An announcer is a voice artist who relays information to the audience of a broadcast media programme or live event.
88-419: Some announcers work in television production , radio or filmmaking , usually providing narrations , news updates, station identification , or an introduction of a product in television commercials or a guest on a talk show . Music television announcers were also called video jockeys (VJ). Announcers are often voice actors who read prepared scripts, but in some cases, they have to ad-lib commentary on
176-638: A TV show , is the general reference to any content produced for viewing on a television set that is traditionally broadcast via over-the-air, satellite , or cable . This includes content made by television broadcasters with in-house productions and content made for broadcasting by film production companies. It excludes breaking news , advertisements , or trailers that are typically placed between shows. Television shows are most often scheduled for broadcast well ahead of time and appear on electronic guides or other TV listings , but streaming services often make them available for viewing anytime. The content in
264-451: A "leadline" or "walk-trot" division may be offered for small children or very inexperienced riders; and assorted "freestyle" classes, where a horse and rider perform a routine set to music, are also popular. Rodeos and horse pulling competitions are not technically horse shows, but they are competitive equestrian events, often with a great deal of prize money. Equestrian vaulting is not usually seen at ordinary horse shows, even though it
352-474: A Canadian show's season normally runs to a maximum of 13 episodes rather than 20 or more, although an exceptionally popular series such as Corner Gas or Murdoch Mysteries might receive 20-episode orders in later seasons. Canadian shows do not normally receive "back nine" extensions within the same season, however; even a popular series simply ends for the year when the original production order has finished airing, and an expanded order of more than 13 episodes
440-684: A concluding episode, which sometimes is a big series finale . On rare occasions, a series that has not attracted particularly high ratings and has been canceled can be given a reprieve if home video viewership has been particularly strong. This has happened in the cases of Family Guy in the US and Peep Show in the UK. In the United States, if the show is popular or lucrative, and a minimum number of episodes ( usually 100 ) have been made, it can go into broadcast syndication , where rights to broadcast
528-469: A given country. However, in North America, most horse shows provide the following range of classes: English riding classes fall into two primary styles, hunt seat and saddle seat . "Hunt type" or sport horse classes include dressage, show jumping and show hunters , eventing (also called horse trials), and English pleasure or Hunter Under Saddle, also known as a "flat" class, where the event
616-644: A horse or pony must perform a short "show" (solo performance) and jump a single fence between 2 feet and 3 feet 3 inches. Most shows also include show jumping and working hunter sections. The British Horse Society oversees many shows at national, regional and local level as does the Pony Club , the British Show Pony Society and the British Show Horse Association . Breed societies, particularly those related to
704-411: A license fee to the studio for the right to air the show. This license fee does not cover the show's production costs, leading to the deficit. Although the studio does not make its money back in the original airing of the show, it retains ownership of the show. This allows the studio to make its money back and earn a profit through syndication and sales of DVDs and Blu-rays . This system places most of
792-414: A linear/real time fashion), recorded on home video , a digital video recorder for later viewing, viewed on demand via a set-top box , or streamed over the internet . A television show is also called a television program ( British English : programme ), especially if it lacks a narrative structure . In the United States and Canada , a television series is usually released in episodes that follow
880-482: A lower profile than those aired during the main season and can also include limited series events. Reality and game shows have also been fixtures of the schedule. In Canada, the commercial networks air most US programming in tandem with the US television season, but their original Canadian shows follow a model closer to British than US television production. Due to the smaller production budgets available in Canada,
968-468: A narrative and are usually divided into seasons . In the UK, a television series is a yearly or semiannual set of new episodes. In effect, a "series" in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Australia is the same as a "season" in the United States and Canada. A small or one-off collection of episodes may also be called a limited series , TV special , or miniseries . A television film , or telefilm ,
