A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with details of timing and resources, used to achieve an objective to do something. It is commonly understood as a temporal set of intended actions through which one expects to achieve a goal .
39-559: A project is a type of assignment, typically involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a specific objective. An alternative view sees a project managerially as a sequence of events: a "set of interrelated tasks to be executed over a fixed period and within certain cost and other limitations". A project may be a temporary (rather than a permanent) social system ( work system ), possibly staffed by teams (within or across organizations ) to accomplish particular tasks under time constraints . A project may form
78-478: A list . It has not acquired a technical meaning, however, to cover the area of government legislation and regulations elated to the use of resources. Planning can refer to the planned use of any and all resources, as in the succession of Five-Year Plans through which the government of the Soviet Union sought to develop the country. However, the term is most frequently used in relation to planning for
117-400: A model , model variant , or model number (often abbreviated as MN , M/N or model no. , and sometimes as M- or Mk ). For example, Dyson Ltd , a manufacturer of appliances (mainly vacuum cleaners), requires customers to identify their model in the support section of the website. Brand and model can be used together to identify products in the market. The model number is not necessarily
156-406: A product is an object, or system, or service made available for consumer use as of the consumer demand; it is anything that can be offered to a domestic or an international market to satisfy the desire or need of a customer . In retailing , products are often referred to as merchandise , and in manufacturing , products are bought as raw materials and then sold as finished goods . A service
195-427: A "Classification of Products by Activity" among other product classifications. The United Nations also classifies products for international economic activity reporting. The Aspinwall Classification System classifies and rates products based on five variables: The National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP) developed a commodity and services classification system for use by state and local governments,
234-408: A Sears item number and a manufacturer's model number. Sears uses the departments and product groupings with the intention of helping customers browse products by function or brand within a traditional department-store structure. A product line is "a group of products that are closely related, either because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through
273-457: A closed dynamic system. It is developed along the 4 Ps of project management: Plan, Processes, People, and Power (e.g. line of authority). It is bound by the triple constraints that are calendar, costs and norms of quality, each of which can be determined and measured objectively along the project lifecycle. Some projects produce some level of formal documentation, the deliverable(s), and some impacts, which can be positive and/or negative. A project
312-404: A concrete and organized effort motivated by a perceived opportunity when facing a problem, a need, a desire or a source of discomfort (e.g., lack of proper ventilation in a building). It seeks the realization of a unique and innovative deliverable , such as a product , a service , a process, or in some cases, a scientific research. Each project has a beginning and an end, and as such is considered
351-451: A continuous guard on the project progress should be kept by monitoring and evaluating. In civil, military and industry (e.g. oil and gas) infrastructure, capital projects refer to activities to construct and install equipment, facilities and buildings. As these activities are temporary endeavors with clear start and end dates, the term "project" is applied. Because the results of these activities are typically long-standing infrastructure, with
390-402: A form that is accessible to multiple people across time and space. This allows more reliable collaboration in the execution of the plan. The term planning implies the working out of sub-components in some degree of elaborate detail. Broader-brush enunciations of objectives may qualify as metaphorical roadmaps . Planning literally just means the creation of a plan; it can be as simple as making
429-534: A life measured in years or decades, these projects are typically accounted for in financial accounting as capital expenditures, and thus they are termed "capital projects". In computer software , a project can consist of programs, configuration definitions and related data. For example, in Microsoft Visual Studio , a "solution" consists of projects and other definitions. It can be defined as "a set of state policies and/or agencies unified around
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#1732758495603468-578: A more circular economy . Product information management (PIM) is the process of managing all the information required to market and sell products through distribution channels . This product data is created by an internal organization to support a multichannel marketing strategy. A central hub of product data can be used to distribute information to sales channels such as e-commerce websites, print catalogues, marketplaces such as Amazon and Google Shopping , social media platforms like Instagram and electronic data feeds to trading partners. Moreover,
507-575: A part of wider programme management or function as an ad hoc system. Open-source software "projects" or artists' musical "projects" (for example) may lack defined team-membership, precise planning and/or time-limited durations. The word project comes from the Latin word projectum from the Latin verb proicere , "before an action", which in turn comes from pro- , which denotes precedence, something that comes before something else in time (paralleling
546-410: A particular issue or oppression". Therefore, these kinds of projects involve constant change and dynamism due to the social constructions that evolve among time. State projects have to adapt to the current moment. They are mostly community services based. In the context of infrastructure code, a project is a collection of code used to build a discrete component of the system. There is no rule on how much
