A presentation conveys information from a speaker to an audience . Presentations are typically demonstrations, introduction, lecture , or speech meant to inform, persuade, inspire, motivate, build goodwill, or present a new idea/product. Presentations usually require preparation, organization , event planning , writing , use of visual aids, dealing with stress, and answering questions. “The key elements of a presentation consists of presenter, audience, message, reaction and method to deliver speech for organizational success in an effective manner.” Presentations are widely used in tertiary work settings such as accountants giving a detailed report of a company's financials or an entrepreneur pitching their venture idea to investors. The term can also be used for a formal or ritualized introduction or offering, as with the presentation of a debutante . Presentations in certain formats are also known as keynote address. Interactive presentations, in which the audience is involved, are also represented more and more frequently. Instead of a monologue, this creates a dialogue between the speaker and the audience. The advantages of an interactive presentation is for example, that it attracts more attention from the audience and that the interaction creates a sense of community.
49-684: A presentation program is commonly used to generate the presentation content, some of which also allow presentations to be developed collaboratively , e.g. using the Internet by geographically disparate collaborators. Presentation viewers can be used to combine content from different sources into one presentation. Some of the popular presentation products used across the globe are offered by Apple , Google and Microsoft . Microsoft PowerPoint and Google Slides are effective tools to develop slides, both Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint allows groups to work together online to update each account as it
98-760: A national innovation system , as described by the World Bank Institute , must be able to disseminate a unified process by which a working method may converge scientific and technology solutions and organizational solutions. According to the World Bank Institute's definition, such innovation would further enable the World Bank Institute's vision outlined in its Millennium Development Goals . The United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development report (UNCSTD, 1997) concluded that for developing countries to integrate ICTs successfully and sustainable development to participate in
147-659: A presentation program (also called presentation software ) is a software package used to display information in the form of a slide show . It has three major functions: Presentation software can be viewed as enabling a functionally-specific category of electronic media , with its own distinct culture and practices as compared to traditional presentation media (such as blackboards , whiteboards and flip charts ). Presentations in this mode of delivery have become pervasive in many aspects of business communication , especially in business planning , as well as in academic-conference and professional conference settings, and in
196-487: A negative reputation as sometimes functioning as a crutch for the poorly informed or the poorly prepared. Using Autographix and Dicomed , it became quite easy to make last-minute changes compared to traditional typesetting and pasteup. It was also a lot easier to produce a large number of slides in a small amount of time. However, these workstations also required skilled operators, and a single workstation represented an investment of $ 50,000 to $ 200,000 (in 1979 dollars). In
245-500: A particular field) are vital with global economies, connect locally and globally with linked industries , manufacturers , and other entities that are related by skills, technologies, and other common inputs. Knowledge is the catalyst and connective tissue in modern economies. Ruggles and Holtshouse argue the change is characterised by a dispersion of power and by managers who lead by empowering knowledge workers to contribute and make decisions. With Earth's depleting natural resources,
294-544: A significant level of individual economic activities in modern developed economies through building an interconnected and advanced global economy where sources of knowledge are the critical contributors. The present concept of "knowledge" originates from the historical and philosophical studies by Gilbert Ryle and Israel Scheffler , who conducted knowledge to the terms " procedural knowledge " and " conceptual Knowledge " and identified two types of skills: "routine competencies or facilities" and " critical skills " that
343-484: A similar "slide show" format, for example iPhoto . These programs allow groups of digital photos to be displayed in a slide show with options such as selecting transitions, choosing whether or not the show stops at the end or continues to loop, and including music to accompany the photos. Similar to programming extensions for an operating system or web browser , "add ons" or plugins for presentation programs can be used to enhance their capabilities. Apps can enable
392-438: A smartphone to be a remote control for slideshow presentations, including slide previews, speaker notes, timer, stop watch, pointer, going directly to a given slide, blank screen and more. Presentation programs also offer an interactive integrated hardware element designed to engage an audience (e.g. audience response systems , second screen applications) or facilitate presentations across different geographical locations through
441-413: A whole. The knowledge economy is incorporating the network economy , where the relatively localised knowledge is now being shared among and across various networks for the benefit of all network members, to gain economies of scale in a wider, more open scale. The rapid globalisation of economic activities is one of the main determinants of the emerging knowledge economy. While there are no doubts on
490-484: Is also referred to as the Information Age , bringing about an information society . The term knowledge economy was made famous by Peter Drucker as the title of Chapter 12 in his book The Age of Discontinuity (1969), which Drucker attributed to economist Fritz Machlup , originating in the idea of scientific management developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor . In a knowledge economy, human intelligence