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#17327717319971056-706: A number of events for horses and ponies driven in harness , including Fine harness classes for saddle seat-type horses, Roadster classes that use equipment similar to that of harness racing , and the FEI-sanctioned sport of combined driving . Miniature horses also have their own shows with a number of specialized classes. Most horse shows offer Halter classes, also called "breeding", "conformation", or "in-hand" classes. In these classes horses are led without saddles, not ridden, judging conformation and gaits . To train young equestrians in halter showing techniques, horse showmanship classes are offered. They are
1144-454: A person or company decides to create new content for television broadcast, they develop the show's elements, consisting of the concept , the characters , the crew , and the cast. Then they often "pitch" it to the various networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype for the first episode of the series, known as a pilot . Eric Coleman , an animation executive at Disney , told an interviewer, "One misconception
1232-440: A script is approved. A director is chosen to plan the episode's final look. Pre-production tasks include storyboarding; construction of sets, props, and costumes; casting guest stars; budgeting; acquiring resources like lighting, special effects, stunts, etc. Once the show is planned, it must then be scheduled: scenes are often filmed out of sequence, and guest actors or even regulars may only be available at certain times. Sometimes
1320-469: A small, close-knit production team. These are "pitched" in the traditional way, but since the creators handle all the writing requirements, there is a run of six or seven episodes per series once approval has been given. Many of the most popular British comedies have been made this way, including Monty Python's Flying Circus (albeit with an exclusive team of six writer-performers), Fawlty Towers , Blackadder and The Office . The production company
1408-443: A solid competitor might break even on entry fees and, if they are quite lucky, cover some travel expenses. Most money made from showing horses is indirectly earned by breeding fees paid for top horses, the sale of their offspring, or from the training fees paid to top trainers. Trophies are usually awarded to the first place horse in a class, depending on the size of the show. In a championship event, trophies may be awarded to both
1496-512: A television show is produced by one of two production methodologies : live taped shows such as variety and news magazine shows shot on an in-house television studio stage or sporting events (all considered linear productions.) The other production model includes animation and a variety of film productions ranging from movies to series. Shows not produced on a television studio stage are usually contracted or licensed to be made by appropriate production companies. Television shows can be viewed live (in
1584-576: A variety of tasks including presenting news, sports, weather, traffic, and music. Other duties include interviewing guests, making public appearances at promotional events, announcing station programming information. Announcers are also sometimes responsible for operating studio equipment and producing/selling advertisements. Television and radio announcers generally have a bachelor's degree in communications, broadcasting, or journalism. Some announcers cross "fields" by working in multiple media, such as television, radio, and commercials. For example, Bob Eubanks
1672-485: A variety of terms. In the United Kingdom and other countries, these sets of episodes are referred to as a "series". In Australia, the broadcasting may be different from North American usage. The terms series and season are both used and are the same. For example, Battlestar Galactica has an original series as well as a remake, both are considered a different series, each with their own number of individual seasons. Australian television does not follow "seasons" in
1760-480: Is a feature film created for broadcasting on television. The first television shows were experimental, sporadic broadcasts viewable only within a very short range from the broadcast tower starting in the 1930s. Televised events such as the 1936 Summer Olympics in Germany, the 1937 coronation of King George VI in the United Kingdom, and David Sarnoff's famous introduction at the 1939 New York World's Fair in
1848-595: Is a judged exhibition of horses and ponies . Many different horse breeds and equestrian disciplines hold competitions worldwide, from local to the international levels. Most horse shows run from one to three days, sometimes longer for major, all-breed events or national and international championships. Most shows consist of a series of different performances, called classes , wherein a group of horses with similar training or characteristics compete against one another for awards and, often, prize money. There are several international disciplines run under rules established by
