109-444: Regulation and licensure in engineering is established by various jurisdictions of the world to encourage life, public welfare, safety, well-being, then environment and other interests of the general public and to define the licensure process through which an engineer becomes licensed to practice engineering and to provide professional services and products to the public. As with many other professions and activities, engineering
218-417: A bachelor's degree in engineering. AMIE is also recognized by UK-NARIC as a British bachelor's honors degree. Members are divided into two main types: corporate (organic) and non-corporate (nirangik). Members and associate members are calculated in advance. Respected members of type II members, brothers (companion), graduates, students, associate members and auxiliaries (subscriber) are counted. According to
327-502: A bachelor's or master's degree in engineering or technology from a university are allowed to practice as consulting engineers—They must be licensed or registered with municipalities in order to submit public plans, designs or drawings for approval and record. The Institution of Engineers (India) was granted British Royal Charter in 1935 and admits engineers holding the above degrees as a corporate member (AMIE) or chartered engineer [India]: CEng [India]. IE(India) also offers registration as
436-649: A business leading to an additional 1.4% of national income going to the top 10% of earners. A 2019 National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that occupational licensing contributed to an average welfare loss of 12 percent. The empirical work on the effects of licensing on employment levels or growth rates, but the existing estimates suggest that they could be large. Kleiner (2006) examined employment growth rates in states and occupations with stronger versus weaker occupational licensing requirements. Specifically, he compares employment growth between 1990 and 2000 of occupations that are licensed in some states to
545-600: A cheaper but (allegedly) sub-standard service. Organizations such as the American Medical Association were explicitly set up to restrict the number of practitioners. However, libertarians like Milton Friedman have argued that this process is counterproductive as it seriously restricts the number of active professionals working in society and thus unnecessarily inhibits the working of a free enterprise economy. A 2011 U.S. study estimated that occupational licenses result in 2.8 million fewer jobs, and cost
654-539: A diploma or master's degree. They are also holding full engineering positions as systems engineers, integration engineers, test engineers, QA engineers, etc. State-certified engineer, business manager and designer levels are now a level 6–Bachelor on DQF and EQF, as of Jan. 31, 2012. The following top representatives and agents institutions were involved: federal government (Federal Ministry for Education and Research, Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology), standing conference and economic ministerial meeting of countries,
763-413: A formal education in engineering, an associate membership engineering degree certificate can be achieved by qualifying in the examinations conducted by the institution. The Associate Member (AMIE) examination has two sections. Section A is common to all candidates, while Section B is specific to a particular stream of engineering. To take the examinations, the candidate must have been a technician member of
872-520: A jurisdiction with more stringent licensing. This can be particularly burdensome on families where one spouse has no choice with regard to location of work (such as military servicemembers), when the second spouse is in a licensed profession. These problems can be avoided by harmonizing laws across jurisdictions, or with reciprocity agreements where licenses from one jurisdiction are recognized in others. With occupational licensing varying by state, another channel through which licensing can affect employment
981-426: A licensed engineer is a process that varies around the world but generally requires a four-year engineering degree and four years of engineering experience. In some regions, use of the term "engineer" is regulated, in others it is not. Where engineering is a regulated profession, there are specific procedures and requirements for obtaining a registration, charter or license to practice engineering. These are obtained from
1090-466: A lifelong privilege, but increasingly nowadays, it requires periodic review by peers and renewal. It is very common for license renewal to depend, at least in part, on academia . In the United Kingdom such regular upgrading of skills is often termed continuous professional development , or CPD. In many professions this is fast becoming a standard, mandatory and annual requirement. For example, in
1199-515: A means of excluding competition. Licensure restricts entry into professional careers in medicine , nursing , law , business , pharmacy , psychology , social work , teaching , engineering , surveying , and architecture . Advocates claim that licensure protects the consumer through the application of professional, educational and/or ethical standards of practice. Economist Milton Friedman opposed this practice, believing that licensure effectively raises professional salary by placing limits on
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#17327720112091308-514: A more recent study from 2009 found the opposite. To distinguish various forms of regulation, there are three forms of government regulation of occupations: In contrast to government regulation, voluntary professional certification can be used to demonstrate competence without the harmful economic effects of legalized occupational barriers. Examples of professional associations and trade associations that provide voluntary professional certification in various fields include: Research funded by
1417-639: A national member of Engineers Europe (previously named the European Federation of National Engineering Associations (FEANI)). Engineers Europe includes representation from many European countries, including much of the European Union . Engineers Europe lobbies and strives to establish the EUR ING as a guarantee of competence for professional engineers. It is not a government or supranational (European Union) authority, but recognized by
1526-425: A natural experiment. It finds that this policy change increased the propensity to work as self-employed substantially. Because it restricts employment, licensing can also lead to higher prices for services faced by consumers . While it is not possible to precisely estimate the effects of substantially reducing occupational licensing at the present time, both theory and the available evidence suggest that such