585-517: A project can be defined as a "temporary endeavor" aimed to drive changes in teams, organizations, or societies. The output of a project is normally a unique product, service, or result. Projects can be short-term or long-term. Project cancellation is the termination of a project prior to its completion and generally includes the cessation of access to funding and other project resources. Project cancellation may result from cost overruns , schedule overruns, changes in budget , change or obviation of
624-535: A retail location where it is purchased by consumers. In the EU, under the renewed Sustainable Product Policy Initiative , the inclusion of a Digital Product Passport has been proposed. A material passport is a document consisting of all the materials that are included in a product or construction. It consists of a set of data describing defined characteristics of materials in products, useful for recovery, recycling , re-use and various evaluations. They may contribute to
663-410: A single project or its component can include. It is the performance of services, including consultation, operation, management, administrative or other services, for the project. For examples: Site One Landscape Supply provides project services for project bids and submittals in the landscaping industry. Jubilee Scholars consulting firm provides multidisciplinary project services. It is a project that
702-683: A specific unit of a product is often (and in some contexts must be) identified by a serial number , which is necessary to distinguish products with the same product definition. In the case of automotive products, it is called the vehicle identification number (VIN), an internationally standardised format. Product information, beyond currency price information, can include: Many of these types of product information are regulated to some degree, such as to some degree prohibiting false or misleading product information or requiring sellers or manufacturers to specify various information such as ingredients of food-, pharmaceutical- and hygiene-products. There also
741-400: A specified business case . Projects can also be seen as temporary organizations. Project objectives define target status at the end of the project, reaching of which is considered necessary for the achievement of planned benefits. They can be formulated as SMART criteria : Projects are often guided by a steering group . The evaluation (measurement) occurs at the project closure. However,
780-400: Is standardization . Marketing to entice the shopper is often prioritized over accurate, high-quality or extensive and relevant information. Product information is often a key element in the buyer decision process . Relevant factors include trust in the accuracy of the information and social normative pressure. Easily accessible and up-to-date medicinal product information can contribute to
819-428: Is a close relationship between the short- and long-term categories and the strategic and operational categories. It is common for less formal plans to be created as abstract ideas, and remain in that form as they are maintained and put to use. More formal plans as used for business and military purposes, while initially created with and as an abstract thought, are likely to be written down, drawn up or otherwise stored in
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#1732758495603858-581: Is a community-based project. It is a type of service project. Some analyses of project-oriented activity distinguish - using military-style terminology - between grandiose strategic projects and more trivial or component operational projects: tactical projects . Plan For spatial or planar topologic or topographic sets see map . Plans can be formal or informal: The most popular ways to describe plans are by their breadth, time frame, and specificity; however, these planning classifications are not independent of one another. For instance, there
897-521: Is also regarded as a type of product. In project management , products are the formal definition of the project deliverables that make up or contribute to delivering the objectives of the project. A related concept is that of a sub-product, a secondary but useful result of a production process. Dangerous products, particularly physical ones, that cause injuries to consumers or bystanders may be subject to product liability . A product can be classified as tangible or intangible . A tangible product
936-534: Is an actual physical object that can be perceived by touch such as a building, vehicle, gadget, or clothing. An intangible product is a product that can only be perceived indirectly such as an insurance policy. These services can be broadly classified under intangible products, which can be durable or nondurable . In its online product catalog, retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company divides its products into "departments", then presents products to potential shoppers according to (1) function or (2) brand. Each product has
975-519: Is an individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned and researched about by students. At schools, educational institutes and universities, a project is a research assignment - given to a student - which generally requires a larger amount of effort and more independent work than that involved in a normal essay assignment. It requires students to undertake their fact-finding and analysis, either from library/internet research or from gathering data empirically. The written report that comes from
1014-400: Is meant to improve the lives of others, often done without expecting anything in return. It can benefit individuals, a non-profit, or a community A service project can directly address community needs, indirectly address community needs through research, organization, or community action; and provide research and advocacy for change in society, politics, and the environment. A community project