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#17327717319971936-412: Is an FEI-recognized equestrian sport. Games, such as Gymkhana or O-Mok-See competition are usually held separately from ordinary horse shows, though a few of these "speed" events may be thrown in as "fun classes", particularly at 4-H , Pony Club , and other small shows. Prize money is sometimes awarded, particularly at larger competitions. The sum varies by the placing of the rider, the prestige of
2024-412: Is applied to the next season's renewal order rather than an extension of the current season. Only the public CBC Television normally schedules Canadian-produced programming throughout the year; the commercial networks typically now avoid scheduling Canadian productions to air in the fall, as such shows commonly get lost amid the publicity onslaught of the US fall season. Instead, Canadian-produced shows on
2112-462: Is complete, producers coordinate tasks to begin the video editing . Visual and digital video effects are added to the film; this is often outsourced to companies specializing in these areas. Often music is performed with the conductor using the film as a time reference (other musical elements may be previously recorded). An editor cuts the various pieces of film together, adds the musical score and effects, determines scene transitions, and assembles
2200-464: Is done to increase profits, as seen with shows such as The Witcher . Since at least the 2000s, new broadcast television series are often ordered (funded) for just the first 10 to 13 episodes, to gauge audience interest. If a series is popular, the network places a "back nine order" and the season is completed to the regular 20 to 26 episodes. An established series that is already popular, however, will typically receive an immediate full-season order at
2288-420: Is judged on presentation, manners and rideability of the horse. "Saddle seat" or "saddle type" classes are all on the flat and are variations on English Pleasure, though the high action "Park" style classes differ because they emphasize brilliant trotting action. Equitation classes judge the form and ability of the rider. Show jumping, eventing and dressage are sometimes called "Olympic" events, because they are
2376-628: Is often separate from the broadcaster. The executive producer , often the show's creator, is in charge of running the show. They pick the crew and help cast the actors, approve and sometimes write series plots—some even write or direct major episodes—while various other producers help to ensure that the show runs smoothly. Very occasionally, the executive producer will cast themselves in the show. As with filmmaking or other electronic media production, producing of an individual episode can be divided into three parts: pre-production , principal photography , and post-production . Pre-production begins when
2464-404: Is that it's very difficult to get in and pitch your show, when the truth is that development executives at networks want very much to hear ideas. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they're looking for." To create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If audiences respond well to the pilot, the network will pick up the show to air it
2552-724: The Fédération équestre internationale (FEI): The rules of the FEI govern competitions open to riders from all nations, including the Olympic games and the World Equestrian Games . At the other end of the competition spectrum, Pony Club is an international movement that teaches young people riding skills suitable for English riding competitions. To help develop positive experience and good sportsmanship, Pony Clubs also sponsor horse shows open only to young people under
2640-519: The BBC . Half-hour programs are around 22 minutes on commercial channels and around 28 minutes on the BBC. The longer duration on the BBC is due to the lack of advertising breaks. In France, most television shows (whether dramas, game shows or documentaries) have a duration of 52 minutes. This is the same on nearly all French networks (TF1, France 2, France 5, M6, Canal+, etc.). Horse show A horse show
2728-891: The British Showjumping Association (BSJA), and eventing is overseen by British Eventing . The United States Equestrian Federation is the American national body for equestrian sport and is also the recognized entity overseeing the Olympic-level United States Equestrian Team . It also organizes and sponsors horse shows for many horse breeds who wish to use the drug testing, judge certification and standardized rulemaking process of USEF. In addition, USEF sanctions events in disciplines and lower-level competitive areas that are not internationally recognized, such as show hunter and equitation . Other US organizations such as
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2816-740: The National Cutting Horse Association , United States Eventing Association (USEA) and United States Dressage Federation (USDF) organize competitions for specific disciplines, such as cutting , and some breed organizations such as the American Quarter Horse Association sanction their own breed-specific shows. Horse shows in the United States take several forms: Some are restricted to a particular breed, others are "open" or "all-breed" horse shows, which offer classes to all breeds as well as breed-specific classes for many different breeds. In
