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18-510: The Pro Patria National Coalition was founded in September, 1992: it was an electoral alliance between four political parties: The coalition had 22.0% votes and 29 seats in 1992 parliamentary elections . Conservative People's Party and Republicans' Coalition Party left the alliance during 1994 and formed the People's Party of Republicans and Conservatives . The party formed a coalition with

36-692: The ERM II -system, the central parity of the Estonian kroon was revalued (by less than 0.001%) to 15.6466 KR per euro. On 1 January 2011 the euro replaced the kroon as the official currency of Estonia. The kroon circulated alongside the euro until 15 January 2011 at which point it ceased to be legal tender. However, the Eesti Pank will indefinitely exchange kroon banknotes and coins in any amount into euro . In 1992, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 100, and 500 krooni. Some of

54-759: The Nordic currencies (such as the Swedish krona and the Danish and Norwegian krone ) and derived from the Latin word corona ("crown"). The kroon succeeded the mark in 1928 and was in use until the Soviet invasion in 1940 and Estonia's subsequent incorporation into the Soviet Union when it was replaced by the Soviet ruble . After Estonia regained its independence , the kroon was reintroduced in 1992 and replaced by

72-607: The Singing Revolution and attempted to capitalize on this success during the elections. The well-established parties fared poorly, as they were unable to adapt and appeared conservative compared to new parties such as the Estonian Citizen and Fatherland Bloc. Following the elections, the Popular Front disbanded. The frivolous Independent Royalist Party of Estonia surprisingly gained eight seats in

90-402: The euro in 2011. The kroon became the currency of Estonia on 1 September 1928 after having been a unit of account since 1924. It replaced the mark at a rate of 100 marks = 1 kroon. The kroon was subdivided into 100 senti . In 1924, the kroon was pegged to the Swedish krona at par, with a gold standard of 2,480 KR = 1 kilogram of pure gold. The standard received real coverage with

108-942: The 5, 10, 25, 100, and 500 krooni notes were dated 1991. In 1994, a 50 KR note was introduced. Unlike others, the 1 KR and 50 KR notes were issued only once. Notes in circulation before being replaced by the euro: In 1992, coins were introduced (some dated 1991) in denominations of 5, 10, 20, & 50 senti, as well as 1 KR. The 1 KR was struck in cupronickel , the others in aluminum-bronze. However, in 1997, nickel-plated steel 20 senti were introduced, followed by aluminum-bronze 1 KR in 1998. 5 senti coins were not issued after 1994 but were still legal tender. The cupronickel 1 KR coins from 1992, 1993 and 1995 were demonetized on 31 May 1998 because they were too similar in weight and composition to DM 1 coins , and new 1 KR coins were issued. The 5 KR coins were commemorative pieces and were rarely seen in circulation. Coins in circulation before being replaced by

126-731: The Estonian National Independence Party, which obtained 7.9% votes and 8 seats in the 1995 parliamentary election . The two parties merged definitely in 1995. Toivo Jürgenson was elected the first Chairman of RKEI. He served in this position till 1998 and later became Minister of Transportation and Communications . This article about politics in Estonia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 1992 Estonian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia alongside presidential elections on 20 September 1992,

144-653: The Russian minority within Estonia as tensions were high due to new definitions of citizenship, but confrontation was avoided. Ambassadors representing the Russian minority gave statements and held interviews to assure the public that they were open to communication and wished to arrive at a mutually beneficial solution. Parties like the Popular Front of Estonia and the Estonian National Independence Party had achieved great success during

162-534: The Soviet rouble at a rate of 1 KR = 10 Rbls. (Each person was able to change a maximum of 1,500 Rbls to 150 KR.) Initially, the Estonian kroon was pegged to the Deutsche Mark at a rate of 8 KR = DM 1. After the introduction of the euro the fixed exchange rate of DM 1.95583 to the euro led to an exchange rate of 15.64664 KR to the euro. On 28 June 2004, as Estonia joined

180-543: The capital, officials determined who or who was not a citizen in a process that took 10–15 minutes, but in Tallinn, the process was more extensive as the necessary officials were not near the voting booths. This led to embarrassment on behalf of the officials and frustration by the voters, many of whom never cast their vote because of the hassle of proving citizenship. Despite these issues, the elections were largely conducted smoothly and cooperatively. There were concerns about

198-531: The elections was the matter of citizenship and who was eligible to vote. In order to be considered a citizen, people had to prove that they, their parents, or their grandparents were citizens of the pre-World War II Republic of Estonia. This was extremely difficult, as many families had no documentation of their citizenship. Non-citizens had to have lived in Estonia for two years, passed a test, and waited another year in order to be considered for citizenship. This made voting nearly impossible for some individuals. Outside

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216-525: The first after regaining independence from the Soviet Union . The newly elected 101 members of the 7th Riigikogu assembled at Toompea Castle in Tallinn within ten days of the election. Following the elections, the five-party Fatherland Bloc led by Mart Laar formed a government together with national-conservative Estonian National Independence Party and centrist Moderates alliance. Voter turnout

234-506: The founding of the Estonian SSR, the last Estonian pre-WW II coin, the new 1 sent (date 1939), was issued. In 1927, before the kroon was officially introduced, 100 mark banknotes circulated overprinted as "ÜKS KROON" (1 kroon). Eesti Pank introduced 10 krooni notes in 1928, followed by 5 KR and 50 KR in 1929, 20 KR in 1932 and 100 KR in 1935. The kroon was reintroduced as Estonia's currency on 20 June 1992, replacing

252-819: The international arena. During the Great Depression in 1933, the kroon went off the gold standard , devalued 35% and obtained a currency peg with sterling at £1 stg = 18.35 KR. The Estonian kroon kept this peg and circulated until the Soviet occupation of 1940. The kroon was exchanged for the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 Rbl = 0.8 KR. In 1928, the first coins of this currency were issued, nickel-bronze 25 senti pieces. These were followed by bronze 1 sent in 1929, silver 2 krooni in 1930, bronze 5 senti and nickel-bronze 10 senti in 1931, silver 1 kroon in 1933, bronze 2 senti and aluminium-bronze 1 kroon in 1934, nickel-bronze 20 senti in 1935, nickel-bronze 50 senti in 1936. On 25 July 1940, 4 days after

270-498: The new parliament; a satirical party that campaigned under the intention to establish Estonia as a monarchy, they spent one kroon on their election campaign. Although the Greens and Estonian Entrepreneurs' Party did not cross the electoral threshold, a candidate from each party received enough votes in their constituency to be elected through an individual mandate. Estonian kroon The kroon ( sign : KR ; code : EEK )

288-466: The reserves backing the kroon. The issue of treasury notes and exchange notes was terminated. In order to secure the credibility of the kroon, the Bank of Estonia exchanged kroon for foreign currency. All these measures restored confidence in the domestic banking and monetary sector, contributing to the economic reinvigoration of the country and to the improvement of the reputation of the Estonian state in

306-471: Was 68%. Several alliances were formed prior to the elections. Several issues were recorded during the elections; numerous people voted in a booth at the same time while other voters failed to keep their votes secret, causing inconsistencies. Officials also failed to standardize in voting materials and ballot-counting. The existence of a preliminary two-week voting period also led to concerns about ballot security among officials. The most difficult aspect of

324-413: Was the official currency of Estonia for two periods in history: 1928–1940 and 1992–2011. Between 1 January and 14 January 2011, the kroon circulated together with the euro , after which the euro became the sole legal tender in Estonia. The kroon was subdivided into 100 cents ( senti ; singular sent ). The word kroon ( Estonian pronunciation: [ˈkroːn] , “crown”) is related to that of

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