1635-521: A number of cases at different stages of licensing reduces employment, but does not result in better services. For example, Kleiner and Kudrle (2000) find that occupational licensing of dentists does not lead to improved measured dental outcomes of patients, but is associated with higher prices of certain services, likely because there are fewer dentists. In the case of midwifery, the introduction of occupation licensing led to substantial reductions in maternal mortality. Many professions involving risk to
1744-542: A part in loss of human life. An engineering licence provides the public with the assurance that qualified persons are doing or overseeing engineering work. An unlicensed worker or manager has no specific liability, as this is borne by the employer through tort law or engineering legislation, and there is no regulatory authority to enforce acceptable engineering practice in relation to the work. In cases of gross negligence, an engineering firm may not be considered vicariously liable for an individual engineer's offence. Becoming
1853-991: A particular profession or to obtain a privilege such as to drive a car or truck. Many other privileges and professions require a license, generally from the state or provincial government, in order to ensure that the public will not be harmed by the incompetence of the practitioners, and to limit supply to incumbent practitioners and thus increase wages. Examples of professions that require licensure in some jurisdictions include: actuary , architect , certified public accountant , electrician , engineering , general contractors , financial analyst , geologists , hedge fund manager, insurance agent , interior design , investment banker , licensed professional counselor , nurse , physical therapist , plumber , private investigator , psychologist , landscape architect , lawyer , nutritionist , physician , real estate broker , speech-language pathologist , school counselor , social worker , stockbroker , surveyor , and teacher . Licensure
1962-420: A particular political jurisdiction where the pass rate is low because both the economic and shame costs may be high. Conversely, efforts can be made at interstate reciprocity, so that a license or a certification earned in one federated state or province qualifies the holder to practice in any of the other states or provinces of the federation , which can lower the overall cost and burden of adequately staffing
2071-567: A premises be licensed to oversee unlicensed practitioners, permitting of the business overall, random health and safety inspections, general consumer protection laws, and deregulation in favor of voluntary professional certification schemes or free market mechanisms such as customer review sites. Traditionally, occupations in the crafts professions and in the liberal professions organize their respective industries in guilds and chambers in European countries like Germany and Austria. One of
2180-730: A professional engineer (PE [India]) and international professional engineer (PE [Int'l]) to member-engineers having seven years of active practical engineering experience after achieving their degrees. IE(India) is a member of IPEA (International Professional Engineers Agreement) with bilateral agreements with many national, foreign and international engineering institutions. Many municipalities exempt chartered engineers (PE[India] or PE [Int'l]) from their licenser or registration, by reciprocity ( comity ). All such consulting engineers must be licensed, registered or chartered regardless of their discipline or area of practice. In Iran , registration or licensure of professional engineers and engineering practice
2289-498: A reduction could translate into significantly higher employment, better job matches, and improved customer satisfaction . Low-income consumers, in particular, would benefit because reduced barriers to entry would reduce the prices of services provided. Without doing a detailed analysis at the occupation-by-occupation and state level, economists cannot say which occupations can be justified based on quality-consideration, though studies have been conducted they have found at least in
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#17327720112092398-669: A regulatory barrier to entry into licensed occupations. Licensing advocates argue that it protects the public interest by keeping incompetent and unscrupulous individuals from working with the public. However, there is little evidence that it affects the overall quality of services provided to customers by members of the regulated occupation. It can also harm consumers by raising prices and reducing innovation by new market entrants, and may slow overall economic growth. Some occupational licensing can violate competition law due to anti-competitive practices . Alternatives to individual licensing include only requiring that at least one person on
2507-452: A series of specific exams organized by the government. Registered engineers must pass two levels of rigorous exams. Whether design documents or drawings need to be signed by registered engineers depends on provinces or cities. To qualify, candidates must complete two levels of exams. The first level is an 8-hour close-book basic knowledge exam, covering coures of undergraduate engineering degrees. After passing this exam, participants can take
2616-678: A standard Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) written examination, which tests applicants on breadth of understanding of basic engineering principles and, optionally, some elements of an engineering speciality. Accumulate a certain amount of engineering experience requirement is at least four years. Complete a written Principles and Practice in Engineering (PE) examination, which tests the applicant's knowledge and skills in their chosen engineering discipline ( civil , electrical , industrial , mechanical , computer , etc.), as well as engineering ethics. In Pakistan , engineering education and profession
2725-591: A successful petition by Sir Thomas Guthrie Russell (President 1933–34), the IEI obtained a Royal Charter of Incorporation from King George V 'to promote and advance the science, practice, and business of engineering'. The institution's duties are described as follows: "Indian engineers to meet the goals and objectives of the entity being established, they increase the general development of engineering and engineering science, their implementation in India and people associated with
