Misplaced Pages

#237762

81-584: Pullman National Historical Park is a historic district located in Chicago, Illinois , United States, which in the 19th century was the first model, planned industrial community in the United States. The district had its origins in the manufacturing plans and organization of the Pullman Company and became one of the most well-known company towns in the United States, as well as the scene of

162-482: A city that was a hotbed for labor unrest in the 1870s. When a new factory was required to meet demand, Pullman was presented with an opportunity to integrate employee betterment with manufacturing efficiency. As land values were skyrocketing in the city proper, Pullman purchased 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) south of Chicago, between the Illinois Central Railroad line and Lake Calumet . He organized

243-831: A component of the NPS, on February 19, 2015. It became the first unit of the NPS in Chicago. In 2015, the National Parks Conservation Association and the Chicago Chapter of the American Institute of Architects published a report on development for the park. In 2017, the National Park Service approved a plan to restore the clock tower building and turn it into a visitor center. The plan also calls for reconstructing

324-407: A family in each room and contain a population of between 40 and 50 souls. We have visited one house that we found to be occupied by 98 persons, another by 74 and a third by 73. The entrance to all tenement houses is by a common door off either a street, lane or alley, and, in most cases, the door is never shut, day or night. The passages and stairs are common and the rooms all open directly either off

405-521: A few feet wide and often filled with privies . Interior rooms were unventilated. Early in the 19th century, many of the poor were housed in cellars, which became even less sanitary after the Croton Aqueduct brought running water to wealthier New Yorkers: the reduction in well use caused the water table to rise, and the cellar dwellings flooded. Early housing reformers urged the construction of tenements to replace cellars, and beginning in 1859

486-760: A five-story brick former tenement building in Manhattan that is a National Historic Site , is a museum devoted to tenements in the Lower East Side. Other famous tenements in the US include tenement housing in Chicago , in which various housing areas were built to the same affect as tenements in New York. Tenements make up a large percentage of the housing stock of Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. Glasgow tenements were built to provide high-density housing for

567-399: A museum of Dublin tenement life. The last tenements were closed in the 1970s, families being rehoused in new suburbs such as Ballymun . In Buenos Aires the tenements, called conventillos , developed from subdividing one- or two-story houses built around courtyards for well-off families. These were long and narrow, three to six times as long as they were wide, and the size of the patios

648-511: A quarter of workers were housed in tenements. One reason New York had so many tenements was the large number of immigrants; another was that the grid plan on which streets were laid out, and the economic practice of building on individual 25-by-100-foot (7.6 by 30.5 m) lots, combined to produce high land coverage. Prior to 1867, tenements often covered more than 90 percent of the lot, were five or six stories high, and had 18 rooms per floor, of which only two received direct sunlight. Yards were

729-529: A short-term work stoppage as the nation recovered from the financial panic. To combat this, the ARU launched a boycott on Pullman, where ARU would refuse to run trains with the cars. The extensive use of Pullman cars across the country further crippled the railroad industry and stymied rail traffic. The twenty-four Chicago railroads represented by the General Managers' Association rallied together against

810-519: A site deemed to have "exceptional value to the nation." The southern portion was locally recognized as a Chicago Landmark on October 16, 1972. A second Chicago Landmark, for the northern portion, was created in 1993, then merged into the other landmark in 1999. The PCO provided grants to help residents restore their houses, and a non-profit called the Historic Pullman Foundation purchased several key buildings for rehabilitation in

891-531: A toilet and a bath or shower; 19 percent had only a toilet, and 66 percent shared staircase toilets. Heating was provided by stoves burning charcoal briquettes. By the 19th and early 20th century, Dublin's tenements ( Irish : tionóntán ) were infamous, often described as the worst in Europe. Many tenement buildings were originally the Georgian townhouses of upper-class families, neglected and subdivided over

SECTION 10

#1732780203238

972-469: A vault that often became clogged) were squeezed into the small open spaces between buildings. In parts of the Lower East Side, buildings were older and had courtyards , generally occupied by machine shops, stables, and other businesses. Such tenements were particularly prevalent in New York, where in 1865 a report stated that 500,000 people lived in unhealthy tenements, whereas in Boston in 1845, less than