2904-709: The Welsh pony and Arabian horse , also organise their own shows. At local, unaffiliated level, riding clubs across Britain organise regular shows, which are often staffed by volunteers. The newly formed Showing Council is working towards officially overseeing all horse shows (non-FEI disciplines). The Olympic equestrian disciplines are overseen by the British Equestrian Federation . There are several subdivisions. Dressage competitions are held separately from regular horse shows and are overseen by British Dressage , show jumping competitions are overseen by
2992-816: The Australian Show Horse scene. The governing body for Equestrian activities in Canada is Equine Canada (EC). In the United Kingdom there is a distinct difference between "horse competitions" such as dressage or eventing and horse shows. Horse shows provide an opportunity for riders and owners to exhibit their animals without taking part in any of the Olympic disciplines. Classes are divided into ridden and in-hand sections and there are many different classes for different horses and ponies. For example, there are classes for mountain and moorland pony breeds , show hunters , show hacks , equitation , and show pony classes . Many clubs hold riding club classes, where
3080-463: The DVD and Blu-ray releases. In the UK and Ireland, most programs are referred to as 'series' while 'season' is starting to be used for some US and international releases. The 1980s and 1990s was the golden age of television miniseries attracting millions of Egyptians. For example, The Family of Mr Shalash miniseries, starring Salah Zulfikar and Laila Taher , was the highest rated at the time. In
3168-687: The Equestrian Australia's Victorian branch (now known as EV). Fran Cleland is the wife of Reg Cleland who was the longest serving Chairman of the Victorian branch of the EFA which was in turn responsible for running The Barastoc Horse of The Year Show the premier horse Show in Australia for over 40 years and under the direction of Fran Cleland introduced Newcomer, Show-hunter, leading rein, first ridden, owner rider and working Hunter classes into
3256-490: The UK. In Australia, many locally produced shows are termed differently on home video releases. For example, a set of the television drama series Packed to the Rafters or Wentworth is referred to as "season" ("The Complete First Season", etc.), whereas drama series such as Tangle are known as a "series" ("Series 1", etc.). British-produced shows such as Mrs. Brown's Boys are referred to as "season" in Australia for
3344-460: The US occurred on January 1, 1954. During the following ten years, most network broadcasts, and nearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white. The color transition was announced for the fall of 1965, during which over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later. In 1972, the last holdout among daytime network shows converted to color, resulting in
3432-407: The United States spurred growth in the medium, but World War II put a halt to development until after the war. The 1947 World Series inspired many Americans to buy their first television set, and then in 1948, the popular radio show Texaco Star Theater made the move and became the first weekly televised variety show , earning host Milton Berle the name "Mr. Television", and demonstrating that
3520-553: The United States, dramas produced for hour-long time slots typically are 37–42 minutes in length (excluding advertisements), while sitcoms produced for 30-minute time slots typically are 18–21 minutes long. There are exceptions: subscription-based TV channels, such as HBO , Starz, Cinemax, and Showtime, have episodes that are 45–48 minutes long, similar to the UK. Audience opinions of length have varied due to factors such as content overload . In Britain, dramas typically run from 46–48 minutes on commercial channels, and 57–59 minutes on
3608-456: The age of 18 and their horses. Various nations have similar programs for developing young equestrians, such as the 4-H program in the United States. Horse shows in Australia are governed by Equestrian Australia (EA), Show Horse Council of Australia and different breed societies. Much of the development of the show horse discipline (also referred to as saddle horse) was developed over the last 40 years by Fran Cleland through her involvement with
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3696-421: The air when presenting news, sports, weather , time, and television commercials . Occasionally, announcers are also involved in writing the screenplay or scripts when one is required. Sometimes announcers also interview guests and moderate panels or discussions. Some provide commentary for the audience during sporting events (known as sports announcers ), parades , and other events. Announcers perform
3784-425: The attendees information about performing acts, speakers, players, score (such as a goal or touchdown), infractions, or the results of the event. Announcers may be specialized according to sport; for instance, a horse race announcer provides a rapid-fire second-by-second account of the race (as well as introducing the entries before the race), while a horse show announcer is the "voice of management" and helps keep