2834-501: A technical college and it is also granted by an international organization with headquarters in Germany, the " BVT ", Federal Association of Higher Professions for Technology, Economy and Design ( Bundesverband höherer Berufe der Technik, Wirtschaft und Gestaltung e.V. ). Techniker certificates have been grouped on the same level as academic bachelor's degrees in national (DFQ) and European Qualifications Framework (EFQ). A member of
2943-873: A year, starting in May 1943. In 1944, four major categories of technical operations were established. Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and General Engineering. The Silver Jubilee was celebrated in 1945 in Calcutta. In 1947, Sindh, Balochistan and Tiruwankur opened new centers. The Institution obtained the full membership of the Engineers Mobility Forum (EMF) at the Bi-annual International Engineers Meetings 2009 held in Kyoto, Japan on 17 June 2009. The IEI pioneered non-formal education in engineering. For those who have pursued
3052-486: Is allowed to use the job title of an engineer. Today (2023) the number of engineers with the academic title Diplom-Ingenieur , with or without a suffix, is on the decline. Germany adopted the Bologna Process and changed to a bachelor/master system with the respective academic titles. Only very few universities still provide diploma degree courses and grant an academic title with the word engineer ( Ingenieur ) in
3161-402: Is already strongly encouraged within the medical profession. One simple theory of occupational licensing envisions a costless supply of unbiased , capable gatekeepers , and enforcers . The gatekeepers screen entrants to the occupation, barring those whose skills or character suggest a tendency toward low-quality output. The enforcers monitor incumbents and discipline those whose performance
3270-405: Is also possible. Engineering chambers are self-governed and provide services for their members. "State-certified engineer" (German: staatlich geprüfter Techniker ) is a European Union qualification for a professional engineering technologist (not to be confused with an engineering technician or "Dipl.-Ing"). The certificate is granted to engineering technologists upon successful completion of
3379-416: Is below standard with punishments that may include revocation of the license needed to practise. Assuming that entry and performance are controlled in these ways, the quality of service in the profession will almost automatically be maintained at or above standards that are set by the gatekeeper to the profession . Within this approach, only those who have the funds to invest in training and the ability to do
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3488-421: Is concerned, licensed engineers are trusted by the government and the public to perform the task in a competent manner. In various parts of the world, licensed engineers may use a protected title such as professional engineer , chartered engineer , or simply engineer . It is often illegal for a practicing engineer to jeopardize public safety in any way. This means that an engineer must hold herself or himself to
3597-400: Is equivalent to a BE and BTech degree awarded by a recognized Indian university and to a British Bachelor's Honors degree . The government of India in continuation to its earlier recognition has recognized the passing of sections A and B examinations as revised, conducted by The Institution of Engineers (India), as equivalent to a bachelor's degree in the appropriate branch of Engineering of
3706-607: Is governed by Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Iran) . For standardization, FE and PE exams are written and graded by a central organization, the National Organization for Examination and Training (NOET) which is known as Sanjesh in Persian . Requirements for licensing are as follows: Graduate from accredited four-year college or university program with a degree in engineering (e.g., Bachelor of Engineering , Bachelor of Science in Engineering . Complete
3815-548: Is not regulated, but certain engineering titles are. There is no system for licensing, but registers are held of qualified persons. The Engineering Council is the UK regulatory body for its engineering profession. It holds the national registers of 235,000 engineers registered as EngTech (engineering technicians), ICTTech (information and communications technology technicians), IEng (incorporated engineers) and CEng (chartered engineers). These titles are fully protected under law by means of
3924-401: Is often a restricted activity. Relatedly, jurisdictions that license according to particular engineering discipline define the boundaries of each discipline carefully so that practitioners understand what they are competent to do. A licensed engineer takes legal responsibility for engineering work, product or projects (typically via a seal or stamp on the relevant design documentation) as far as
4033-415: Is placed before rather than after the name as in the case of a post-nominal title such as those for academic degrees. However, this clashes with the practice in some EU countries where academic degrees are also pre-nominal. Ultimately national law, not the EUR ING certificate from Engineers Europe , defines if an engineering degree and usually an engineering professional qualification from one member country
4142-532: Is recognized by another. For EU member states, Directive 2005/36/EC is the legal framework and must be implemented in national law. Another association in Europe is the Eureta . The professional title "Ing. EurEta" is used as a pre-nominal (similar to Dr. or Prof). An engineer registered with EurEta "European Higher Engineering and Technical Professionals Association" is called an "EurEta Registered Engineer," and has
4251-661: Is regulated at the federal level. Engineers recognized as registered engineer (RE) or professional engineer with PEC need not go through further process once they move to another province or territory within Pakistan. For structural engineers, registration with local building authority may be a further requirement depending upon the jurisdiction and local building code. Washington Accord : Pakistan gained Observer status in Washington Accord in 2009, Provisional member in 2010 and became Full signatory on 21 June 2017. Pakistan
4360-578: Is regulated by the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) via PEC Act 1976. PEC is a federal government organization. Any person with an engineering degree ( BE/BS/BSc Engineering ) from PEC accredited universities/institutes is legally allowed to register with the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) as a Registered engineer (RE). Previously, every engineering graduate registered with the PEC and at least five years of relevant work experience