1053-505: A window in every room. There were also fire-safety requirements. These rules are still the basis of New York City law on low-rise buildings, and they have made single-lot development uneconomical. Most of the purpose-built tenements in New York were not slums, although they were not pleasant to be inside, especially in hot weather, so people congregated outside, made heavy use of the fire escapes, and slept in summer on fire escapes, roofs, and sidewalks. The Lower East Side Tenement Museum ,

1134-407: Is a Polish term describing a type of residential tenement building made of brick or stone , with at least two floors. There are two basic types: one designed as a single-family residence, which existed until the 1800s (a burgher house ), and the other designed as multi-family housing, which emerged in the 19th century and was the basic type of housing in cities. From the architectural point of view,

1215-815: Is a type of building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access. They are common on the British Isles , particularly in Scotland . In the medieval Old Town , in Edinburgh , tenements were developed with each apartment treated as a separate house, built on top of each other (such as Gladstone's Land ). Over hundreds of years, custom grew to become law concerning maintenance and repairs, as first formally discussed in Stair 's 1681 writings on Scots property law . In Scotland, these are now governed by

1296-553: Is an area of approximately 1 km and at one time had an estimated 90,000 people living in its tenements, leading to very poor living conditions. The population now is roughly 10,000. Tenement demolition was to a significantly lesser extent in Edinburgh, thus making its later World Heritage designations in 1985 possible. Largely, such clearances were limited to pre-Victorian buildings outside the New Town area and were precipitated by

1377-406: Is deemed "significant". The term "old street" refers to a neighborhood with historic buildings. Many of these are tourist attractions and filled with hawkers catering to visitors. Many jurisdictions within the United States have specific legislation identifying and giving protection to designated historic districts. Criticism of historic districts in Chicago and elsewhere in the United States

1458-643: Is most prevalent especially in centers of historical cities such as Kraków , Poznań , Wrocław , and Toruń , whereas the second type is most prominent in Łódź . City which is known for beautiful kamienice in Art Nouveau style is Bydgoszcz . The name derives from the Polish word kamień (stone) and dates from the 15th century. Late 19th century and early 20th century kamienice often took form of city palaces with ornamental facades, high floors and spacious, representative and heavily decorated interiors. Later in

1539-540: Is no uncommon thing to find halls and landings, yards and closets of the houses in a filthy condition, and, in nearly every case, human excreta is to be found scattered about the yards and in the floors of the closets and, in some cases, even in the passages of the house itself. Tenement life often appeared in fiction, such as the "Dublin trilogy" of plays by Seán O'Casey , Oliver St. John Gogarty 's play Blight , and James Plunkett 's novel Strumpet City ( adapted for television in 1980). 14 Henrietta Street serves as

1620-437: Is no yard, when it is to be found in the basement where there is little light or ventilation. The closet accommodation is common not only to the occupants of the house, but to anyone who likes to come in off the street, and is, of course, common to both sexes. The roofs of the tenement houses are, as a rule, bad . . . Having visited a large number of these houses in all parts of the city, we have no hesitation in saying that it

1701-408: Is primarily based on arguments that such laws creating such districts restrict the supply of affordable housing, and thus the result of such districts is that of enforcing caste structures and class divisions by region and segments of urban areas. Several historic districts have been proposed not for a true preservation purpose but to prevent development. The term "Historic District" is not used in

SECTION 20

#1732780203238

1782-551: The Cultural Heritage Preservation Act    [ zh ] protects certain historic districts under the "groups of buildings" category. Districts are overseen by their respective municipality, city, or county governments, but can also be promoted to a "significant" status and overseen by the Ministry of Culture directly. As of July 2021, there are twenty protected districts, one of which

1863-596: The APRHF Rail Rangers ride roundtrip between Millennium Station and South Bend Airport station to provide narration about the park and the other sites passengers see outside their window. In the feature animation film The Polar Express (2004), which references several pieces of railroad history, the look of buildings on the square at the North Pole were inspired by Pullman Factory. Historic district Historic districts may or may not also be