1053-473: Is to make it, who is to put it to use, and what resources are available for the task. The methods used by an individual in his or her mind or personal organizer , may be very different from the collection of planning techniques found in a corporate board-room, and the planning done by a project manager has different priorities and uses different tools to the planning done by an engineer or industrial designer . Product (business) In marketing ,
1092-608: The Greek πρό) and iacere , "to do". The word "project" thus originally meant "before an action". When the English language initially adopted the word, it referred to a plan of something, not to the act of actually carrying this plan out. Something performed in accordance with a project became known as an " object ". Every project has certain phases of development. Based on the Project Management Institute ,
1131-746: The NIGP Code . The NIGP Code is used by 33 states within the United States as well as thousands of cities, counties and political subdivisions. The NIGP Code is a hierarchical schema consisting of a 3 digit class, 5 digit class-item, 7 digit class-item-group, and an 11 digit class-item-group-detail. Applications of the NIGP Code include vendor registration, inventory item identification, contract item management, spend analysis, and strategic sourcing. A manufacturer usually provides an identifier for each particular design of product they make, known as
1170-407: The goal of the project, political factors, or any combination of those and other factors. Contracts often stipulate the time and the manner in which a project may be cancelled. Contracted projects typically have a specified end date, when the contract may or may not be renewed; nonrenewal often has the same effect as cancellation but carries different legal ramifications. A project consists of
1209-463: The health literacy . Online shopping is usually more informationally rich than shopping at physical stores traveled to and usually has higher comparability and customizability. Production information-related developments can be useful for enabling, facilitating, or shifting towards sustainable consumption and support more sustainable products . Environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely used for to assess environmental impacts across
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1248-548: The insurance industry, product lines are indicated by the type of risk coverage, such as auto insurance , commercial insurance and life insurance . Various classification systems for products have been developed for economic statistical purposes. The NAFTA signatories are working on a system that classifies products called NAPCS as a companion to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The European Union uses
1287-463: The systems thinking behind the top-down model . The subject touches such broad fields as psychology , game theory , communications and information theory , which inform the planning methods that people seek to use and refine; as well as logic and science (i.e. methodological naturalism) which serve as a means of testing different parts of a plan for reliability or consistency. The specific methods used to create and refine plans depend on who
1326-607: The life cycle of products. There are LCA datasets that assess all products in some supermarkets in a standardized way. Consumers may seek reliable information to evaluate relevant characteristics of products such as durability and reliability. Development of 'transparency by design' scenarios have been suggested to "complement the physical product with layers of digital information", improving transparency and traceability (T&T). The app CodeCheck gives some smartphone users some capability to scan products for assessed ingredients. Many labels are considered to be flawed and few have
1365-417: The project is usually in the form of a dissertation , which will contain sections on the project's inception, analysis, findings and conclusions. In project management, a project consists of a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product , service or result. Another definition is a management environment that is created for the purpose of delivering one or more business products according to
1404-727: The same as the manufacturer part number (MPN). Because of the huge amount of similar products in the automotive industry , there is a special kind of defining a car with options (marks, attributes) that represent the characteristics features of the vehicle. A model of a car is defined by some basic options like body, engine, gearbox, and axles. The variants of a model (often called the trim levels ) are built by some additional options like color, seats, wheels, mirrors, other trims, entertainment and assistant systems, etc. Options, that exclude each other (pairwise) build an option family. That means that you can choose only one option for each family and you have to choose exactly one option. In addition,
1443-480: The same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges." Many businesses offer a range of product lines which may be unique to a single organisation or may be common across the business's industry. In 2002 the US Census compiled revenue figures for the finance and insurance industry by various product lines such as "accident, health and medical insurance premiums" and "income from secured consumer loans". Within
1482-411: The time to "study the true environmental impact of every purchase". Full product transparency is a concept of making the full life-cycle impacts public. An important element that is required for various product information is supply chain transparency, which relates to human rights and supply chain sustainability . Produce traceability makes it possible to track produce from its point of origin to
1521-540: The use of land and related resources, for example in urban planning , transportation planning , etc. In a governmental context, "planning" without any qualification is most likely to mean the regulation of land use . See also zoning . Planners are the professionals that have the requisite training to take or make decisions that will help or balance the society in order to have a functional, aesthetic, and convenient environment. Concepts such as top-down planning (as opposed to bottom-up planning) reveal similarities with
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