4469-521: Is similar to professional certification , and sometimes synonymous (such as in the case with teacher licensure/certification); however, certification is an employment qualification and not a legal requirement for practicing a profession. In many cases, an individual must complete certain steps, such as training, acquiring an academic degree in a particular area of study, and/or passing an exam , before becoming eligible to receive their license. There are various resources available to assist professionals with
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4578-406: Is through reduced mobility. The patchwork of regulations raises the cost of cross-state mobility for workers in these occupations. This will result in slower adjustment costs to regional economic shocks which can result in higher unemployment . A 1983 study found that some occupational licensing schemes tended to exclude minorities and disadvantaged populations from entering such trades. However,
4687-416: Is well understood that occupational licensing can serve as a barrier to occupational entry resulting in reduced employment , monopoly rents for workers in the occupation, and higher prices for consumers. Kleiner and Krueger (2010 and 2013) show that after controlling for education, labor market experience, occupation, and other controls, licensing is associated with a 15 to 18 percent wage premium in
4796-702: The National Society of Professional Engineers , has sought to extend a single professional license and code of ethics for all engineers, regardless of practice area or employment sector. China has two parallel systems for evaluating professional engineers, one as part of the "Professional Title" and the other as part of the "Occupation Qualification". Under the "Professional Title" system, engineers are divided into Assistant Engineer, Engineer, and Senior Engineer. Professional titles are awarded based on educational background, work experience, performance, participation in training programs, and awards received. Under
4905-576: The UK medical licensing system has largely been a response to public and government unease about a series of recent and well-publicised cases of alleged medical incompetence, including the Harold Shipman case, the Alder Hey organs scandal and those involving David Southall , Rodney Ledward and Richard Neale. Such cases of medical malpractice in the 1990s are widely considered to have inspired
5014-430: The engineering council to practice. Failing to do so would result in an offence and can be convicted by a summary trial before a Magistrate with imprisonment period not exceeding one year and/or a fine not exceeding one hundred thousand rupees. The European Engineer (Eur Ing, EUR ING) is an international certificate for engineers used in many European countries. The certificate is granted after successful application to
5123-500: The professionalization process by which trades have transformed themselves into true professions, licensing fast became the method of choice in obtaining the occupational closure required by barring competition from entry to the rites and privileges of a professional group. This was initially the preferred route of regulation whether for physicians, lawyers, the clergy, accountants, bankers, scientists or architects. However, licensing has given way to membership of professional bodies, as
5232-435: The supply of specific occupations. "It is hard to regard altruistic concern for their customers as the primary motive behind their determined efforts to get legal power to decide who may be a plumber." Restricting entry by licensing is arguably a convenient and effective method of maintaining the high standards, high status and elite privileges of a profession as well as acting to eliminate competition from those who provide
5341-404: The "Occupation Qualification" system, engineers are classified by their specific profession, such as "Registered Architect," "Registered Structural Engineer," "Registered Civil Engineer," "Registered Electrical Engineer," "Registered Public Equipment Engineer," etc. To obtain a registered engineer title, in addition to having a certain amount of work experience in a specific profession, one must pass
5450-450: The BVT is entitled to use the initials "BVT" after his name. To achieve this qualification, it is required to complete a 42-month apprenticeship program, a minimum 2,400 hour college diploma in engineering or technology, two years of relevant experience and pass the state examination. The academic requirement to be a state-certified engineer is a degree equivalent to level 6 on EQF = bachelor on
5559-767: The Confederation of German Employers' Associations, German Chambers of Industry and Commerce, German Trade Union Federation and the Federal Institute for Vocational Application. They agreed on a common position on the implementation of the EQF, as a German qualifications framework (DQR). " In general there is no restriction on the right to practise as an engineer in the UK. However there are a small number of areas of work, generally safety related, which are reserved by statute, regulations or industry standards to licensed or otherwise approved persons. " The title "engineer"
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#17327720112095668-479: The EU as an example of self-regulation. Because of that it can be problematic to add EUR ING to ones name in some states. Especially those who regulate the use of the term Engineer , abbreviations of it, and translations. And where the title Engineer can only be granted by recognized institutions (like universities). Of which Engineers Europe is none. The title EUR ING, if used, is supposed to be " pre-nominal ," i.e., it
5777-525: The EU enacted Directive 2005/36/EC , which "enables the free movement of professionals" across Member States, by allowing licensed workers to have their professional qualifications recognised by other countries in the bloc. The European Commission records occupational licensing restrictions across the EU on its Regulated Professions Database . The subsequent 'Proportionality Directive' passed in 2018 requires national governments to assess whether new barriers to practice are proportionate to achieve objectives in
5886-504: The Engineering Council's royal charter and bylaws. In order to protect these titles, action is taken through the courts against their unauthorized use. Licensure Occupational licensing , also called licensure , is a form of government regulation requiring a license to pursue a particular profession or vocation for compensation. It is related to occupational closure . Some claim higher public support for