1944-485: The American Railway Union (ARU), led by Eugene V. Debs , formed in Chicago on June 20, 1893. Membership grew to 150,000, including many of the white workers of Pullman. Pullman employees attempted to use the union to leverage support for wage increases, but their pleas were ignored. On May 11, 1894, employees went on strike. Pullman leadership, however, had put itself in a financial position to withstand

2025-652: The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was founded by A. Philip Randolph in New York City . Forty-four percent of the Pullman workforce was porters, making Pullman the nation's largest employer of African Americans. A landmark agreement was reached between the two parties in 1937, becoming the first major labor agreement between a company and an African American union. The NAACP lauded the contract and recognized it as an important step in increasing and improving

2106-706: The Garnethill area of Glasgow preserves the interior, fittings and equipment of a well-kept, upper middle-class tenement from the late 19th century. Many tenements in Glasgow were demolished in the 1960s and 1970s because of slum conditions, overcrowding and poor maintenance of the buildings. Perhaps the most striking case of this is seen in the Gorbals , where virtually all the tenements were demolished to make way for tower blocks, many of which have in turn have been demolished and replaced with newer structures. The Gorbals

2187-569: The Pullman Palace Car Company to manufacture sleeping cars in 1867. Through a focus on luxury and customer comfort, Pullman gained a large market share in the railroad car sector. The expensive cars were typically rented out to railroads with trained employees, many of whom were former house slaves recently freed by the Emancipation Proclamation . Pullman was an early advocate of employee welfare in

2268-667: The Tenements Act , which replaced the old Law of the Tenement and created a new system of common ownership and procedures concerning repairs and maintenance of tenements. Tenements with one- or two-room flats provided popular rented accommodation for workers, but in some inner-city areas, overcrowding and maintenance problems led to shanty towns , which have been cleared and redeveloped. In more affluent areas, tenement flats form spacious privately owned houses, some with up to six bedrooms, which continue to be desirable properties. In

2349-411: The center of the city . They may be coterminous with the commercial district , administrative district , or arts district , or separate from all of these. Historical districts are often parts of a larger urban setting, but they can also be parts or all of small towns, or a rural areas with historic agriculture-related properties, or even a physically disconnected series of related structures throughout

2430-498: The national historical park , state historic site, and private homes is east of Cottage Grove Avenue, from East 103rd St. to East 115th St. It was named a Chicago Landmark district on October 16, 1972. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1969 and declared a National Historic Landmark on December 30, 1970. Preservationists had hoped to extend the district to include Schlitz Row, but

2511-514: The "respect, recognition and influence, and economic advance" of African Americans. The decline of rail usage in favor of cars and aviation led to the decline of the Pullman Company. After a major downsizing in the 1940s, the Pullman Company was largely closed by 1957. It officially ceased operations in 1969. The south wing of the factory and the erecting shops were later used by several steel companies. The manufacturing center of Pullman,

Pullman National Historical Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

2592-548: The 1850s. The term tenement originally referred to tenancy and therefore to any rented accommodation. The New York State legislature defined it in the Tenement House Act of 1867 in terms of rental occupancy by multiple households, as Any house, building, or portion thereof, which is rented, leased, let, or hired out to be occupied or is occupied, as the home or residence of more than three families living independently of one another and doing their own cooking upon

2673-583: The 1970s. The State of Illinois purchased Hotel Florence and the Administration and Factory Complex in 1991 and incorporated it into a state historic site through the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency . However, a 1998 arson destroyed much of the latter building before it could open to visitors. It is now in the process of reconstruction. President Barack Obama designated Pullman as a national monument , thus

2754-404: The 19th century, immigrants and workers from the countryside were housed in former middle-class houses and other buildings, such as warehouses, which were bought up and divided into small dwellings. Beginning as early as the 1830s in New York City 's Lower East Side or possibly the 1820s on Mott Street , three- and four-story buildings were converted into " railroad flats ," so called because

2835-555: The 20th century, especially after the Second World War , large apartments would be divided into several smaller flats due to general lack of habitable space caused by vast destruction of cities, thus lowering the generally high standard of living in so-called grand city tenements ( Polish : kamienice wielkomiejskie ). Examples of kamienice include Korniakt Palace and Black Kamienica in Lviv . Some kamienice in some areas have

