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48-773: The Paso Fino name means 'fine step'. The Paso Fino is a blend of the Barb , Spanish Jennet , and Andalusian horse and was bred by Spanish land owners in Puerto Rico and Colombia to be used in the plantations because of their endurance and comfortable ride. All Pasos share their heritage with the Peruvian Paso , the American Mustangs , and other descendants of Colonial Spanish Horses . Puerto Rican and Colombian horses, as well as Paso Finos from Cuba and other tropical countries, have been interbred frequently in

96-446: A purebred gene pool to the point of extinction of a given breed of organism. Cats: The many newly developed and recognized breeds of domestic cat are crossbreeds between existing, well-established breeds (sometimes with limited hybridization with some wild species), to either combine selected traits from the foundation stock , or propagate a rare mutation without excessive inbreeding . However, some nascent breeds such as

144-469: A "breed" rather than a crossbreed. There are disadvantages to creating designer crossbreeds, notably the potential that the cross will be of inferior quality or that it will not produce as consistent a result as would breeding purebred animals. For example, the Poodle is a frequent breed used in creation of designer crossbreeds, due to its non-shedding coat, but that trait does not always breed true when it

192-514: A 75/25 cross, or a BC1 or F1b " backcross ." The breeding of two crossbreeds of the same combination of breeds, creating an F2 cross, an animal that is still a 50–50 cross, but it is the second filial generation of the combination. An F2 cross bred to an F2 cross creates an F3 cross. Similarly, an F2 animal bred to an F1 animal creates an F2b backcross. F3 crosses and greater are called "multi-generational" crosses. In dog breeding, three generations of reliable documented breeding can be considered

240-405: A generation having traits of both parents. Sheep: The large number of breeds of sheep, which vary greatly, creates an opportunity for crossbreeding to be used to tailor production of lambs to the goal of the individual stockman. Llamas: Results of crossbreeding classic and woolly breeds of llama are unpredictable. The resulting offspring displays physical characteristics of either parent, or

288-703: A high-quality Barb horse rather than an Arabian. Other notable Barb horses included the Curwen Barb and the Toulouse Barb , both influential in the early development of the Thoroughbred breed. The Barb is now bred primarily in Algeria , Morocco , Spain and southern France . Due to difficult economic times in North Africa, the number of purebred Barbs is decreasing. The World Organization of

336-508: A mix of characteristics from both, periodically producing a fleeced llama. The results are increasingly unpredictable when both parents are crossbreeds, with possibility of the offspring displaying characteristics of a grandparent, not obvious in either parent. Dogs: A crossbred dog is a cross between two (sometimes more) known breeds, and is usually distinguished from a mixed-breed dog , which has ancestry from many sources, some of which may not be known. Crossbreeds are popular, due to

384-465: A mutt or a mongrel , its entire pedigree is known to descend from specific known animals. While the term is best known when applied to certain dog crossbreeds , other animals such as cattle, horses, birds and cats may also be bred in this fashion. Some crossbred breeders start a freestanding breed registry to record designer crossbreds, other crossbreds may be included in an "appendix" to an existing purebred registry. either form of registration may be

432-536: A rancher who visited Colombia and purchased quite a number of the horses to work his cattle. He introduced the second strain into the US. While the two strains are still bred individually to retain their purity, they are also crossbred to produce the best of both strains. Today, the Paso Fino Horse Association (PFHA) oversees and regulates registered Paso Finos in the US. It was founded in 1972 under

480-551: A slightly different, unevenly timed diagonal four-beat gait, known as the trocha, which is similar to the fox trot , and very smooth. While some Paso Finos will perform the trocha, it is discouraged and considered a fault in the purebred Paso Fino. In Colombia the "trocha" has evolved, becoming a separate genealogical line. It is inherited in a manner similar to the lateral ambling gaits of the purebred Paso Fino. Trocha rivals in popularity with paso fino in Colombia, but crossbreeding

528-500: A true-breeding population and have a closed stud book . Other types of recognized crossbreeding include that within the American Quarter Horse , which will register horses with one Thoroughbred parent and one registered Quarter Horse parent in the "Appendix" registry, and allow such animals full breed registration status as Quarter Horses if they meet a certain performance standard. Another well-known crossbred horse

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576-420: A yak and an American bison ). The Incas recognized that hybrids of Lama glama (llama) and Vicugna pacos (alpaca) resulted in a hybrid with none of the advantages of either parent. At one time it was thought that dogs and wolves were separate species, and the crosses between dogs and wolves were called wolf hybrids. Today wolves and dogs are both recognized as Canis lupus , but the old term "wolf hybrid"