5995-1133: The Engineering Practice Examination (EPE) conducted by the PEC. EPE is held by PEC biennially in major cities across the country. Those who pass the EPE are given the prestigious title of professional engineer (PE) in their specialized discipline of work. To improve the quality of engineering services, engineers with professional engineer (PE) status are also required to engage in CPD activities in order to be able to retain their PE license. CPD points are awarded for various developmental activities such as formal education (e.g. Postgraduate diploma , master or PhD), on-job experience, participating in conferences/workshops as audience, speaker or organizer, publications in technical journals, part-time teaching activities, serving as guest lecturer (other than full-time teaching) and serving as external examiner for master/PhD thesis. For CPD points system, upper limit of points has also been implemented to prevent abuse of
6104-569: The European Commission in 2016 estimated that around 22% of workers in the European Union were affected by occupational licensing. This varied significantly between member states, with Germany having the highest proportion (33%) affected, and Denmark the lowest (14%). The same paper also found the 'Health and Social Work' sector generally had the most licensing, but in general there was "considerably large variation" in which professions were licensed in different member states. In 2005,
6213-507: The European Qualification Framework. A bachelor's (honours) degree in engineering or engineering technology from an accredited university is also equated to level 6 on EQF. A state-certified engineer is not required to complete a university degree. Before Jan. 31, 2012, a state-certified engineer certificate usually qualified the holder to proceed to bachelor's level education at a university of applied science. In
6322-660: The IEI for a year. Examinations are held twice yearly. Post-graduate (masters) programs in engineering and technology are offered to IEI corporate members in selected engineering disciplines. Since 1928, the AMIE examinations have been deemed by the Association of Indian Universities and the Union Public Service Commission to be equivalent to an undergraduate degree in engineering. The Indian Ministry of Education considers that this qualification
6431-677: The IEI: the National Design & Research Foundation (NDRF) , Water Management Forum (WMF), Safety and Quality Forum (SQF), Sustainable Development Forum (SDF), and Rural Development Forum (RDF). The IEI also has an autonomous organ, the Engineering Staff College of India. In addition to representing India in the Engineers Mobility Forum, the institution has been prominent in World Mining Congress (WMC),
6540-614: The U.S. workforce in the 1950s, but declined to less than 12 percent of the U.S. workforce by 2008. In April 2019, Arizona became the first US state to recognize out-of-state occupational licenses. Institution of Engineers (India) The Institution of Engineers (India) , the IEI, is a national organization for engineers in India . It is the world's largest multi-disciplinary engineering professional society. It has more than one million members in 15 engineering disciplines. The institution
6649-573: The US, educators are subject to state re-certification requirements in order to continue teaching. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, enacted to improve performance in US schools, has led to an intensification of license requirements for both beginning and experienced educators. In the case of UK medical practitioners , the government has recently proposed that they should all be legally required to produce formal proof, every five years, that they are upgrading their standard of practise. This tightening of
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#17327720112096758-436: The actual state of the infighting between universities and universities of applied sciences, universities of applied sciences granted the title with a suffix Diplom-Ingenieur (FH) . Around the same time the federal states ( Bundesländer ) established their own engineer laws, because in Germany education is a matter of regulation for the federal states, not the federal government. These laws are all very similar and describe who
6867-434: The advancement of the engineering profession in general and recognition in particular amongst all the members attached to these professional societies. IEI plays the leading role in engineering activities across the world and provides an international platform to its members, Link=> https://www.ieindia.org/webui/IEI-Network.aspx#international-links . The Foreign Credential Service of America considers it to be equivalent to
6976-537: The authority to award IPE (IntPE) status to qualifying candidates. PEC developed the application framework and, since September 2020, began accepting applications through a dedicated IPEA portal on the PEC website. In Sri Lanka, the title "engineer" is not regulated. However, as per the Engineering Council Act No 4 of 2017 , all engineering practitioners in Sri Lanka needs to be registered with
7085-484: The authors of the pertinent codes of ethics used by some of these organizations. Engineers in private practice most often find themselves in traditional professional-client relationships in their practice. Engineers employed in government service and government-run industry are on the other side of that relationship. Despite the different focus, engineers in industry and private practice face similar ethical issues and reach similar conclusions. One American engineering society,
7194-421: The completion of these steps. Professional associations are often a tremendous resource to individuals looking to obtain a special level of certification or licensure. Upon the successful attainment of a license, individuals append an acronym to their name, such as CPA ( Certified Public Accountant ) or LPD and PI ( Private Detective and Investigator ) PE ( Professional Engineer ). In places, licensure may still be
7303-400: The difference in growth rates between these sets of states of fully licensed and fully unlicensed occupations. This estimate implies that a licensed occupation that grew at a 10 percent rate between 1990 and 2000 would have grown at a 12 percent rate if it were unregulated. For Germany, a study exploits the deregulation of occupational licenses called Meister for 53 occupations in 2004 as