2916-520: The Administration and Factory Complex were unusually ornate industrial buildings. They were designed to sit in a park-like setting, overlooking the artificial Lake Vista, which was a cooling reservoir for the Corliss steam engine . The buildings, several hundred feet long, were well-lit and ventilated. The main facade, mirrored in the lake, faced the Illinois Central tracks, and thus was one of

2997-559: The American labor landscape. It was an example of the power a union could have against an industry, but it also affirmed the right of the government to intervene against strikes, particularly after the Supreme Court upheld the actions in in re Debs (1895). The Illinois Supreme Court forced the Pullman Company to sell its non-industrial holdings in 1898 and residents were given the first option on purchasing their houses. Most of

3078-558: The Lower East Side having 800 inhabitants per acre (2,000/ha), denser than Bombay . It used both charts and photographs, the first such official use of photographs. Together with the publication in 1895 by the US Department of Labor of a special report on housing conditions and solutions elsewhere in the world, The Housing of Working People, it ultimately led to the passage of the Tenement House Act of 1901 , known as

3159-583: The New Law, which implemented the Tenement House Committee's recommendation of a maximum of 70 percent lot coverage and mandated strict enforcement, specified a minimum of 12 feet (3.7 m) for a rear yard and 6 feet (1.8 m) for an air and light shaft at the lot line or 12 feet (3.7 m) in the middle of the building (all of these being increased for taller buildings), and required running water and water closets in every apartment and

3240-601: The Pullman Land Association to oversee non-manufacturing real estate and transferred all but 500 acres (200 ha) to its control. Solon Spencer Beman was commissioned with the design of the company town buildings, including 1,300 housing units. Nathaniel Franklin Barrett was tasked with the layout and landscape design. Former Chicago superintendent of sewage Benzette Williams developed the utilities and drainage system. The project began in early 1880 and

3321-458: The Tenement House Act of 1879, known as the Old Law, which required lot coverage of no more than 65 percent. As of 1869, New York State law defined a "tenement house" as "any house or building, or portion thereof, which is rented, leased let or hired out, to be occupied, or is occupied as the home or residence of three families or more living independently of each other, and doing their cooking upon

Pullman National Historical Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

3402-589: The United Kingdom. The equivalent urban areas are known as Conservation Areas . Iranian Heritage and Tourism organization has nominated and selected several cities for their valuable historical monuments and districts. Baft-e Tarikhi (In Persian: بافت تاریخی or historical texture) is the name such areas are labelled with. Naein , Isfahan and Yazd are examples of Iranian cities with historic districts. [REDACTED] Media related to Historic districts at Wikimedia Commons Tenement A tenement

3483-459: The United States, the term tenement initially meant a large building with multiple small spaces to rent. As cities grew in the nineteenth century, there was increasing separation between rich and poor . With rapid urban growth and immigration , overcrowded houses with poor sanitation gave tenements a reputation as shanty towns. The expression "tenement house" was used to designate a building subdivided to provide cheap rental accommodation, which

3564-464: The back of a terraced house, normally with its roof. One of the earliest examples of a tenement is Morris Castle in Swansea , Wales . The castle was built sometime before 1775 by Sir John Morris to house workers in the rapidly industrializing area. The castle's location was hazardous and impractical and many workers preferred to live in individual cottages. As such, the tenement was abandoned in

3645-573: The best of which had windows facing the street. One notorious Berlin Mietskaserne was Meyers Hof  [ de ] in Gesundbrunnen , which at times housed 2,000 people and required its police officer to keep order. Between 1901 and 1920, a Berlin clinic investigated and documented in photographs the living conditions of its patients, revealing that many lived in damp basements and garrets, spaces under stairs, and apartments where

3726-487: The boycott. Fights between the workers and the military left dozens dead or injured. After ARU leaders, including Debs, were jailed, the strike and boycott were quelled. Some workers that renounced the union were allowed to return to work. Although the public was generally opposed to the boycott, the strike also tarnished the Pullman brand. Pullman died in 1897 and had his grave sealed in a block of concrete and steel to prevent desecration of his body. The Pullman Strike changed