624-441: Is known, may also be called a crossbreed though the term "mixed breed" is technically more accurate. Outcrossing is a type of crossbreeding used within a purebred breed to increase the genetic diversity within the breed, particularly when there is a need to avoid inbreeding . In animal breeding, crossbreeds are crosses within a single species, while hybrids are crosses between different species. In plant breeding terminology,

672-557: Is now avoided. Another Colombian breed performs what is known as trote y galope. The trote y galope horses perform an exaggerated diagonal two-beat trot and a very collected canter, but they do share some common heritage with the Paso Fino. Not as well known as Paso Fino, these variants are just beginning to be recognized in the United States. Paso Finos are versatile and are used in many disciplines. They have horse shows for

720-431: Is often called a "moggie". A horse of unknown bloodlines is called a grade horse . A designer crossbreed or designer breed is a crossbred animal with purebred parents, usually registered with a breed registry , but from two different breeds . These animals are the result of a deliberate decision to create a specific crossbred animal. Less often, the animal may have more than two pure breeds in its ancestry, but unlike

768-473: Is prized for its fine or delicate step, while the Colombian Paso Fino tends to have more of a rapid, piston -like action. This is a lively horse that has a natural drive and willingness, known colloquially as "brio", and generally an amiable disposition. Paso Finos come in a variety of colors, sizes and body types, but the even four-beat gait and brio are present in all good representatives of

816-423: Is still used. A mixed-breed animal is defined as having undocumented or unknown parentage, while a crossbreed generally has known, usually purebred parents of two distinct breeds or varieties. A dog of unknown parentage is often called a mixed-breed dog, "mutt" or " mongrel ." A cat of unknown parentage is often referred to as a domestic short-haired or domestic long-haired cat generically, and in some dialects

864-479: Is the Anglo-Arabian , which may be produced by a purebred Arabian horse crossed on a Thoroughbred, or by various crosses of Anglo-Arabians with other Anglo-Arabians, as long as the ensuing animal never has more than 75% or less than 25% of each breed represented in its pedigree. A hybrid animal is one with parentage of two separate species, differentiating it from crossbred animals, which have parentage of

912-455: The Aegean cat are developed entirely from a local landrace population. Most experimental cat breeds are crossbreeds. Cattle: In cattle, there are systems of crossbreeding. In many crossbreeds, one animal is larger than the other. One is used when the purebred females are particularly adapted to a specific environment, and are crossed with purebred bulls from another environment to produce

960-701: The Numidians . Before this distinction, the term "Barb horse" was often synonymous with the Spanish Jennet or Zenata horse, referring to horses bred by the Moors (the European term for the conquerors of Al-Andalus ) in the Iberian Peninsula . When imported to Europe, Barbs were sometimes mistaken for Arabians, although they have distinctly different physical characteristics. Europeans noted

1008-421: The warmblood breeds used in the sport horse disciplines, usually registered in an open stud book by a studbook selection procedure that evaluates conformation, pedigree and, in some animals, a training or performance standard. Most warmblood breeds began as a cross of draft horse breeds on Thoroughbreds , but have, in some cases, developed over the past century to the point where they are considered to be

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1056-618: The 14th century. The Barb horses were valued by other Europeans, including the Italians, whose noble families established large racing stables. During the 16th century, Henry VIII purchased a number of Barbary horses from Federico Gonzaga of Mantua , importing seven mares and a stallion. He continued to buy other Barbs and Andalusians. After the Royal Stables were sold off under Cromwell, private owners in England continued to value

1104-855: The Barb Horse, founded in Algeria in 1987, was formed to promote and preserve the breed. In 2014, the International Equestrian Federation recognized the Barb horse as their Horse of Honor at the World Equestrian Games in Normandy. The Barb may have had more influence on the racing breeds throughout the world than any other horse except the Arabian . Berber invaders from North Africa took their horses,

1152-412: The Barb has the same stamina and endurance, the same ability to thrive on meager rations, and the same sure-footedness and speed over short distances. The Barb also was valued for its "strong, short-coupled body, perfect for collection — the posture that makes weight-bearing easiest for the horse—its eagerness to learn and its gentle nature." Because of these characteristics, beginning in the 16th century,