7412-701: The economy $ 203 billion per year. The number of jobs requiring a professional licensed represents an increasing fraction of the workforce, from 5% in 1950 to 22% in 2010s. Critics say that low-income consumers, who pay higher prices than required for the level of quality they might require, and low-income job seekers, are disproportionately affected. In the United States, critics have pointed out that (as of 2018) only 60 professions are licensed by all 50 states, but about 1100 by at least one state, including tour guides, bartenders, and interior designers. If many professions are functioning satisfactorily unlicensed in
7521-510: The engineering profession (e.g. guest lectures, publishing research, authoring a book and social work for engineers under recognized engineers' associations). To avoid confusion, PEC CPD Bye-Laws 2008 introduced the legal term "registered person". Registered person is a term distinct from registered engineer (RE). It is a blanket term used for all persons enrolled with PEC in any capacity – whether as registered engineers (RE) or professional engineers (PE). Mobility In Pakistan, engineering
7630-491: The government or a charter-granting authority acting on its behalf and engineers are subject to regulation by these bodies. In addition to licensure, there are voluntary certification programs for various disciplines which involve examinations accredited by the Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards. Due to occupational closure , licensed engineers enjoy significant influence over their regulation. They are often
7739-404: The government to tighten professional control of medical practitioners and monitor the quality of their practice for their entire working life. One qualification for life is no longer deemed sufficient. Consequently, medical licenses can now be withdrawn when evidence of serious malpractice emerges. Currently, though such reviews of CPD are entirely voluntary, some form of professional development
7848-418: The highest level of technical and moral conduct reasonable or suffer litigation if an engineering system fails causing harm to the public, including maintenance technicians. Breaches of engineering law are often sufficient grounds for enforcement measures, which may include the suspension or loss of license and financial penalties. They may also include imprisonment, should gross negligence be shown to have played
7957-400: The imposition of fines, improved screening to prevent expelled practitioners from re-entering the occupation, or requiring all incumbents to put up capital that would be forfeited upon loss of the license. To offset the possibility that incumbents could shift to other occupations with little loss of income, entry requirements could be tightened to limit supply and create monopoly rents within
8066-518: The job title or had to cease to use the title within a certain time frame. From that point on the typical ways to be allowed to use the job title engineer were to obtain the academic title of a diploma engineer Diplom-Ingenieur (abbreviated Dipl.-Ing. ) or doctor engineer (Phd, Dr.-Ing. ) from an academic institutions, or to obtain a graduated engineer title ( Ingenieur (grad.) ) from an engineering school or engineering academy. Earlier graduates from engineering schools or academies could continue to use
8175-523: The labor market. This estimate may partially reflect a premium for higher unmeasured human capital, but it is also consistent and likely in large part due to rents. A 2016 paper studying occupational licensing in the European Union estimated a wage premium of 4%, with significant variation across professions. A study from the Mercatus Center showed that occupational licensing can lead to greater income inequality, with each step needed to open
8284-655: The licensed occupation ( rent-seeking ). The threat of losing these monopoly rents could, in principle, give incentives to incumbents to maintain quality standards . This may also result in some increases in human capital investments in order to attain additional requirements. The rents could also motivate potential entrants to invest in high levels of training in order to gain admittance. This suggests that licensing can raise quality within an industry by restricting supply, raising labor wages, and raising output prices. Increasing prices may signal either enhanced quality due to perceived or actual skill enhancements or restrictions on
8393-442: The licensing of professions whose activities could be a health or safety threat to the public, such as practicing medicine, and doctors require occupational licenses in most developed countries . However, some jurisdictions also require licenses for a much wider range of professions, such as florists and hairdressers. Some studies find consumers are more responsive to reviews than to occupational licensing status. Licensing creates
8502-408: The local engineering legislation is concerned. Regulations require that only a licensed engineer can sign, seal or stamp technical documentation such as reports, plans, engineering drawings and calculations for study estimate or valuation or carry out design analysis, repair, servicing, maintenance or supervision of engineering work, process or project. In cases where public safety, property or welfare
8611-489: The majority of states, this implies to critics that the licensing is unnecessary for consumer protection. The administrations of both President Obama and President Trump have tried to pressure state and local authorities to reduce overly burdensome licensing requirements. Excessive requirements include requiring hair braiders to have a full cosmetology license and learn about many unrelated tasks, and requiring casket salespersons to be full licensed funeral directors. It
8720-404: The most important changes in licensing has been the 2004 reform in Germany, where workers in 53 of 94 crafts professions were not required to be licensed anymore in order to start a business. In 2020, 12 of these deregulated professions reinstated the licensing requirement. In the United States and Canada, licensing (the term registration is sometimes used) is usually required by law to work in
8829-695: The new requirements) is the norm when occupations seek to become licensed , incumbent workers are usually supportive of the regulation process. In the absence of grandfathering, lower-skilled workers in the occupation may have to seek alternative employment. For example, if sales skills are the key to both providing licensed sales of heart monitors and the non-licensed selling of shoes or cars , then individuals may shift between these lines of work with little loss of income. Under these circumstances, meaningful discipline for license holders may require deliberate steps to ensure that loss of license entails significant financial loss. Such additional steps could include