3807-521: The boycott. They used strikebreakers to replace striking workers and convinced lines to run Pullman cars with their mail cars. If strikers shut down lines with mail cars, the federal government would have to intervene as it threatened interstate commerce. Indeed, lines were closed and the government found the boycott in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act . Thousands of U.S. Marshals and Army troops were deployed to Chicago to break

3888-499: The campus. Additional housing was built north of the factories after the Union Foundry and Allen Paper Car Company moved their operations there. Beman designed simpler, cheaper housing for these largely unskilled employees. Pullman employees, by contrast, were largely young and skilled. Rents were set to provide a 6% profit to the company over construction costs. By 1883, the population of the community reached 8,000. The community

3969-413: The center (usually fitted to the shafts in the adjacent buildings), and it typically covered 80 percent of the lot. James E. Ware is credited with the design; he had won a contest the previous year held by Plumber and Sanitary Engineer Magazine to find the most practical improved tenement design, in which profitability was the most important factor to the jury. Public concern about New York tenements

4050-552: The centuries to house dozens of Dublin's poor. Henrietta Street 's fifteen buildings housed 835 people. In 1911 nearly 26,000 families lived in inner-city tenements, and 20,000 of these families lived in a single room. Disease was common, with death rates of 22.3 per thousand (compared with 15.6 for London at the same time). The collapse of 65–66 Church Street in 1913, which killed seven residents, led to inquiries into housing. A housing committee report of 1914 said, There are many tenement houses with seven or eight rooms that house

4131-486: The city in its subtitle as "the largest tenement city in the world." They were built during a period of great increases in population between 1860 and 1914, particularly after German unification in 1871, in a broad ring enclosing the old city center, sometimes called the Wilhelmian or Wilhelmine Ring . The buildings are almost always five stories high because of the mandated maximum height. The blocks are large because

SECTION 50

#1732780203238

4212-555: The community in favor of a new industrial park galvanized residents to form the Pullman Civic Organization (PCO) to support its preservation. On October 8, 1969, the remaining 300-acre (120 ha) neighborhood was recognized by the National Park Service (NPS) with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places . The next year, it was recognized as a National Historic Landmark District,

4293-528: The district is the A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum , named for the prominent labor and civil rights leader A. Philip Randolph , which recognizes and explores African American labor history. Parts of the site were acquired by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency prior to being gifted to the federal government. Additional grounds remain owned by the state, as the Pullman State Historic Site . The Pullman District, including

4374-499: The first buildings a visitor would see. Beman designed the structures with a linear manufacturing process in mind, making the factory an early adapter of the assembly line . Hotel Florence, named for Pullman's daughter, was opened on November 1, 1881. Intended to showcase the town to visitors, the hotel featured fifty rooms and the only bar in the community. Built at a cost of $ 130,000, (equivalent to $ 4.1 million in 2023), it grew to 23,000 square feet (2,100 m) after an addition

4455-526: The first factory buildings were nearly completed by fall. Housing was mainly built as red brick rowhouses and featured indoor plumbing. The spacious accommodations were a significant improvement over the tenements that workers were used to. Architecture predominately evoked the Queen Anne style with Romanesque details. The town was designed with the hope that other companies would want to relocate there. Only Pullman subsidiaries and suppliers ever shared

4536-482: The land was sold off by 1907. Under second president Robert Todd Lincoln , Pullman cars were converted to all-steel construction. This required a $ 5 million investment in remodeling the shops. Despite a brief labor strike in 1904, the Pullman Company restored its place as a leading railcar provider. However, the town never recovered its identity as a company town as employees moved to newer neighborhoods nearby. Unionization of African American workers began in 1925, when

4617-524: The large number of people immigrating to the city in the 19th and early 20th century as a result of the Industrial Revolution , when the city's population boomed to more than 1 million people. Edinburgh's tenements are much older, dating from the 17th century onwards, and some were up to 15 storeys high when first built, which made them among the tallest houses in the world at that time. Glasgow tenements were generally built no taller than

4698-474: The main gateway between the factory and housing areas. Toxic soil had to be first removed from the site. The soil was contaminated by waste materials when the factory was in use. The new visitor center opened on Labor Day, September 6, 2021. In attendance were local and national officials, including Illinois Governor J. B. Pritzker , and Secretary of the Interior Deb Haaland . The site opened to

