In Greek mythology , Pygmalion ( / p ɪ ɡ ˈ m eɪ l i ən / ; Ancient Greek : Πυγμαλίων Pugmalíōn , gen .: Πυγμαλίωνος) was a legendary figure of Cyprus . He is most familiar from Ovid 's narrative poem Metamorphoses , in which Pygmalion was a sculptor who fell in love with a statue he had carved.
49-516: [REDACTED] Look up pygmalion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Pygmalion or Pigmalion may refer to: Mythology [ edit ] Pygmalion (mythology) , a sculptor who fell in love with his statue Stage [ edit ] Pigmalion (opera) , a 1745 opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau Pygmalion (Rousseau) , a 1762 melodrama by Jean-Jacques Rousseau Pygmalion (opera) ,
98-466: A 1779 duodrama opera by Georg Anton Benda Pygmalion , an 1808 opera by Karol Kurpiński Pimmalione , an 1809 opera by Luigi Cherubini Il Pigmalione , an 1816 opera by Gaetano Donizetti Die schöne Galathée , an 1865 operetta by Franz von Suppé Pygmalion; or, The Statue Fair , an 1867 musical burlesque by William Brough Pygmalion, ou La Statue de Chypre , an 1883 ballet with choreography by Marius Petipa Pygmalion (play) ,
147-514: A 1913 play by George Bernard Shaw Film and television [ edit ] Pygmalion (1935 film) , a German film based on the George Bernard Shaw play Pygmalion (1937 film) , a Dutch film based on the George Bernard Shaw play Pygmalion (1938 film) , a British film starring Leslie Howard and Wendy Hiller Pygmalion (1948 TV play) , a British television play starring Margaret Lockwood Pygmalion (1983 film) ,
196-630: A King of Tyre Pygmalion (name), a given name Other uses [ edit ] 96189 Pygmalion , a planet Pygmalion , a narrative work by Thomas Woolner (1880s) Pygmalion, a character in Virgil's Aeneid (29–19 B.C.) "Pigmalion" ( Back at the Barnyard episode) , a 2008 episode of the Nickelodeon animated television series Back at the Barnyard "Pigmalion", a 2003 episode of Mike Judge’s animated television series King of
245-585: A certain behavior from the subject that in turn confirmed their expectations. For example, Clever Hans would be given a math problem to solve, and the audience would get very tense the closer he tapped his foot to the right number, thus giving Hans the clue he needed to tap the correct number of times. Leadership was identified by Eden and Shani as a mediator of the Pygmalion effect. The study discovered that trainees with strong command potential gave instructors better overall leadership evaluations than trainees in
294-537: A colleague, Thorndike wrote about the measurement problems of the study in this way: "When the clock strikes thirteen, doubt is cast not only on the last stroke but also all that have gone before" (p. 710). It is more likely that the rise in IQ scores from the mentally disabled range was the result of regression toward the mean , not teacher expectations. Moreover, a meta-analysis conducted by Raudenbush showed that when teachers had gotten to know their students for two weeks,
343-556: A lower dropout rate than those who labeled them as "unmotivated". One significant constraint of the practical application of Pygmalion research is the unresolved issue of whether the Pygmalion effect operates uniformly across genders. Notably, studies conclude a lack of the Pygmalion effect for women. This suggests that, unlike their male colleagues, the higher standards for female leaders could only sometimes result in increased subordinate performance. Female subordinates have been utilized in many studies, which in turn failed to demonstrate
392-521: A more circumstantial account than the source for a passing mention of Pygmalion in Pseudo-Apollodorus' Bibliotheke , a Hellenic mythography of the 2nd-century AD. Perhaps he drew on the lost narrative by Philostephanus that was paraphrased by Clement of Alexandria . In the story of Dido , Pygmalion is an evil king. The story of the breath of life in a statue has parallels in the examples of Daedalus , who used quicksilver to install
441-436: A nursing home, nurses were told that some patients would progress more quickly in their rehabilitation than others. These patients demonstrated lower levels of depression and required hospitalization less frequently than those with average expectations. The Pygmalion effect has also been discussed in relation to treating alcohol dependence since it was discovered that therapists who characterized their clients as "motivated" had
490-491: A period of just weeks. Teachers are also affected by the children in the classroom. Teachers reflect what is projected into them by their students. An experiment done by Jenkins and Deno (1969) submitted teachers to a classroom of children who had either been told to be attentive, or unattentive, to the teachers' lecture. They found that teachers who were in the attentive condition would rate their teaching skills as higher. Similar findings by Herrell (1971) suggested that when
539-609: A sculpture so life-like that it seemed about to move was a commonplace with writers on works of art in antiquity. This trope was inherited by writers on art after the Renaissance . An example of this trope appears in William Shakespeare 's play, The Winter's Tale , where the king of Sicily is presented with an extremely lifelike statue of his wife (which is actually his wife, long presumed dead). The basic Pygmalion story has been widely transmitted and represented in
SECTION 10
#1732765820127588-570: A significant correlation between the Pygmalion effect. For instance, King's unpublished research in 1970 provided two examples of failed Pygmalion effect attempts that both primarily involved female subordinates. The Pygmalion effect was undetectable in Sutton and Woodman's research of female principal attendants in the retail industry. The traditional Pygmalion practice entails deception, which may be considered unethical in actual organizational contexts. According to some researchers, it shouldn't be made