3872-458: The case of many documentaries and fictional series). They could be primarily instructional , educational , or entertaining, as is the case in situation comedy and game shows . A drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures. Before the 1980s, shows (except for soap opera -type serials ) typically remained static without story arcs , and
3960-478: The champion and the reserve champion, and at a national or international show trophies are sometimes given to the top five to ten competitors. Other types of objects, such as dishes, trays, or plates, are sometimes given out as alternates to trophies. Medals are given at international events such as the World Equestrian Games and the Olympics . Usually only three medals—gold, silver, and bronze—are awarded to
4048-465: The commercial networks typically air either in the winter as mid-season replacements for canceled US shows or in the summer (which may also improve their chances of being picked up by a US network for a summer run). While network orders for 13- or 22-episode seasons are still pervasive in the television industry, several shows have deviated from this traditional trend. Written to be closed-ended and of shorter length than other shows, they are marketed with
4136-448: The completed show. Most television networks throughout the world are 'commercial', dependent on selling advertising time or acquiring sponsors . Broadcasting executives' main concern over their programming is audience size. In the past, the number of 'free to air' stations was restricted by the availability of channel frequencies, but cable TV (outside the United States, satellite television ) technology has allowed an expansion in
4224-452: The episode. Director, actors, and crew gather at a television studio or on location for filming or videoing a scene. A scene is further divided into shots, which should be planned during pre-production. Depending on scheduling, a scene may be shot in non-sequential order of the story. Conversations may be filmed twice from different camera angles , often using stand-ins, so one actor might perform all their lines in one set of shots, and then
4312-480: The equestrian sports included in the Olympic Games . Western or stock horse competition includes working cattle events, such as cutting , team penning and working cow horse in the United States, and campdrafting in Australia. They also include "dry" classes (without cattle) that include western pleasure , reining and equitation . There are also specialized classes for draft horse showing , and
4400-402: The era and subject covered, these trucks were normally crewed by up to 15 skilled operators and production personnel. In the UK for most of the 20th century, the BBC was the preeminent provider of outside broadcast coverage. BBC crews worked on almost every major event, including Royal weddings and funerals, major political and sporting events, and even drama programs. Once principal photography
4488-653: The exact minute. In fact Mauricio Lomonte , an announcer for this station, said: It's hard work, because other than knowing the extent of this radio station, you have to talk for an entire hour, reading the news at first sight, without some preparation first, it takes a lot from the announcers, that's why it needs a lot of experience, focus and interpretation when being on air. Radio announcers are often known as disc jockeys (DJs). While some read from scripts, others completely ad-lib. These DJs' tasks consist of on-air interviewing, taking/responding to listener requests, running contests, and making remarks about various subjects like
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#17327717319974576-554: The financial risk on the studios; however, a hit show in the syndication and home video markets can more than make up for the misses. Although deficit financing places minimal financial risk on the networks, they lose out on the future profits of big hits since they are only licensing the shows. Costs are recouped mainly by advertising revenues for broadcast networks and some cable channels, while other cable channels depend on subscriptions. In general, advertisers, and consequently networks that depend on advertising, are more interested in
4664-434: The first completely all-color network season. Television shows are more varied than most other forms of media due to the wide variety of formats and genres that can be presented. A show may be fictional (as in comedies and dramas ), or non-fictional (as in documentary , news , and reality television ). It may be topical (as in the case of a local newscast and some made-for-television films), or historical (as in
4752-422: The halter equivalent of equitation because the handler, not the horse, is judged. Classes may be broken down by the age of horse or rider, by the number of first place ribbons earned by horse or rider, and by size or breed of horse or pony. In addition, there are numerous other regional or specialty classes that may be offered. Various types of costume classes are frequently offered; sidesaddle classes are common;