539-454: Is considered supplemental to a strong aural presentation that accompanies the slide show, but in many cases, such as statistical graphics , it can be difficult to convey essential information other than by visual means; additionally, a well-designed infographic can be extremely effective in a way that words are not. Endemic over-reliance on slides with low information density and with a poor accompanying lecture has given presentation software
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#1732779952737588-402: Is edited. Content such as text, images, links, and effects are added into each of the presentation programs to deliver useful, consolidated information to a group. Visual elements add to the effectiveness of a presentation and help emphasize the key points being made through the use of type, color, images/videos, graphs, layout, and transitions. One common means to help one convey information and
637-438: Is intelligent performance; and it's further elaborated by Lundvall and Johnson who defined "knowledge" as falling in four broad categories: The World Bank has spoken of knowledge economies by associating it with a four-pillar framework that analyses the rationales of human capital-based economies: The advancement of a knowledge-based economy occurred when global economies promote changes in material production, together with
686-495: Is knowledge together with the ability to perform to create economic value . In a knowledge economy, highly skilled jobs require excellent technical skills and relational skills such as problem-solving , the flexibility to interface with multiple discipline areas as well as the ability to adapt to changes as opposed to moving or crafting physical objects in conventional manufacturing-based economies . A knowledge economy stands in contrast to an agrarian economy , in which
735-485: Is less relevant than the prevailing idea of competitive advantages which rests on "making more productive use of inputs, which requires continual innovation". Therefore, the technical STEM careers, including computer scientists , engineers , chemists , biologists , mathematicians , and scientific inventors will continue to see demand. Porter further argues that well-situated clusters (that is, geographic concentrations of interconnected companies and institutions in
784-576: Is said to be a production factor in the new economy that is distinguished from traditional production factors. From the early days of economic studies, though economists recognised the essential link between knowledge and economic growth , knowledge was still identified only as a supplemental element in economic factors. The idea behind it has transformed recently when new growth theory praised knowledge and technology in enhancing productivity and economic advancement. The developed society has transitioned from an agriculture-based economy , that is,
833-435: Is the greater dependence on human capital and intellectual property as the source of innovative ideas , information , and practices . Organisations are required to capitalise on this "knowledge" in their production to stimulate and deepen the business development process. There is less reliance on physical input and natural resources . A knowledge-based economy relies on the crucial role of intangible assets within
882-437: Is the key engine of economic development. It is an economy where members acquire, create, disseminate and apply knowledge to facilitate economic and social development. An economic system that is not knowledge-based is considered to be inconceivable. It describes the process of consumption and production activities that are satisfied from the application of workers' expertise - intellectual capital and typically represents
931-1016: The developed country's financial and economic systems; increased multinational origin of the inputs to productions of both goods and services , technology transfers and information flow. Worldwide examples congregate around regions or cities with high concentrations of talented human capital and are often accompanied with High tech -oriented companies as well as innovation hubs. The knowledge economic hubs include information technology in Silicon Valley , United States ; water and agricultural technology in Silicon Wadi , Israel ; aerospace and automotive engineering in Munich , Germany ; biotechnology in Hyderabad , India ; electronics and digital media in Seoul , South Korea ; petrochemical and
980-426: The knowledge economy generally, where ideas are a primary work output . Presentations may also feature prominently in political settings, especially in workplace politics , where persuasion is a central determinant of group outcomes. Most modern meeting-rooms and conference halls are configured to include presentation electronics, such as projectors suitable for displaying presentation slides , often driven by
1029-411: The pre-industrial age where economy and wealth were primarily based upon agriculture, to an industrial economy where the manufacturing sector was booming. In the mid-1900s, world economies moved towards a post-industrial or mass production system, where they were driven by the service sector that creates greater wealth versus manufacturing; to the late 1900s - 2000s, knowledge economy emerged with
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#17327799527371078-604: The " knowledge society " interchangeably. Information in general, is not equivalent to knowledge. Their use depends on the individual and group's preferences which are "economy-dependent". Information and knowledge together are production resources that can exist without interacting with other sources. Resources are highly independent of each other in the sense that if they connect with other available resources, they transfer into factors of production immediately, and production factors are present only to interact with other factors. Knowledge associated with intellectual information then