8938-453: The official declaration of the first type member "chartered engineer" (To understand the basic aspects of Chartered Engineer certification and it’s recognition click here ). noun officer. All applicants are considered for general education, proper practical training, and personal integrity to take up the responsibilities of an engineer. Designations of The Institution of Engineers of (India): Senior designations:- There are five fora of
9047-476: The older diploma studies) at a German academic institution to use engineer as a job title. Also a lot of grandfather cases are covered, like engineers with a Ingenieur (grad.) title. Further, the laws of the states contain provisions for the authorities to grant persons who obtained their engineering degree or title from a foreign institution or otherwise the right to use the job title. With special provisions for EU member states. The state laws typically regard
9156-525: The organization and members of engineering-related topics Information and-in providing facilities to receive and give ideas." Distinguished E-in C's of the Indian Army served as President: Maj Gen Harold Williams , 1955–56; the legendary Maj Gen Harkirat Singh, 1960–62, a King Commissioned Indian Officer (KCIO) educated at Cambridge University, who fought in the Burma Campaign during WW II, and
9265-454: The past, this led to wide and controversial discussions between bachelor's and master's degrees engineers and state-certified engineers. Today, this is on the same level as a bachelor's degree. One can continue to study to a master's degree level to achieve SCE qualification. The academic requirements for qualification are similar to incorporated engineer qualification/registration by EC UK. State-certified engineers now assist engineers with only
9374-685: The profession in all regions. For example, high demand and low supply for nurses or for teachers , in any particular region, can be alleviated if the red tape is reduced, as long as that reduction does not truly harm competence and preparedness. The effect of not reducing that administrative burden has been measured by a 2017 analysis that found that occupational licensing in different American states reduced between-state migration of individuals in professions with divergent licensing by 36 percent relative to members of other occupations, while workers in nationally licensed occupations showed no evidence of reduced interstate migration. A 2020 follow up study by
9483-412: The public do not require professional licenses. For example, chefs are generally unlicensed, though opening a restaurant may require permits, inspection, and employee training or instructional signage. Becoming a brain surgeon typically only requires a medical license; the substantial additional training and experience required to perform this operation competently is managed by the hospitals who employ
9592-487: The public interest. In the United States , licensing has been among the fastest-growing labor market institutions. The figure shows the growth of occupational licensing relative to the decline of union membership since the 1950s. By 2008 occupational licensing in the U.S. had grown to 29 percent of the workforce, up from below five percent in the 1950s. In contrast, unions represented as much as 33 percent of
9701-442: The public might also be restricted by licensure, including a barber , cosmetologist , or massage therapist . Occupations that bring a person into the home might also be screened through licensure, including a chauffeur , landscape architect , or arborist . Individuals practicing a profession in one jurisdiction where no license is required, or where licensing requirements are more lax, face problems with employment when moving to
9810-520: The recognized universities in India and has notified in the Gazette of India, Part I, Section I, dated February 11, 2006. Link=> https://www.ieindia.org/webui/IEI-Academics.aspx#iei_recognitions The Institution of Engineers (India) [IEI] has bilateral relations with engineering professional institutions in 41 organizations around the world and is also the founding member of major international engineering organizations. This mutual relationship promotes
9919-469: The right to use this title in Europe. The use of the job title engineer ( Ingenieur in German ) was not regulated until the 8th of July 1965. It was estimated that at this point there were 105 000 Engineers with academic degrees, 225 000 engineers with an academy or engineering school degree, and 30 000 self-styled engineers. Self-styled engineers could apply for an exception to continue to use
10028-415: The same authors found that "the magnitude of the effect can only account for a small part of the overall decline in [interstate migration] seen in recent decades." "People of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices." Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations Historically, in
10137-474: The same occupations that are not licensed in other states. In order to account for differential growth rates between states, he also compared the growth rate of occupations that are either fully licensed or fully unlicensed in both sets of states. Using a " difference-in-difference " regression analysis , Kleiner found that partially licensed occupations had a 20 percent lower growth rate in states with licensing relative to states without licensing and relative to
10246-562: The second-level professional exam the following year. This professional exam is divided into multiple disciplines, such as structural, architectural, electrical, and mechanical. It tests candidates' ability to understand and apply relevant codes and standards. The exam is conducted over a weekend, with each day featuring a 6-hour session. The first day's exam focuses on code requirements, while the second day's exam involves questions about actual engineering cases, requiring references to equations and performing calculations. In India, engineers with
10355-493: The standards of the new entrants. Individuals who attempt to enter the occupation in the future will need to balance the economic rents of the field's increased monopoly power against the greater difficulty of meeting the entrance requirements. Once an occupation is regulated, members of that occupation in a geographic or political jurisdiction can implement tougher statutes or examination pass rates and may gain relative to those who have easier requirements by further restricting