1200-859: The Barbs and used them to develop the Thoroughbred . The influence of the Barb is also evident in the Argentinian Criollo , the Paso Fino , and many other Western Hemisphere breeds, including the American Quarter Horse , the Mustang and the Appaloosa . Despite its importance as a progenitor of other breeds, the Barb is less renowned than the Arab, possibly because it was considered a less attractive-looking breed. In other important qualities,

1248-415: The United States invaded Puerto Rico in 1898, the Paso Fino played a first-order role in transportation as well as agricultural work. Manchado, a notable horse of the time owned by Don Nicolás Quiñones Cabezudo of Caguas, was said to be "so fine that it gaited at liberty without its rider in the town square when asked." In 1927 the most influential sire in the modern Puerto Rican Paso Fino breed, Dulce Sueño,

1296-587: The United States to produce the modern American Paso Fino show horse. On the second voyage of Christopher Columbus from Spain to the Americas in 1493, he disembarked with his soldiers, 20 horses and 5 mares on the island of Borinquen at the bay of Aguada (today Añasco ), and gave the region the name San Juan Bautista. Soon after, in May 1509, the first governor of the island, Juan Ponce de León , brought horses to Puerto Rico from his hacienda , El Higuey, located on

1344-529: The association of owners of saddle horses." The rise of the Paso Fino in the United States began in the 1950s and 1960s. The first Paso Finos in the United States were imported by members of the armed services, who purchased the horses while stationed in Puerto Rico. This stock provided some of the first Paso Finos bred in the United States. Colombian Pasos came to the United States beginning with

1392-451: The belief that they have increased vigor without loss of attractiveness of the dog. Certain planned crossbreeding between purebred dogs of different breeds are now widely known as "designer dogs" and can produce puppies worth more than their purebred parents, due to a high demand. Horses: Crossbreeding horses is often done with the intent of ultimately creating a new breed of horse. One type of modern crossbreeding in horses created many of

1440-589: The breed only, but are also seen competing in all-breed disciplines such as trail riding and endurance competition, driving and gymkhana . Barb (horse) The Barb horse , also known as the Barbary horse ( Arabic : حصان بربري ), is a breed of riding horse with historic roots in North Africa . Known for its hardiness and stamina, it has influenced a number of modern breeds, including many in northern and western Africa. The first recorded use of

1488-561: The breed. The Paso Fino executes a natural evenly spaced four-beat lateral ambling gait, similar to many gaited horses . Both the Colombian and the Puerto Rican strains of the Paso Fino execute the lateral gait naturally, without the aid of training devices. The Paso Fino's gaits are performed at varied levels of extension in stride. All four hooves travel close to the ground while in motion and are lifted equally in height as

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1536-419: The first step in recording and tracking pedigrees in order to develop a new breed. The purpose of creating designer crossbreds is usually one or more of the following reasons: Breeders of designer crossbreds borrow the technical language from hybrid plant breeding: A first generation, 50–50 crossbred is an F1 cross . Subsequent generations may see a purebred animal crossed back on a crossbred, creating

1584-609: The forerunners of today's Barbs, to Europe from the early eighth century onwards. Once established with settlers on the Iberian Peninsula , the Barb horse was bred with Spanish stock under 300 years of Umayyad patronage to develop the Andalusian (and the Lusitano ). The Andalusian was highly prized and it was used for major development stock in horse breeding all over the world. Historical references to "Barbary" horses include Roan Barbary, owned by King Richard II of England in

1632-408: The hooves are hard. The Paso Fino often has a thick mane and tail. It is found in all horse colors and there are no restrictions by the various breed associations. The Puerto Rican Paso Fino is the only breed in which tiger eye was found, which usually lightens the eyes to a striking amber, yellow, or bright orange color. The action of the two strains is somewhat different. The Puerto Rican Paso Fino

1680-492: The horse covers ground. At whatever speed the horse travels, the smoothness of the gait ideally allows the rider to appear motionless with little up and down movement. Only a few Paso Finos can perform a true classic fino, but the majority perform the other gaits with ease. The correctness of the gait is very important by today's standards, therefore horses with a very even four-beat gait are much preferred for professional breeding. In Colombia, some related native horses perform

1728-476: The horses were also trained for dressage , in Paris and other European capitals. Sixteenth-century and later portraits of royalty on horses frequently portrayed the latter in dressage positions. Crossbreeding A crossbreed is an organism with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. A domestic animal of unknown ancestry, where the breed status of only one parent or grandparent

