receptor binds to DNA in the same site where another transcription factor would bind, which prevents the transcription of genes that are transcribed via the activity of that factor. While this does occur,
868-976: Is a corticosteroid drug with predominant glucocorticoid and low mineralocorticoid activity, making it useful for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions such as asthma , uveitis , pyoderma gangrenosum , rheumatoid arthritis , urticaria , angioedema , ulcerative colitis , pericarditis , temporal arteritis , Crohn's disease , Bell's palsy , multiple sclerosis , cluster headaches , vasculitis , acute lymphoblastic leukemia , autoimmune hepatitis , lupus , Kawasaki disease , dermatomyositis , post-myocardial infarction syndrome , and sarcoidosis . Prednisolone can also be used for allergic reactions ranging from seasonal allergies to drug allergic reactions. Prednisolone can also be used as an immunosuppressant for organ transplants . Prednisolone in lower doses can be used in cases of adrenal insufficiency due to Addison's disease . Ophthalmology Topical prednisolone
930-1092: Is a prodrug that is activated in the liver. When it enters the body, prednisone is triggered by the liver and body chemicals to turn into its active form, prednisolone. Prednisolone is a synthetic pregnane corticosteroid closely related to its cognate prednisone , having identical structure save for two fewer hydrogens near C 11 . It is also known as δ -cortisol , δ -hydrocortisone , 1,2-dehydrocortisol , or 1,2-dehydrohydrocortisone , as well as 11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione . Co-administration of prednisolone eye drops with ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may perhaps exacerbate its effects, causing unwanted side effects such as toxicity. The wound healing process may also be hindered. Drug interactions of prednisolone include other immunosuppressants like azathioprine or ciclosporin , antiplatelet drugs like clopidogrel , anticoagulants like dabigatran or warfarin , or NSAIDs such as aspirin , celecoxib , or ibuprofen . Prolonged use of prednisolone eye drops in children may lead to
992-403: Is complicated. Dexamethasone decreases IFN-gamma stimulated Fc gamma RI expression in neutrophils while conversely causing an increase in monocytes . Glucocorticoids may also decrease the expression of Fc receptors in macrophages, but the evidence supporting this regulation in earlier studies has been questioned. The effect of Fc receptor expression in macrophages is important since it
1054-516: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Prednisolone Prednisolone is a corticosteroid , a steroid hormone used to treat certain types of allergies , inflammatory conditions , autoimmune disorders , and cancers . Some of these conditions include adrenocortical insufficiency , high blood calcium , rheumatoid arthritis , dermatitis , eye inflammation, asthma , and multiple sclerosis . It can be taken by mouth , injected into
1116-412: Is mainly the decreases in the function and numbers of lymphocytes , including both B cells and T cells . The major mechanism for this immunosuppression is through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ( NF-κB ). NF-κB is a critical transcription factor involved in the synthesis of many mediators (i.e., cytokines) and proteins (i.e., adhesion proteins) that promote
1178-478: Is mainly used in the ophthalmic pathway as eye drops in numerous eye conditions, including corneal injuries caused by chemicals , burns , and alien objects, inflammation of the eyes , mild to moderate non-infectious allergies , disorders of the eyelid , conjunctiva or sclera , ocular inflammation caused by operation and optic neuritis . Some side effects include glaucoma , blurred vision , eye discomfort, impaired recovery of injured site, scarring of
1240-673: Is more prominent in immature T cells still inside in the thymus, but peripheral T cells are also affected. The exact mechanism regulating this glucocorticoid sensitivity lies in the Bcl-2 gene. Glucocorticoids also suppress the humoral immunity , thereby causing a humoral immune deficiency . Glucocorticoids cause B cells to express smaller amounts of IL-2 and of IL-2 receptors . This diminishes both B cell clone expansion and antibody synthesis. The diminished amounts of IL-2 also cause fewer T lymphocyte cells to be activated. The effect of glucocorticoids on Fc receptor expression in immune cells
1302-662: Is necessary for the phagocytosis of opsonised cells. This is because Fc receptors bind antibodies attached to cells targeted for destruction by macrophages. Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatories, regardless of the inflammation's cause; their primary anti-inflammatory mechanism is lipocortin-1 (annexin-1) synthesis. Lipocortin-1 both suppresses phospholipase A2 , thereby blocking eicosanoid production, and inhibits various leukocyte inflammatory events ( epithelial adhesion , emigration , chemotaxis , phagocytosis , respiratory burst , etc.). In other words, glucocorticoids not only suppress immune response, but also inhibit