10464-435: The supply of labor and obtaining economic rents for incumbents ( credentialism and educational inflation ). Restrictions would include raising the pass rate on licensing exams, imposing higher general and specific requirements, and implementing tougher residency requirements that limit new arrivals in the area from qualifying for a license. Moreover, individuals who have finished schooling in the occupation may decide not to go to
10573-422: The supply of regulated workers. State-regulated occupations can use political institutions to restrict supply and raise the wages of licensed practitioners. There is assumed to be a once-and-for-all income gain that accrues to current members of the occupation who are "grandfathered" in, and do not have to meet the newly established standard. Generally, workers who are "grandfathered" are not required to ever meet
10682-470: The surgeons. Restrictions to employment without licensure can prevent people with criminal records or severe mental health issues from working in occupations that require public trust. Occupations of or affected by the gambling industry, may be restricted by licensure, such as a racing secretary in horseracing , or people in the boxing , mixed martial arts , and professional wrestling industry. People whose occupations put them in physical contact with
10791-726: The system and encourage balanced participation in various CPD activities. In case of on-job work experience which is the primary engagement of engineering profession, one CPD point is awarded for 400 hours of work. Upper limit of 2 credit points per year has been established for on-job work experience. Rewarding only 800 hours (~4 months full-time) of work per year has many benefits including inherent tolerance for bouts of unemployment, in-built allowance for sickness/disease/injury, discouraging workaholism, enabling full-time engineering teachers to gain relevant field experience with reduced time commitment (e.g. part-time consulting engagement) and encouraging participation in other CPD activities which further
10900-535: The title or in some cases could change their title to Ingenieur (grad.) . Mining schools were granting some engineer titles, too. In the 1970s German converted its engineering schools and academies into universities of applied sciences and founded new such universities. With this change the Ingenieur (grad.) was no longer granted. Instead universities of applied sciences awarded the academic title of diploma engineer Diplom-Ingenieur , too. Over time, and depending on
11009-511: The title. For a doctorate the Dr.-Ing. is still awarded. However, the use of the term Ingenieur continues to be protected even after the implementation of the bologna process. This also applies to translations and abbreviations. The group of people allowed to use the job title was actually widened. Typically since 2013 the engineer laws of the states allow persons who completed scientific or engineering studies of at least three years (e.g. bachelor, or
11118-542: The unauthorized use of the job title engineer as a misdemeanor. § 132a of the criminal code of Germany makes the unauthorized use of an academic degree title a criminal offense punishable by up to one year of imprisonment or a fine. Engineers offering certain engineering services need to be a member of an engineering chamber ( Ingenieurkammer ) by law. This is most commonly the case for freelance consulting ( Beratender Ingenieur ) activities in construction, but can also be required for other engineering work. A voluntary membership
11227-422: The work are able to enter the occupation. Introducing economics to this otherwise mechanical model by noting that a key discipline on incumbents—the threat of revoking one's license—may not mean much if incumbents can easily re-enter the profession, such as by moving to a new firm, or by shifting to an alternative occupation with little loss of income. Since grandfathering (i.e., allowing current workers to bypass
11336-472: Was considered equivalent to the B.Sc. (Engineering) or B.Eng. degree offered by a government engineering college. In those days, when the number of engineering colleges were far and few between, the AMIE exam served as a single centre to which an aspirant could go to earn a degree. The branches of the institution slowly began spreading across the country. Mysore, Hyderabad, London, Punjab and Bombay opened their centers. Associate Membership exams were taken twice
11445-515: Was eligible for the title of professional engineer (PE) without any exam. To improve the quality of engineering profession, this two-tier system has been enhanced via PEC CPD Bye-Laws 2008. This system was realistically implemented starting 10 July 2010. Graduate engineers now enroll and practice as registered engineer (RE) in their general discipline of work. After at least five years of relevant work experience and accumulation of at least 17 CPD (Continued Professional Development) points, they may attempt
11554-512: Was established in 1920 in Kolkata , West Bengal , and was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1935. It is currently headquartered at 8 Gokhale Road, Kolkata. The institution administers an examination for associate membership, which holds equivalent standing to B.E . / B.Tech . examinations for employment across various sectors in India , including government, public, and private sectors. Its recognition extends to other nations as well. The IEI
11663-513: Was established in 1920 in Madras , with Sir Thomas R. J. Ward being the founding president. It was formally inaugurated in 1921 by Lord Chelmsford , the then- Viceroy of British India . On 19 December 1930, the then Viceroy, Lord Irwin , laid the foundation for the IEI's building at 8 Gokhale Road, in Kolkata. The organization moved into the building on 1 January 1932. In September 1935, following
11772-706: Was later Advisor (Construction, Water Supply, and Urban Planning) in the Planning Commission; Lt Gen Ram Loomba, 1968–69; and Lt Gen Jasbir Singh Bawa, 1977–78, who was earlier the Director General Border Roads (DGBR), and then served as the President of the Indian Roads Congress. The Royal Charter subsequently led to the birth of local chapters and centres. Members started to take the AMIE engineering exams, which
11881-541: Was the 19th signatory ever to achieve this status. IPEA & IntPE: Through clause 13 (h) of PEC CPD Bye-laws 2008, PEC was unilaterally honoring the Engineers Mobility Forum (EMF)/International Professional Engineers Agreement (IPEA) since 10 July 2010. An engineer already registered as a professional engineer with EMF/IPEA would be exempt from EPE & CPD points requirement and will be awarded professional engineer (PE) title on submission of application. On 29 June 2018, International Engineering Alliance (IEA) bestowed on PEC
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