637-413: A single California elementary school were given a disguised IQ test at the beginning of the study. These scores were not disclosed to teachers. Teachers were told that some of their students (about 20% of the school chosen at random) could be expected to be "intellectual bloomers" that year, doing better than expected in comparison to their classmates. The bloomers' names were made known to the teachers. At
686-413: A teacher was preconditioned to classrooms as warm or cold, the teacher would start to gravitate towards their precondition. To further this concept, Klein (1971) did the same kind of study involving teachers still unaware of any precondition to the classroom but with the class full of confederates who were instructed to act differently during periods over the course of the lecture. "Klein reported that there
735-403: A television film starring Peter O'Toole and Margot Kidder Music [ edit ] Pygmalion (album) , an experimental ambient album by Slowdive Pygmalion (ensemble) , French baroque ensemble "Pygmalion", a song by the darkwave group Lycia (band) "Pygmalion", a song from the 2001 album Doll Doll Doll by Venetian Snares People [ edit ] Pygmalion of Tyre ,
784-500: A view, that has been called into question as a result of later research findings, in their book Pygmalion in the Classroom; borrowing something of the myth by advancing the idea that teachers' expectations of their students affect the students' performance. Rosenthal and Jacobson held that high expectations lead to better performance and low expectations lead to worse, both effects leading to self-fulfilling prophecy . According to
833-439: A voice in his statues or to make them move; of Hephaestus , who created automata for his workshop; of Talos , an artificial man of bronze, and (according to Hesiod ) of Pandora , who was made from clay at the behest of Zeus . The moral anecdote of the " Apega of Nabis ", recounted by the historian Polybius , described a supposed mechanical simulacrum of the tyrant's wife, that crushed victims in her embrace. The trope of
882-617: A young beggar-girl, later educating her to be his queen. Shaw's comedy of manners in turn was the basis for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady (1956), as well as numerous other adaptations. P. L. Deshpande 's play Ti Fulrani ("Queen of Flowers") is also based on Shaw's Pygmalion . The play was a huge success in Marathi theater and has earned many accolades. Madhu Rye adapted Pygmalion in Gujarati as Santu Rangili (1976) which
931-402: Is the puppet and not its creator, the woodcarver Geppetto , who beseeches the divine powers for the miracle. In the final scene of William Shakespeare 's The Winter's Tale , a statue of Queen Hermione which comes to life is revealed as Hermione herself, so bringing the play to a conclusion of reconciliations. In George Bernard Shaw 's 1913 play Pygmalion , a modern variant of the myth,
980-500: The 19th century. Though it is not based on the story of Pygmalion, Shakespeare's play Measure for Measure references Pygmalion in a line spoken by Lucio in Act 3, Scene 2: "What, is there none of Pygmalion's images, newly made woman, to be had now, for putting the hand in the pocket and extracting it clutch'd?" There have also been successful stage-plays based upon the work, such as W. S. Gilbert 's Pygmalion and Galatea (1871). It
1029-589: The Hill Pygmalion publishing See also [ edit ] Pygmalion and Galatea (disambiguation) Pygmalion and the Image series , a series of four paintings by Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones (1878) Pygmalion effect Pygmalionism My Fair Lady (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing "Pygmalion" or "Pigmalion" Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
SECTION 20
#17327658201271078-554: The IDF training program study, Eden and Ravid observed that raising instructors' expectations for particular trainees led to both greater performance (the Pygmalion effect) and increased self-expectations for those trainees. The research also demonstrated that improving these trainees' performance levels may be accomplished by directly raising their expectations by telling them—rather than their instructors—that they had high potential. The educational psychologist Robert L. Thorndike described
1127-400: The Pygmalion effect, the targets of the expectations internalize their positive labels, and those with positive labels succeed accordingly; a similar process works in the opposite direction in the case of low expectations. The idea behind the Pygmalion effect is that increasing the leader's expectation of the follower's performance will result in better follower performance. Within sociology ,
1176-660: The Real Girl tells the story of a man who purchases a doll and treats her as a real person in order to reconnect with the rest of the world. Although she never comes to life, he believes she is real, and in doing so develops more connections to his community. When he no longer needs her, he lets her go. This is a reversal of the myth of Pygmalion. The story has been the subject of notable paintings by Agnolo Bronzino , Jean-Léon Gérôme ( Pygmalion and Galatea ), Honoré Daumier , Edward Burne-Jones (four major works from 1868–1870, then again in larger versions from 1875–1878 with
1225-441: The arts through the centuries. At an unknown date, later authors give as the name of the statue that of the sea- nymph Galatea or Galathea. Goethe calls her Elise, based upon the variants in the story of Dido / Elissa . A variant of this theme can also be seen in the story of Pinocchio , in which a wooden puppet is transformed into a "real boy", though in this case the puppet possesses sapience prior to its transformation; it
1274-538: The cast. In March 1872, William Brough's 1867 play Pygmalion; or, The Statue Fair was revived, and in May of that year, a visiting French company produced Victor Massé 's Galathée . George Bernard Shaw 's Pygmalion (1912, staged 1913) owes something to both the Greek Pygmalion and the legend of "King Cophetua and the beggar maid"; in which a king lacks interest in women, but one day falls in love with