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#17327827703931364-415: Is often considered off-label use. Many drugs are commonly prescribed for off label use in veterinary medicine ." Studies in ruminating species, such as alpacas , have shown that oral administration of the drug is associated with a reduced bioavailability compared to intravenous administration; however, levels that are therapeutic in other species can be achieved with oral administration in alpacas. It
1426-402: Is prepared as a sterile ophthalmic suspension and used to reduce swelling, redness , itching , and allergic reactions affecting the eye. It has been explored as a treatment option for bacterial keratitis . Prednisolone eye drops are used in conjunctivitis caused by allergies and bacteria , marginal keratitis , uveitis , endophthalmitis , which is an infection of the eye involving
1488-669: Is released when a glucocorticoid binds to glucocorticoid receptor, and phosphorylates a protein that in turn displaces an adaptor protein from a receptor important in inflammation, epidermal growth factor , reducing its activity, which in turn results in reduced creation of arachidonic acid – a key proinflammatory molecule. This is one mechanism by which glucocorticoids have an anti-inflammatory effect. A variety of synthetic glucocorticoids, some far more potent than cortisol, have been created for therapeutic use. They differ in both pharmacokinetics (absorption factor, half-life, volume of distribution, clearance) and pharmacodynamics (for example
1550-740: Is the name used for pharmaceutical preparations of cortisol. The data below refer to oral administration. Oral potency may be less than parenteral potency because significant amounts (up to 50% in some cases) may not reach the circulation. Fludrocortisone acetate and deoxycorticosterone acetate are, by definition, mineralocorticoids rather than glucocorticoids, but they do have minor glucocorticoid potency and are included in this table to provide perspective on mineralocorticoid potency. Glucocorticoids may be used in low doses in adrenal insufficiency . In much higher doses, oral or inhaled glucocorticoids are used to suppress various allergic , inflammatory , and autoimmune disorders. Inhaled glucocorticoids are
1612-501: Is used in a broad spectrum of diseases, for example, inflammation of scleral tissues, cornea, conjunctiva in dogs. In horses, prednisolone acetate suspensions are priorly used to treat inflammation in the middle layer of the eye, also known as anterior uveitis and equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), which is the leading cause of visual impairment in horses. Prednisolone acetate eye drops are not to be used in other animals such as birds. Prednisolone acetate eye drops are also prescribed to
1674-558: The adrenal cortex ), but is often used as a synonym for "glucocorticoid". Glucocorticoids are chiefly produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex , whereas mineralocorticoids are synthesized in the zona glomerulosa . Cortisol (or hydrocortisone) is the most important human glucocorticoid. It is essential for life , and it regulates or supports a variety of important cardiovascular , metabolic , immunologic , and homeostatic functions. Increases in glucocorticoid concentrations are an integral part of stress response and are
1736-621: The aqueous humor , Graves' ophthalmopathy , herpes zoster ocular infection , inflammation of the eye after surgery , and corneal injuries caused by chemicals , radiation , thermal burns , or penetration of foreign objects. It is also used in the prevention of myringosclerosis , herpes simplex stromal keratitis . Topical prednisolone can also be used after procedures such as Laser Peripheral Iridotomy for patients with primary angle-closure suspects (PACS) to control inflammations. Ear drops In addition, topical prednisolone can also be administered as ear drops . Adverse reactions from
1798-435: The feedback mechanism in the immune system , which reduces certain aspects of immune function, such as inflammation . They are therefore used in medicine to treat diseases caused by an overactive immune system , such as allergies , asthma , autoimmune diseases , and sepsis . Glucocorticoids have many diverse effects such as pleiotropy , including potentially harmful side effects . They also interfere with some of
1860-451: The optic nerve , cataracts , and urticaria . However, their prevalence is not known. Prednisolone eye drops are contraindicated in individuals who develop hypersensitivity reactions against prednisolone, or individuals with the current conditions, such as tuberculosis of the eye, shingles affecting the eye, raised intraocular pressure , and eye infection caused by fungus . Prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension (eye drops)
1922-637: The United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions. When used in low doses, corticosteroids serve as an anti-inflammatory agent . At higher doses, they are considered as immunosuppressants . Corticosteroids inhibit the inflammatory response to a variety of inciting agents and, it is presumed, delay or slow healing. They inhibit edema , fibrin deposition, capillary dilation, leukocyte migration, capillary proliferation, fibroblast proliferation, deposition of collagen , and scar formation associated with inflammation. Prednisolone