1127-610: The Knowledge Revolution is unlikely to end manufacturing industries because of ongoing societal demands for physical goods and services. For the modern knowledge economies, especially in developed countries , information, and knowledge have always taken on enormous importance in the development of either traditional or industrial economies, particularly with the efficient use of factors of production . Owners of production factors should possess and master information and knowledge so as to apply them to economic activity. In
1176-548: The ability to import graphic images. Some tools also have the ability to search and import images from Flickr or Google directly from the tool. Custom graphics can also be created in other programs such as Adobe Photoshop or GIMP and then exported. The concept of clip art originated with the image library that came as a complement with VCN ExecuVision , beginning in 1983. With the growth of digital photography and video , many programs that handle these types of media also include presentation functions for displaying them in
1225-459: The audience stay on track is through the incorporation of text in a legible font size and type. According to the article "Prepare and Deliver an Effective Presentation", effective presentations typically use serif fonts (e.g. Times New Roman, Garamond, Baskerville, etc.) for the smaller text and sans serif fonts (e.g. Helvetica, Futura, Arial, etc.) for headings and larger text. The typefaces are used along with type size to improve readability for
1274-413: The audience. A combination of these typefaces can also be used to create emphasis. The majority of the fonts within a presentation are kept simple to aid in readability. Font styles, like bold, italic, and underline, are used to highlight important points. It is possible to emphasize text and still maintain its readability by using contrasting colors. For example, black words on a white background emphasize
1323-505: The command of the presenter. An entire presentation can be saved in video format. The slides can also be saved as images of any image file formats for any future reference. Transitions between slides can be animated in a variety of ways, as can the emergence of elements on a slide itself. Typically a presentation has many constraints and the most important being the limited time to present consistent information. Many presentation programs come with pre-designed images ( clip art ) and/or have
1372-423: The creation of an immersive experience for an audience. Large images relevant to the presentation attract an audience’s attention which in turn can clarify the topics within the presentation. Using pictures sparingly helps support other presentation elements (e.g. text). Short videos are used to help the presenter reinforce their message to the audience. With the additional reinforcement that images and videos offer,
1421-497: The creation of rich mechanisms of economic theories after the Second World War that tend to integrate science, technology and the economy. Peter Drucker discussed the knowledge economy in the book The Effective Executive 1966 , where he described the difference between the manual workers and the knowledge workers. The manual worker is the one who works with their own hands and produces goods and services. In contrast,
1470-681: The effectiveness of a presentation may be improved. There lacks a comprehensive list of criteria common among research studies or educational institutions in a typical presentation rubric used to assess presentations. Nevertheless, De Grez et al., in consultation with experienced higher education teachers, developed a rubric composed of nine evaluative criteria, of which five dealt with one’s manner of delivery (interaction with audience, enthusiasm, eye contact, vocal delivery, and body language ), three were content related (structure, quality of introduction, and conclusion), and one evaluated general professionalism. Presentation program In computing ,
1519-462: The highlights of the power of knowledge and human capital sector, and it's now marked as the latest stage of development in global economic restructuring . In the final decades of 20th century, the knowledge economy became greatly associated with sectors based in research-intensive and high-technology industries as a result of the steadily increased demand for sophisticated science-based innovations. The knowledge economy operates differently from
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1568-399: The importance of information as non-physical capital, and a digital economy , which emphasizes the degree to which information technology facilitates trade. For companies, intellectual property such as trade secrets , copyrighted material, and patented processes become more valuable in a knowledge economy than in earlier eras. The global economy's transition to a knowledge economy
1617-464: The internet (e.g. web conferencing ). Hardware devices such as laser pointers and interactive whiteboards can ease the job of a live presenter . Knowledge economy The knowledge economy, or knowledge-based economy , is an economic system in which the production of goods and services is based principally on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to advancement in technical and scientific innovation . The key element of value
1666-410: The knowledge economy, the specialised labor force is characterised as computer literate and well-trained in handling data, developing algorithms and simulated models, and innovating on processes and systems. Harvard Business School Professor Michael Porter asserts that today's economy is far more dynamic and that the conventional notion of comparative advantages within a company has changed and
1715-516: The knowledge economy, they need to intervene collectively and strategically. Suggested collective intervention includes the development of effective national ICT policies that support the new regulatory framework, promote the selected knowledge production , and use of ICTs and harness their organizational changes to be in line with the Millennium Development Goals . The report further suggests that developing countries develop
1764-400: The knowledge worker works with their head rather than hands and produces ideas, knowledge, and information. Definitions around "knowledge" are considered to be vague in terms of the formalization and modeling of a knowledge economy, as it is rather a relative concept. For example, there is no sufficient evidence and consideration for whether the " information society " could serve or act as