4840-457: The last few decades, American open horse shows have tended to become specialized by discipline into hunter - jumper or "sport horse" shows, dressage shows, and shows featuring English or Western riding events. However, there are still some multi-day, all-breed events that feature multiple breeds and disciplines. There are a range of competitive equestrian events available and specific offerings range widely by nation and even by region within
4928-452: The last half of the episodes are sometimes referred to with the letter B as in "The last nine episodes (of The Sopranos ) will be part of what is being called either 'Season 6, Part 2' or 'Season 6B ' ", or " Futurama is splitting its seasons similar to how South Park does, doing half a season at a time, so this is season 6B for them." Since the 1990s, these shorter seasons also have been referred to as "split" or "half" seasons, which
5016-650: The later series Babylon 5 further exemplifies such structure in that it had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a larger component of major media companies' revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of some television programs. In 2012, Academy Award-winning film director Steven Soderbergh , commenting on ambiguity and complexity of character and narrative, stated: "I think those qualities are now being seen on television, and that people who want to see stories that have those kinds of qualities are watching television." When
5104-474: The main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters' lives during the episode , it was usually undone by the end. Due to this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, many series feature progressive change in the plot, the characters, or both. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first US prime time drama television series to have this kind of dramatic structure, while
5192-645: The medium was a stable, modern form of entertainment that could attract advertisers . The first national live television broadcast in the US took place on September 4, 1951, when President Harry Truman 's speech at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco was transmitted over AT&T 's transcontinental cable and microwave radio relay system to broadcast stations in local markets. The first national color broadcast (the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade ) in
5280-417: The networks; it could originate from an independent production company (sometimes a product of both). For instance, the BBC 's long-running soap opera EastEnders is wholly a BBC production, whereas its popular drama Life on Mars was developed by Kudos in association with the broadcaster. There are still a significant number of programs (usually sitcoms ) that are built by just one or two writers and
5368-421: The next quarter to induce consumers to renew at least one more quarter. A standard television season in the United States runs predominantly during autumn . During the summer months of June through roughly mid-September, network schedules typically feature reruns of their flagship programs, first-run series with lower rating expectations, and other specials. First-run scripted series are typically shorter and of
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#17327717319975456-445: The next season. Sometimes they save it for mid-season or request rewrites and additional review. Other times, they pass entirely, forcing the show's creator to "shop it around" to other networks. Many shows never make it past the pilot stage. The method of "team writing" is employed on some longer dramatic series (usually running up to a maximum of around 13 episodes). The idea for such a program may be generated "in-house" by one of
5544-503: The number of channels available to viewers (sometimes at premium rates) in a much more competitive environment. In the United States, the average broadcast network drama costs $ 3 million an episode to produce, while cable dramas cost $ 2 million on average. The pilot episode may be more expensive than a regular episode. In 2004, Lost 's two-hour pilot cost $ 10 to $ 14 million, in 2008, Fringe 's two-hour pilot cost $ 10 million, and in 2010, Boardwalk Empire
5632-427: The number of episodes would decrease. Australian situation comedy series' seasons are approximately 13 episodes long and premiere any time between February and November. British shows have tended toward shorter series in recent years. For example, the first series of long-running science fiction show Doctor Who in 1963 featured forty-two 25‑minute episodes, and continued with a similar number each year until it
5720-533: The number of viewers within the 18–49 age range than in the total number of viewers. Advertisers are willing to pay more to advertise on shows successful with young adults because they watch less television and are harder to reach. According to Advertising Age , during the 2007–08 season, Grey's Anatomy was able to charge $ 419,000 per commercial, compared to only $ 248,000 for a commercial during CSI , despite CSI having almost five million more viewers on average. Due to its strength with younger viewers, Friends