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1984-416: The abnormal mechanisms in cancer cells , so they are used in high doses to treat cancer. This includes inhibitory effects on lymphocyte proliferation, as in the treatment of lymphomas and leukemias , and the mitigation of side effects of anticancer drugs . Glucocorticoids affect cells by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor . The activated glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex up-regulates
2046-502: The advantage of only affecting the targeted area, thereby reducing side effects or potential interactions. In this case, the main compounds used are beclometasone , budesonide , fluticasone , mometasone and ciclesonide . In rhinitis, sprays are used. For asthma, glucocorticoids are administered as inhalants with a metered-dose or dry powder inhaler . In rare cases, symptoms of radiation induced thyroiditis has been treated with oral glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids can be used in
2108-458: The body to form prednisolone. It subsequently undergoes the usual metabolism of prednisolone. Concomitant use of prednisolone and strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole is shown to cause a rise in plasma prednisolone concentrations by about 50% owing to a diminished clearance . Prednisolone predominantly undergoes kidney elimination and is excreted in the urine as sulphate and metabolites of glucuronide conjugate. Prednisone
2170-670: The body's immune system. Glucocorticoid effects may be broadly classified into two major categories: immunological and metabolic . In addition, glucocorticoids play important roles in fetal development and body fluid homeostasis. Glucocorticoids function via interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor: Glucocorticoids are also shown to play a role in the development and homeostasis of T lymphocytes . This has been shown in transgenic mice with either increased or decreased sensitivity of T cell lineage to glucocorticoids. The name "glucocorticoid" derives from early observations that these hormones were involved in glucose metabolism . In
2232-447: The capacity of mineralocorticoid activity: retention of sodium (Na ) and water ; renal physiology ). Because they permeate the intestines easily, they are administered primarily per os ( by mouth ), but also by other methods, such as topically on skin . More than 90% of them bind different plasma proteins , though with a different binding specificity. Endogenous glucocorticoids and some synthetic corticoids have high affinity to
2294-531: The cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor , a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by ligand binding. After a hormone binds to the corresponding receptor, the newly formed complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus , where it binds to glucocorticoid response elements in the promoter region of the target genes resulting in the regulation of gene expression . This process is commonly referred to as transcriptional activation, or transactivation . The proteins encoded by these up-regulated genes have
2356-425: The dogs and cats to lessen swelling, redness , burning and pain sensations after surgeries of the eye. Cats with conjunctivitis usually are required to avoid using ophthalmic preparations of corticosteroids and its derivatives. The most typical infections are caused by herpes virus . Glucocorticoid Glucocorticoids (or, less commonly, glucocorticosteroids ) are a class of corticosteroids , which are
2418-646: The elaboration of selectively acting glucocorticoid drugs. Side effects include: In high doses, hydrocortisone (cortisol) and those glucocorticoids with appreciable mineralocorticoid potency can exert a mineralocorticoid effect as well, although in physiologic doses this is prevented by rapid degradation of cortisol by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme 2 ( 11β-HSD2 ) in mineralocorticoid target tissues. Mineralocorticoid effects can include salt and water retention, extracellular fluid volume expansion, hypertension , potassium depletion, and metabolic alkalosis . Glucocorticoids cause immunosuppression , decreasing
2480-584: The expression of anti-inflammatory proteins in the nucleus (a process known as transactivation ) and represses the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins in the cytosol by preventing the translocation of other transcription factors from the cytosol into the nucleus ( transrepression ). Glucocorticoids are distinguished from mineralocorticoids and sex steroids by their specific receptors , target cells , and effects. In technical terms, " corticosteroid " refers to both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids (as both are mimics of hormones produced by
2542-488: The eye, the following are potential side-effects: As a glucocorticoid , the lipophilic structure of prednisolone allows for easy passage through the cell membrane where it then binds to its respective glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) located in the cytoplasm. Upon binding, formation of the GC/GCR complex causes dissociation of chaperone proteins from the glucocorticoid receptor enabling the GC/GCR complex to translocate inside
