The promenade deck is a deck found on several types of passenger ships and riverboats . It usually extends from bow to stern, on both sides, and includes areas open to the outside, resulting in a continuous outside walkway suitable for promenading (i.e., walking), thus the name.
22-398: On older passenger ships, the promenade deck was simply the top outside deck below the superstructure , and was enclosed by a railing. Lifeboats are typically kept on davits accessible from the promenade. A 1919 glossary of marine terminology defined the promenade deck as a deck above the ship's saloon, usually for the exclusive use of first-class passengers. On a Mississippi riverboat,
44-552: A baseline. This term is applied to various kinds of physical structures such as buildings , bridges , or ships . On water craft, the superstructure consists of the parts of the ship or a boat , including sailboats , fishing boats , passenger ships , and submarines , that project above her main deck. This does not usually include its masts or any armament turrets . Note that, in modern times, turrets do not always carry naval artillery . They can also carry missile launchers and/or antisubmarine warfare weapons. The size of
66-573: A building earthquake proof. Base isolation system consists of isolation units with or without isolation components , where: Isolation units could consist of shear or sliding units. This technology can be used for both new structural design and seismic retrofit . In process of seismic retrofit , some of the most prominent U.S. monuments, e.g. Pasadena City Hall , San Francisco City Hall , Salt Lake City and County Building or LA City Hall were mounted on base isolation systems . It required creating rigidity diaphragms and moats around
88-404: A lime plaster and sand mortar, known as Saroj mortar, was designed to move in the case of an earthquake. The top foundation layer, which formed a large plate that was in no way attached to the structure’s base, was composed of polished stones. The reason this second foundation was not tied down to the base was that in the case of an earthquake, this plate-like layer would be able to slide freely over
110-465: A structure against earthquake forces. It is a collection of structural elements which should substantially decouple a superstructure from its substructure that is in turn resting on the shaking ground, thus protecting a building or non-building structure 's integrity. Base isolation is one of the most powerful tools of earthquake engineering pertaining to the passive structural vibration control technologies. The isolation can be obtained by
132-443: A vessel requires along its sides, down to her waterline . In broad terms, the more and heavier superstructure that a ship possesses (as a fraction of her length), the less the freeboard that is needed. The span of a bridge, the portion that directly receives the live load, is referred to as the superstructure. In contrast, the abutment , piers , and other support structures are called the ' substructure '. In order to improve
154-418: A watercraft's superstructure can have many implications in the performance of ships and boats, since these structures can alter their structural rigidity, their displacements, and/or stability. These can be detrimental to any vessel's performance if they are taken into consideration incorrectly. The height and the weight of superstructure on board a ship or a boat also affects the amount of freeboard that such
176-581: The E-Defense shake table in Miki, Hyōgo, Japan. Seismic isolation research in the middle and late 1970s was largely predicated on the observation that most strong-motion records recorded up to that time had very low spectral acceleration values (2 sec) in the long-period range. Records obtained from lakebed sites in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake raised concerns of the possibility of resonance, but such examples were considered exceptional and predictable. One of
198-615: The National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo 's Ueno Park . Base isolation units consist of Linear-motion bearings , that allow the building to move, oil dampers that absorb the forces generated by the movement of the building, and laminated rubber bearings that allow the building to return to its original position when the earthquake has ended. Base isolator bearings were pioneered in New Zealand by Dr Bill Robinson during
220-623: The University at Buffalo is conducting a strategic assessment of the economic, technical, and procedural barriers to the widespread adoption of seismic isolation in the United States. NEES resources have been used for experimental and numerical simulation, data mining, networking and collaboration to understand the complex interrelationship among the factors controlling the overall performance of an isolated structural system. This project involves earthquake shaking table and hybrid tests at
242-429: The response during earthquakes of buildings and bridges, the superstructure may be separated from its foundation by various civil engineering mechanisms or machinery . All together, these implement the system of earthquake protection called base isolation . Base isolation Seismic base isolation , also known as base isolation , or base isolation system , is one of the most popular means of protecting
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#1732775654812264-399: The 1970s. The bearing, which consists of layers of rubber and steel with a lead core, was invented by Dr Robinson in 1974. Later, in 2018, the technology was commercialized by Kamalakannan Ganesan and subsequently made patent-free, allowing for broader access and application of this earthquake-resistant technology The earliest uses of base isolation systems date back all the way to 550 B.C. in
286-511: The NEES experimental facilities at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University at Buffalo, aimed at understanding ultimate performance limits to examine the propagation of local isolation failures (e.g., bumping against stops, bearing failures, uplift) to the system level response. These tests will include a full-scale, three-dimensional test of an isolated 5-story steel building on
308-402: The buildings, as well as making provisions against overturning and P-Delta Effect . Base isolation is also used on a smaller scale—sometimes down to a single room in a building. Isolated raised-floor systems are used to safeguard essential equipment against earthquakes. The technique has been incorporated to protect statues and other works of art—see, for instance, Rodin 's Gates of Hell at
330-708: The construction of the Tomb of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae , Iran. More than 90% of Iran’s territory, including this historic site, is located in the Alpine-Himalaya belt, which is one of the Earth’s most active seismic zones. Historians discovered that this structure, predominantly composed of limestone, was designed to have two foundations. The first and lower foundation, composed of stones that were bonded together with
352-487: The early examples of the earthquake design strategy is the one given by Dr. J.A. Calantariens in 1909. It was proposed that the building can be built on a layer of fine sand, mica or talc that would allow the building to slide in an earthquake, thereby reducing the forces transmitted to building. A detailed literature review of semi-active control systems Michael D. Symans et al. (1999) provides references to both theoretical and experimental research but concentrates on describing
374-532: The foundation) while in recent history, beside layers of gravel or sand as an isolation interface wooden logs between the ground and the foundation are used. Through the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation ( NEES ), researchers are studying the performance of base isolation systems. The project, a collaboration among researchers at University of Nevada, Reno ; University of California, Berkeley ; University of Wisconsin, Green Bay ; and
396-419: The mileage. Many cruise ships and cruiseferries built by Aker Finnyards and its predecessor Kvaerner Masa-Yards have a wide, multi-deck promenade running along the center-line of the ship through most of the superstructure, also referred to as a horizontal atrium. This allows the majority of cabins on the upper decks to have a window, either to the port or starboard side or to the promenade. This design
418-400: The promenade deck is the second deck, or floor, up from the waterline , above the main deck , and below the texas deck . On modern cruise ships with superstructures as high and broad as the hull, the promenade deck is often largely enclosed, with railing-lined "cutouts" and wooden decking to recall the old days. The promenade may be used for jogging as well as walking, and signs indicate
440-467: The structure’s first foundation. As historians discovered thousands of years later, this system worked exactly as its designers had predicted, and as a result, the Tomb of Cyrus the Great still stands today. The development of the idea of base isolation can be divided into two eras. In ancient times the isolation was performed through the construction of multilayered cut stones (or by laying sand or gravel under
462-495: The use of various techniques like rubber bearings, friction bearings, ball bearings, spring systems and other means. It is meant to enable a building or non-building structure to survive a potentially devastating seismic impact through a proper initial design or subsequent modifications. In some cases, application of base isolation can raise both a structure's seismic performance and its seismic sustainability considerably. Contrary to popular belief, base isolation does not make
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#1732775654812484-601: Was first used in the cruiseferries MS Silja Serenade and MS Silja Symphony , built in 1990 and 1991, respectively. This was notably carried onto the Voyager -class , Freedom -class and the Oasis -class cruise ships operated by Royal Caribbean International , where it is referred to as the Royal Promenade. Superstructure A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above
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