4779-413: The number of people living in cellars began to decline. The Tenement House Act of 1866, the state legislature's first comprehensive legislation on housing conditions, prohibited cellar apartments unless the ceiling was 1 foot (30 cm) above street level; required one water closet per 20 residents and the provision of fire escapes; and paid some attention to space between buildings. This was amended by

4860-399: The passages or landings. Most of these houses have yards at the back, some of which are a fair size, while others are very small, and some few houses have no yards at all. Generally, the only water supply of the house is furnished by a single water tap, which is in the yard. The yard is common and the closet accommodation [ toilet ] is to be found there, except in some few cases in which there

4941-423: The premises, or by more than two families upon a floor, so living and cooking and having a common right in the halls, stairways, yards, water-closets, or privies, or some of them. In Scotland, it continues to be the most common word for a multiple-occupancy building , but elsewhere it is used as a pejorative in contrast to apartment building or block of flats . Tenement houses were either adapted or built for

SECTION 60

#1732780203238

5022-435: The premises, or by more than two families upon any floor, so living and cooking, but having a right in the halls, stairways, yards, water-closets or privies, or some of them." L 1867, ch 908. The New York City Board of Health was empowered to enforce these regulations, but it declined to do so. As a compromise, the " Old Law tenement " became the standard: this had a "dumbbell" shape, with air and light shafts on either side in

5103-637: The public after the restoration of the Administration Building. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 redesignated the site as Pullman National Historical Park in December 2022. Pullman National Historical Park partners with the non-profit 501(c)(3) American Passenger Rail Heritage Foundation to provide on-board educational programs for train passengers on the South Shore Line . On select Saturdays, Interpretive Guides with

5184-993: The region. Much criticism has arisen of historic districts and the effect protective zoning and historic designation status laws have on the housing supply. When an area of a city is designated as part of a 'historic district', new housing development is artificially restricted and the supply of new housing permanently capped in area so designated as 'historic'. Critics of historic districts argue that while these districts may offer an aesthetic or visually pleasing benefit, they increase inequality by restricting access to new and affordable housing for lower and middle class tenants and potential home owners. In Canada , such districts are called "heritage conservation districts" or "heritage conservation areas" (known as "arrondissements historiques", "secteurs de conservation du patrimoine" or "districts de conservation du patrimoine" in French ) and are governed by provincial legislation. In Taiwan ,

5265-477: The rooms were linked together like the cars of a train, with windowless internal rooms. The adapted buildings were also known as " rookeries ," and these were a particular concern, as they were prone to collapse and fire. Mulberry Bend and Five Points were the sites of notorious rookeries that the city worked for decades to clear. In both rookeries and purpose-built tenements, communal water taps and water closets (either privies or "school sinks," which opened into

5346-482: The so-called "Penny Tenement" incident of 1959 in which a tenement collapsed. Apartments in tenement buildings in both cities are now often highly sought after, due to their locations, often large rooms, high ceilings, ornamentation and period features. In German, the term corresponding to tenement is Mietskaserne , "rental barracks", and the city especially known for them is Berlin. In 1930, Werner Hegemann 's polemic Das steinerne Berlin (Stony Berlin) referred to

5427-414: The streets were required to be able to handle heavy traffic, and the lots are therefore also large: required to have courtyards large enough for a fire truck to turn around, the buildings have front, rear, and cross buildings enclosing several courtyards. Buildings within the courtyards were the location of much of Berlin's industry until the 1920s, and noise and other nuisances affected the apartments, only

5508-545: The taverns located there have been demolished. President Barack Obama named the site a national monument on February 19, 2015, making it a component of the National Park System . It was redesignated a National Historical Park in 2022. In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, Pullman was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component and

5589-461: The thousands to house people migrating to the large city because of its booming cotton mills and overall strong economy. A typical chawl tenement consists of one all-purpose room, which functions both as a living and sleeping space, and a kitchen which also serves as a dining room. A frequent practice is for the kitchen to also serve as a bedroom for a newly married couple in order to give them some degree of privacy. Kamienica (plural kamienice )