1776-455: The horses, primarily of Colombian breeding, that perform a diagonal ambling gait known as the "Trocha". The Trocha differs from the classic lateral ambling gait of the Paso Fino. The Paso Fino tends to be refined, standing an average of 13 to 15.2  hands (52 to 62 inches, 132 to 157 cm) but is powerful for its size. It has a convex head, clean legs and a relatively short back with prominent withers. Cannon bones tend to be short and

1824-554: The island. In fact, the Criollo horses in Puerto Rico still carry a genomic signature of selection around the "gait-keeper" locus today. Consequently, the Paso Finos, where the mutation is present at 100%, must have originated as a local breed from the population of local non-purebred horses on this island, where they were later selected for other characteristics to improve gait and appearance. According to Ramirez de Arellano, when

1872-530: The local Criollo (non-purerbred) horses that were a product of many years of admixture between different Iberian breeds originally brought to the island by the Spanish settlers. These horses carried with them a mutant "gait-keeper" allele that first increased in the Puerto Rican Criollo population as they were bred for centuries for the smooth ride long before the Paso Fino breed was established on

1920-524: The name "American Paso Finos", later changing to its current name. It registers and promotes both Puerto Rican and Colombian horses, and under the PFHA, the two groups have been frequently crossbred . As the numbers of Colombian horses have begun to significantly outnumber those of Puerto Rican bloodlines, a trend has developed favoring preservation breeding to preserve the bloodlines of each group. The American Trote & Trocha Association formed to promote

1968-483: The name "Barb" appears in the translation of the work Description of Africa by Hassan al-Wazzan (better known as Leo Africanus ), which predates its adoption across Europe. The Barb horse breed derives its name from the Barbary Coast states, according to French historian Jean-Marie Lassère , who attributes the name to the tradition of naming animals based on their geographical origin. Jean-Louis Gouraud, on

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2016-461: The neighboring island of La Española (now Hispaniola ). The Puerto Rican Paso Fino was developed on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico over a 500-year colonial period. Island geography and the desires of a people for hardy, sure-footed, comfortable horses led to the independent development of the breed. Frenchman Andres Pedro Ledru, in a notation about horse races held on 17 July 1797, wrote that

2064-578: The other hand, connects the Barb to the Berbers (the European name for the Imazighen ), stating that "their histories and fates are inseparable". European sources also referred to this regional horse as "Berber," in reference to a region known under Roman rule as "Berberia" or "Barbaria". The term "Berber" is rooted in the ancient Greek word barbaros , a label the Romans used for non-Romans, especially

2112-404: The same species. Hybrids are usually, but not always, sterile. One of the most ancient types of hybrid animal is the mule , a cross between a female horse and a male donkey . The liger is a hybrid cross between a male lion and female tiger . The yattle is a cross between a cow and a yak . Other crosses include the tigon (between a male tiger and female lion) and yakalo (between

2160-531: The similarities in size and appearance between the two breeds, particularly as both were handled by Berber Muslims who spoke Arabic. For instance, the Godolphin Arabian , one of the foundation sires of the Thoroughbred , was often referred to as the "Godolphin Barb" due to his origins in Tunisia , though his actual breed remains debated. Some sources argue that his conformation more closely resembled

2208-495: The speed of these horses was admirable, "they have no trot or gallop, but a type of pace ( Andadura ). A gait so precipitated that the eye can't follow the movement of the legs." As early as 1849, Paso Fino competitions were held in Puerto Rico, with prizes for winners, for the purpose of improving local horses. In 1882 the first racetrack was built, and in every race meet, there were Paso Fino and Andadura categories. According to genetic research, Puerto Rican Paso Fino originated from

2256-418: The term crossbreed is uncommon, and no universal term is used to distinguish hybridization or crossing within a population from those between populations, or even those between species. Crossbreeding is the process of breeding such an organism. It can be beneficially used to maintain health and viability of organisms. However, irresponsible crossbreeding can also produce organisms of inferior quality or dilute

2304-607: Was born in Guayama. In 1943, the Federation of the Sport of Paso Fino Horses of Puerto Rico and a breed registry were established. Copita Don Q, a Dulce Sueño grandson, was the winner of the first annual Federation contest in 1943. In an agricultural almanac published in 1947, Gustavo A Ramirez de Arellano wrote, "at present the descendants of the famous stallion 'Dulce Sueño' are the ones who have most obtained titles and trophies from

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