5808-533: The other side of the conversation is filmed from the opposite perspective. To complete a production on time, a second unit may be filming a different scene on another set or location at the same time, using a different set of actors, an assistant director, and a second unit crew. A director of photography supervises the lighting of each shot to ensure consistency. Live events are usually covered by Outside Broadcast crews using mobile television studios, known as scanners or OB trucks. Although varying greatly depending on
5896-454: The outset of the season. A midseason replacement is a less-expensive short-run show of generally 10 to 13 episodes designed to take the place of an original series that failed to garner an audience and has not been picked up. A "series finale" is the last show of the series before the show is no longer produced. (In the UK, it means the end of a season, what is known in the United States as a " season finale".) Streaming services time finales to
5984-427: The pages of two voices must have between 15 and 16 lines written, and those of one voice, between 13 and 15. If the information meets that requirement and the announcer from the beginning reads at an appropriate pace, must conclude at the exact minute. However, it may happen that some minutes the editors leave them a little long. Faced with this situation, the speaker accelerates the pace of his reading, in order to finish
6072-420: The principal photography of different episodes must be done at the same time, complicating the schedule (a guest star might shoot scenes from two episodes on the same afternoon). Complex scenes are translated from storyboard to animatics to further clarify the action. Scripts are adjusted to meet altering requirements. Some shows have a small stable of directors, but also usually rely on outside directors. Given
6160-409: The program are then resold for cash or put into a barter exchange (offered to an outlet for free in exchange for airing additional commercials elsewhere in the station's broadcast day). The terminology used to define a set of episodes produced by a television series varies from country to country. In North American television, a series is a connected set of television program episodes that run under
6248-492: The same number of episodes per year as a drama. This is a reduction from the 1950s, in which many US shows (e.g. Gunsmoke ) had between 29 and 39 episodes per season. Actual storytelling time within a commercial television hour has also gradually reduced over the years, from 50 minutes out of every 60 to the current 44 (and even less on some networks), beginning in the early 21st century. The usage of "season" and "series" differ for DVD and Blu-ray releases in both Australia and
6336-413: The same title, possibly spanning many seasons. During the 1950s, it was common for television seasons to consist of more than 30 episodes—however, the average length has been declining since. Until the 1980s, most new programs for the US broadcast networks debuted in the "fall season", which ran from September through March and nominally contained 24 to 26 episodes. These episodes were rebroadcast during
6424-412: The schedule. In recent years, a new season would begin in early February, and the season finale would broadcast in early December. Since Home and Away ' s inception, it normally receives 230 episodes per season. Some seasons have seen between 205 and 235 episodes commissioned. During the Olympics , Home and Away would often go on hiatus, which was referred to as an "Olympic cliffhanger". Therefore,
6512-455: The show moving, plays select music and makes announcements during the show. A baseball announcer may simply introduce the next batter or recap the previous half- inning . Public address announcers may be notable due to their longevity, or tenure with a popular team or venue. Some announcers, particularly in horse racing, may also be known for television or radio work. Television production A television show , TV program , or simply
6600-472: The show, and the difficulty of the class. Horse shows do not offer cash purses as large as in the Thoroughbred racing industry, though a few of the biggest show jumping, cutting and reining competitions may offer purse money into the low five figures. However, most show horses in the United States, especially those at the amateur levels, rarely win significant cash prizes during their show career. At best,
6688-534: The specified broadcast programming time slot. If the Nielsen ratings are good, the show is kept alive as long as possible. If not, the show is usually canceled . The show's creators are then left to shop around for remaining episodes, and the possibility of future episodes, on other networks. On especially successful series, the producers sometimes call a halt to a series on their own like Seinfeld , The Cosby Show , Corner Gas , and M*A*S*H and end it with