1813-449: The mid-1980s developments in the world of computers changed the way presentations were created. Inexpensive, specialized applications now made it possible for anyone with a PC to create professional-looking presentation graphics. Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector . As these programs became more common in the late 1980s several companies set up services that would accept
1862-658: The need for green infrastructure , a logistics industry forced into just-in-time deliveries, growing global demand, regulatory policy governed by performance results, and a host of other items place a high priority on knowledge, and research becomes paramount. Knowledge provides the technical expertise, problem-solving, performance measurement and evaluation, and data management needed for today's competition's transboundary, interdisciplinary global scale. Prevailing and future economic development will be highly dominated by technology and network expansion, in particular on knowledge-based social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship as
1911-428: The organisations' settings in facilitating modern economic growth . A knowledge economy features a highly skilled workforce within the microeconomic and macroeconomic environment; institutions and industries create jobs that demand specialized skills to meet the needs of the global market . Knowledge is viewed as an additional input to labour , and capital . In principle, one's primary individual capital
1960-436: The other stages of relative openness in the global economy, the prevailing pace and intensity of globalisation are without precedent. Fundamental microeconomic forces are the significant drivers of globalizing economic activities and further demands for human intelligence . These forces include the rapid integration of the world's financial and capital markets since the early 1980s, which influences essentially each level of
2009-548: The past as it has been identified by the upheavals (sometimes referred to as the knowledge revolution ) in technological innovations and the globally competitive need for differentiation with new goods and services , and processes that develop from the research community (i.e., R&D factors , universities , labs , educational institutes ). Thomas A. Stewart points out that just as the Industrial Revolution did not end agriculture because people have to eat,
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2058-400: The presenter's own laptop , under direct control of the presentation program used to develop the presentation. Often a presenter will present a lecture using the slides as a visual aid both for the presenter (to track the lecture's coverage) and for the audience (especially when an audience member mishears or misunderstands the verbal component). Generally in presentations, the visual material
2107-449: The primary economic activity is subsistence farming for which the main requirement is manual labour or an industrialized economy that features mass production in which most of the workers are relatively unskilled . A knowledge economy emphasizes the importance of skills in a service economy , the third phase of economic development also called a post-industrial economy . It is related to an information economy , which emphasizes
2156-571: The renewable energy industry in Brazil . Many other cities and regions try to follow a knowledge-driven development paradigm and increase their knowledge base by investing in higher education and research institutions to attract highly skilled labour and better position themselves in the global competition. Yet, despite digital tools democratising access to knowledge, research shows that knowledge economy activities remain as concentrated as ever in traditional economic cores. The technology requirements for
2205-525: The shows on diskette and create slides using a film recorder or print transparencies . In the 1990s dedicated LCD -based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, and by the early 2000s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors . The first commercial computer software specifically intended for creating WYSIWYG presentations was developed at Hewlett-Packard in 1979 and called BRUNO and later HP-Draw. The first microcomputer-based presentation software
2254-404: The text being displayed but still helps maintain its readability. Text that contrasts with the background of a slide also enhances visibility. Readability and visibility enhance a presentation experience, which contributes to the effectiveness of it. Certain colors are also associated with specific emotions and the proper application of these colors adds to the effectiveness of a presentation through
2303-476: The use of older visual-aid technology, such as pamphlets , handouts, chalkboards, flip charts, posters, slides and overhead transparencies. Text, graphics, movies, and other objects are positioned on individual pages or "slides" or "foils" . The "slide" analogy is a reference to the slide projector , a device that has become somewhat obsolete due to the use of presentation software. Slides can be printed, or (more usually) displayed on-screen and navigated through at
2352-452: Was Cromemco's Slidemaster, developed by John F. Dunn and released by Cromemco in 1981. The first software displaying a presentation on a personal computer screen was VCN ExecuVision , developed in 1982. This program allowed users to choose from a library of images to accompany the text of their presentation. Harvard Graphics was introduced for MS-DOS and Lotus Freelance Graphics was introduced for DOS and OS/2 in 1986. PowerPoint
2401-479: Was introduced for the Macintosh computer in 1987. A presentation program is supposed to help both the speaker with an easier access to his ideas and the participants with visual information which complements the talk. There are many different types of presentations including professional (work-related), education, entertainment, and for general communication. Presentation programs can either supplement or replace
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