5670-491: The violent 1894 Pullman strike . It was built for George Pullman as a place to produce the Pullman railroad- sleeping cars . Originally built beyond the Chicago city limits, it is in the Pullman community area of Chicago. The district includes the Pullman administration buildings and the company's Hotel Florence , named after George Pullman's daughter, as well as housing originally built for workers and managers. Also within

5751-641: The width of the street on which they were located; therefore, most are about 3–5 storeys high. Virtually all Glasgow tenements were constructed using red or blonde sandstone, which has become distinctive. In Edinburgh, residential dwellings in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of the medieval Old Town and Georgian New Town (as well as the Victorian city centre districts immediately surrounding them) are almost exclusively tenements. The Tenement House historic house museum in

5832-562: The windows were blocked by courtyard businesses. Many apartments in the Wilhelmian Ring were very small, only one room and a kitchen. Also, apartments were laid out with their rooms reached via a common internal corridor, which even the Berlin Architects' Association recognized was unhealthy and detrimental to family life. Sanitation was inadequate: in a survey of one area in 1962, only 15 percent of apartments had both

5913-432: The word is usually used to describe a building that abuts other similar buildings forming the street frontage , in the manner of a terraced house . The ground floor often consists of shops and other businesses, while the upper floors are apartments, oftentimes spanning the entire floor. Kamienice have large windows in the front, but not in the side walls, since the buildings are close together. The first type of kamienica

5994-433: The working class as cities industrialized, and came to be contrasted with middle-class apartment houses, which started to become fashionable later in the 19th century. Late-19th-century social reformers in the United States were hostile to both tenements (for fostering disease, and immorality in the young) and apartment houses (for fostering "sexual immorality, sloth, and divorce"). As the United States industrialized during

6075-496: Was a popular attraction during the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition , as visitors came to see the unusual town advertised in the Transportation Building. The Panic of 1893 began that year, devastating the railroad industry. Demand for sleeping cars plummeted, so to maintain a profitable enterprise, Pullman lowered wages for employees. Rents, automatically deducted from paychecks, were not decreased. Meanwhile,

6156-427: Was constructed in 1914. A suite was kept for Pullman on the second floor for when he visited the factory. Each floor presented a different class of service, with the most opulent rooms on the second floor and more modest accommodations on the fourth. It recently completed an extensive rehabilitation, mainly of its first floor and basement. The annex has not been rehabilitated and is closed. A proposal in 1960 to demolish

6237-496: Was diverse: by 1885, less than half of the employees were American-born, but African Americans were not allowed to live on the premises. Women were employed by the Pullman Company to sew. The City of Chicago annexed Pullman in 1889, though the Land Association maintained control of town management. The town was not the success that George Pullman envisioned; profits from rent never reached the six percent intended. Pullman

6318-403: Was initially a subdivision of a large house. Beginning in the 1850s, purpose-built tenements of up to six stories held several households on each floor. Various names were introduced for better dwellings, and eventually modern apartments predominated in American urban living. In parts of England, especially Devon and Cornwall , the word refers to an outshot, or additional projecting part at

6399-502: Was recognized by USA Today Travel magazine as one of AIA Illinois's selections for Illinois 25 Must See Places. George Pullman was born in Brocton, New York and studied engineering. By the 1850s, Chicago was emerging as a major city, but faced sanitation issues. Pullman designed a method to raise buildings , which allowed better drainage. This innovation led Pullman to great financial success. With this new-found wealth, Pullman founded

6480-661: Was reduced until as many as 350 people could be living on a lot that had originally housed 25. Purpose-built tenements copied their form. By 1907 there were some 2,500 conventillos, with 150,000 occupants. El conventillo de la Paloma was particularly famous and is the title of a play by Alberto Vaccarezza . "Chawls" are found in India . They are typically four to five story buildings with 10 to 20 kholis (tenements) on each floor, kholis literally meaning ' rooms '. Many chawl buildings can be found in Mumbai , where chawls were constructed by

6561-520: Was stirred by publication in 1890 of Jacob Riis 's How the Other Half Lives , and in 1892 by Riis's The Children of the Poor. The New York State Assembly Tenement House Committee report of 1894 surveyed 8,000 buildings with approximately 255,000 residents and found New York to be the most densely populated city in the world, at an average of 143 inhabitants per acre (350/ha), with part of

#237762