6776-514: The spring (or summer) season, from April through August. Because of cable television and the Nielsen sweeps , the "fall" season now normally extends to May. Thus, a "full season" on a broadcast network now usually runs from September through May for at least 22 episodes. A full season is sometimes split into two separate units with a hiatus around the end of the calendar year, such as the first season of Jericho on CBS. When this split occurs,
6864-405: The text on time. Sometimes when the news is short, the announcer completes it with the so-called queues, which are important ephemeris, curious facts, congratulations to personalities. It may also be the case that information has the lines, in correspondence with its format, but has several points and followed. This implies that the announcer pauses, and has to speed up the reading rhythm to finish on
6952-418: The time constraints of broadcasting, a single show might have two or three episodes in pre-production, one or two episodes in principal photography, and a few more in various stages of post-production. The task of directing is complex enough that a single director can usually not work on more than one episode or show at a time, hence the need for multiple directors. Principal photography is the actual filming of
7040-408: The top three individuals or teams. Rosettes or ribbons are often given for the top placings in a class. Often ribbons are given through the top six place entries, although some of the larger shows may award ribbons to the top ten. Ribbon color varies from country to country, as shown in the following chart. Champion & Reserve Champion ribbons are commonly called Tri-colors . They are usually
7128-502: The way that US television does; for example, there is no " fall season" or "fall schedule". For many years, popular night-time dramas in Australia would run for much of the year, and would only go into recess during the summer period (December to February, as Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere), when ratings are not taken. Therefore, popular dramas would usually run from February through November each year. This schedule
7216-522: The weather, traffic, sports, and other news. Most radio announcers announce the artists and titles of songs, but don't necessarily choose what song airs on the radio. Many stations have a management teams who select the songs ahead of time. Today radio stations have DJs update the station's website with music, guest interviews, show schedules, and photos. Radio announcers are also known radio jockeys (RJ). Public address (PA) announcers work in physical locations, including sporting venues . They will give
7304-404: Was $ 18 million for the first episode. In 2011, Game of Thrones was $ 5 to $ 10 million, Pan Am cost an estimated $ 10 million, while Terra Nova 's two-hour pilot was between $ 10 and $ 20 million. Many scripted network television shows in the United States are financed through deficit financing: a studio finances the production cost of a show and a network pays
7392-495: Was able to charge almost three times as much for a commercial as Murder, She Wrote , even though the two series had similar total viewer numbers at that time. Glee and The Office drew fewer total viewers than NCIS during the 2009–10 season, but earned an average of $ 272,694 and $ 213,617 respectively, compared to $ 150,708 for NCIS. After production, the show is handed over to the television network , which sends it out to its affiliate stations , which broadcast it in
7480-546: Was cancelled. The revival of Doctor Who from 2005 has comprised thirteen 45‑minute installments. There are some series in the UK that have a larger number of episodes, for example Waterloo Road started with 8 to 12 episodes, but from series three onward it increased to twenty episodes and series seven will contain 30 episodes. Recently, US non-cable networks have also begun to experiment with shorter series for some programs, particularly reality shows, such as Survivor . They often air two series per year, resulting in roughly
7568-416: Was in radio then became a television game show host, occasionally doing both jobs at the same time, and Townsend Coleman III started in radio then became a free-lance voice-over announcer and went on to voice cartoons. In some radio stations (mainly news), the announcers must have special skill, dexterity and agility when transmitting information. An example of this is the news station Radio Reloj , where
7656-399: Was reduced to twenty-five for 1970 to accommodate changes in production and significantly reducing the actors' workload) and continued to 1984. For 1985 fewer but longer episodes were shown, but even after a return to shorter episodes in 1986, lack of support within the BBC meant fewer episodes were commissioned leading to only fourteen 25‑minute episodes up to those in 1989 after which it
7744-459: Was used in the 1970s for popular dramas, including Number 96 . Many drama series, such as McLeod's Daughters , have received between 22 and 32 episodes per season. Typically, soap operas , which have always run in season format in Australia, such as Home and Away , would usually begin a new season in late January, while the season finale would air in late November, as the show is off air for two months, or sometimes longer, depending on
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