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2604-535: The fasted state, cortisol stimulates several processes that collectively serve to increase and maintain normal concentrations of glucose in the blood. Metabolic effects: Excessive glucocorticoid levels resulting from administration as a drug or hyperadrenocorticism have effects on many systems. Some examples include inhibition of bone formation, suppression of calcium absorption (both of which can lead to osteoporosis ), delayed wound healing, muscle weakness, and increased risk of infection. These observations suggest
2666-679: The fetus' growth. Therefore, use of prednisolone during breastfeeding is not advocated. Prednisolone is supplied as oral liquid, oral suspension, oral syrup, oral tablet, and oral disintegrating tablet. It may be a generic medication or supplied as brands Flo-Pred (prednisolone acetate oral suspension), Millipred (oral tablets), Orapred (prednisolone sodium phosphate oral dissolving tablets), Pediapred ( prednisolone sodium phosphate oral solution), Veripred 20, Prelone, Hydeltra-T.B.A., Hydeltrasol, Key-Pred, Cotolone, Predicort, Medicort, Predcor, Bubbli-Pred, Omnipred (prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension), Pred Mild, Pred Forte, and others. As
2728-423: The formation of flashbulb memories of events associated with strong emotions, both positive and negative. This has been confirmed in studies, whereby blockade of either glucocorticoids or noradrenaline activity impaired the recall of emotionally relevant information. Additional sources have shown subjects whose fear learning was accompanied by high cortisol levels had better consolidation of this memory (this effect
2790-426: The function and/or numbers of neutrophils , lymphocytes (including both B cells and T cells ), monocytes , macrophages , and the anatomical barrier function of the skin. This suppression, if large enough, can cause manifestations of immunodeficiency , including T cell deficiency , humoral immune deficiency and neutropenia . In addition to the effects listed above, use of high-dose glucocorticoids for only
2852-704: The function of other transcription factors. This latter mechanism appears to be the most likely way that activated glucocorticoid receptor interferes with NF-κB - namely by recruiting histone deacetylase , which deacetylate the DNA in the promoter region leading to closing of the chromatin structure where NF-κB needs to bind. Activated glucocorticoid receptor has effects that have been experimentally shown to be independent of any effects on transcription and can only be due to direct binding of activated glucocorticoid receptor with other proteins or with mRNA. For example, Src kinase which binds to inactive glucocorticoid receptor,
2914-561: The immune response. Inhibition of this transcription factor, therefore, blunts the capacity of the immune system to mount a response. Glucocorticoids suppress cell-mediated immunity by inhibiting genes that code for the cytokines IL-1 , IL-2 , IL-3 , IL-4 , IL-5 , IL-6 , IL-8 and IFN-γ, the most important of which is IL-2. Smaller cytokine production reduces the T cell proliferation. Glucocorticoids, however, not only reduce T cell proliferation, but also lead to another well known effect - glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. The effect
2976-519: The later part of pregnancy is safe, long-term use or use in early pregnancy is occasionally associated with harm to the baby. It is a glucocorticoid made from hydrocortisone ( cortisol ). Prednisolone was discovered and approved for medical use in 1955. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . It is available as a generic drug . In 2022, it was the 136th most commonly prescribed medication in
3038-538: The management of familial hyperaldosteronism type 1 . They are not effective, however, for use in the type 2 condition. Glucocorticoids could be used in the treatment of decompensated heart failure to potentiate renal responsiveness to diuretics, especially in heart failure patients with refractory diuretic resistance with large doses of loop diuretics. Resistance to the therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids can present difficulty; for instance, 25% of cases of severe asthma may be unresponsive to steroids. This may be
3100-421: The most commonly used biomarkers to measure stress. Glucocorticoids have numerous non-stress-related functions as well, and glucocorticoid concentrations can increase in response to pleasure or excitement. Various synthetic glucocorticoids are available; these are widely utilized in general medical practice and numerous specialties , either as replacement therapy in glucocorticoid deficiency or to suppress
3162-427: The nucleus. This process occurs within 20 minutes of binding. Once inside the nucleus, the homodimer GC/GCR complex binds to specific DNA binding-sites known as glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) resulting in gene expression or inhibition. Complex binding to positive GREs leads to synthesis of anti-inflammatory proteins while binding to negative GREs blocks the transcription of inflammatory genes. They inhibit
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#17327827703933224-417: The potential benefits outweigh the potential risks of the pregnant mother and the fetus. Prednisolone when delivered systemically can be found in the mother's breast milk, however, there is no data provided for the extent of prednisolone found in the system after administering eye drops. However, the presence of corticosteroids is recorded when they are administered systemically, and it could possibly affect
3286-417: The protein transcortin (also called corticosteroid-binding globulin), whereas all of them bind albumin . In the liver, they quickly metabolize by conjugation with a sulfate or glucuronic acid , and are secreted in the urine . Glucocorticoid potency, duration of effect, and the overlapping mineralocorticoid potency vary. Cortisol is the standard of comparison for glucocorticoid potency. Hydrocortisone
3348-584: The release of signals that promote inflammation such as nuclear factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) , Activator protein 1 (AP-1) , nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) , and stimulate anti-inflammatory signals such as the interleukin-10 gene. All of them will collectively cause a sequence of events, including the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and additional inflammatory mediators. Glucocorticoids also inhibit neutrophil cell death and demargination . As well as phospholipase A2 , which in turn lessens arachidonic acid derivative genesis. Prednisolone has
3410-500: The result of genetic predisposition, ongoing exposure to the cause of the inflammation (such as allergens ), immunological phenomena that bypass glucocorticoids, pharmacokinetic disturbances (incomplete absorption or accelerated excretion or metabolism) and viral and/or bacterial respiratory infections. Glucocorticoid drugs currently being used act nonselectively, so in the long run they may impair many healthy anabolic processes. To prevent this, much research has been focused recently on
3472-404: The results are not consistent for all cell types and conditions; there is no generally accepted, general mechanism for transrepression. New mechanisms are being discovered where transcription is repressed, but the activated glucocorticoid receptor is not interacting with DNA, but rather with another transcription factor directly, thus interfering with it, or with other proteins that interfere with
3534-459: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pred . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pred&oldid=1216694564 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
3596-711: The second-line treatment for asthma . They are also administered as post-transplantory immunosuppressants to prevent the acute transplant rejection and the graft-versus-host disease . Nevertheless, they do not prevent an infection and also inhibit later reparative processes . Newly emerging evidence showed that glucocorticoids could be used in the treatment of heart failure to increase the renal responsiveness to diuretics and natriuretic peptides. Glucocorticoids are historically used for pain relief in inflammatory conditions. However, corticosteroids show limited efficacy in pain relief and potential adverse events for their use in tendinopathies . Any glucocorticoid can be given in
3658-408: The source of stress/emotional arousal. In contrast to the dose-dependent enhancing effects of glucocorticoids on memory consolidation, these stress hormones have been shown to inhibit the retrieval of already stored information. Long-term exposure to glucocorticoid medications, such as asthma and anti-inflammatory medication, has been shown to create deficits in memory and attention both during and, to
3720-570: The two main products of inflammation, prostaglandins and leukotrienes . They inhibit prostaglandin synthesis at the level of phospholipase A2 as well as at the level of cyclooxygenase /PGE isomerase (COX-1 and COX-2), the latter effect being much like that of NSAIDs , thus potentiating the anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, glucocorticoids also suppress cyclooxygenase expression. Glucocorticoids marketed as anti-inflammatories are often topical formulations, such as nasal sprays for rhinitis or inhalers for asthma . These preparations have
3782-428: The use of prednisolone include: Discontinuing prednisolone after long-term or high-dose use can lead to adrenal insufficiency . Although there are no major human studies of prednisolone use in pregnant women, studies in several animals show that it may cause birth defects including increased likelihood of cleft palate . Prednisolone is found in breast milk of mothers taking prednisolone. When used topically on
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#17327827703933844-486: Was more important in men). The effect that glucocorticoids have on memory may be due to damage specifically to the CA1 area of the hippocampal formation. In multiple animal studies, prolonged stress (causing prolonged increases in glucocorticoid levels) have shown destruction of the neurons in the hippocampus area of the brain, which has been connected to lower memory performance. Glucocorticoids have also been shown to have
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