1323-521: The control group. According to a later analysis of the survey by Eden, instructors were rated more positively on each of the four management leadership dimensions by Bowers and Seashore. Eden referred to this phenomenon as the Pygmalion leadership style (PLS). PLS includes consistently promoting, supporting, and reinforcing expectations, which leads to the subordinates adopting, accepting, or internalizing those expectations. Notably, those instructors needed to be made aware of their different manner of treating
1372-526: The control groups on four objective tests. This study was noteworthy since it used adult Israeli soldiers as a sample rather than the previous sample of the American child, inferring that the Pygmalion effect could be applied to different contexts rather than only the original classroom setting where it was originally noticed and replicated, confirming its generalisability. The Pygmalion effect has been noted in several non-educational contexts. For instance, in
1421-448: The effect is often cited with regard to education and social class . The Pygmalion effect remains controversial among social psychologists , because researchers have repeatedly failed to replicate the original finding of a strong, statistically significant effect. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson 's study showed that children's performance was enhanced if teachers were led to expect enhanced performance from children. By
1470-535: The effect of a prior expectancy induction was reduced to virtually zero. A 2005 meta-analysis of 35 years of research on teacher expectations found that, while self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom do occur, the effects are usually small and temporary. It is unknown whether self-fulfilling prophecies affect intelligence or have an otherwise harmful effect. The cause of the effect may be because teachers' expectations of students are accurate, and not because they are self-fulfilling. Rosenthal had originally claimed
1519-437: The end of the study, all students were again tested with the same IQ test used at the beginning of the study. All six grades in both experimental and control groups showed a mean gain in IQ from before the test to after the test. However, first- and second-graders showed statistically significant gains favoring the experimental group of "intellectual bloomers." This led to the conclusion that teacher expectations, particularly for
Pygmalion - Misplaced Pages Continue
1568-401: The ivory had lost its hardness. Aphrodite had granted Pygmalion's wish. Pygmalion married the ivory sculpture, which changed to a woman under Aphrodite's blessing. In Ovid's narrative, they had a daughter, Paphos, from whom is derived the name of the city . In some versions, Paphos was a son, and they also had a daughter, Metharme . Ovid's mention of Paphos suggests that he was drawing on
1617-400: The leader's expectations. Leader expectations of an employee may alter leader behavior. For example, a leader may expect an employee to be engaged in learning activities and in turn, the employee may engage in more learning, consistent with the idea self-fulfilling prophecy. Leaders have power over employees (including the power to fire an employee) and, thus, behavior change in employees may be
1666-416: The poor quality of the Pygmalion study. The problem with the study was that the instrument used to assess the children's IQ scores was seriously flawed. The average reasoning IQ score for the children in one regular class was in the mentally disabled range, a highly unlikely outcome in a regular class in a garden variety school. In the end, Thorndike concluded that the Pygmalion findings were worthless. Quoting
1715-466: The result of that power differential. The Pygmalion effect is further confirmed in military settings after its application in the workplace. Eden and Shani used instructors and trainees from Israeli Defense Force (IDF) training programs in 1982 to experiment with a military setting to verify the Pygmalion effect. They randomly chose a group of trainees and told the instructors that they had exceptional leadership potential. In turn, this group outperformed
1764-476: The same token, if teachers were led to expect lower performance from children, then the children's performance would be diminished. The authors purported that the study's results supported the hypothesis that performance can be positively or negatively influenced by the expectations of others. This phenomenon is called the observer-expectancy effect . Rosenthal argued that biased expectancies could affect reality and create self-fulfilling prophecies. All students in
1813-417: The sculpture, brings it various gifts, and creates a sumptuous bed for it. In time, Aphrodite 's festival day came and Pygmalion made offerings at the altar of Aphrodite. There, too afraid to admit his desire, he quietly wished for a bride who would be "the living likeness of my ivory girl". When he returned home, he kissed his ivory statue, and found that its lips felt warm. He kissed it again, and found that
1862-408: The students' success. When finished, Rosenthal theorized that future studies could be implemented to find teachers who would encourage their students naturally without changing their teaching methods. Rosenthal and Jacobson's study of the Pygmalion effect was criticized for both weak methodology and lack of replicability (see Pygmalion in the Classroom ). The prior research that motivated this study
1911-413: The title Pygmalion and the Image ), Auguste Rodin , Ernest Normand , Paul Delvaux , Francisco Goya , Franz von Stuck , François Boucher , Eduardo Chicharro y Agüera and Thomas Rowlandson , among others. There have also been numerous sculptures of the "awakening". Ovid's Pygmalion has inspired many works of literature, some of which are listed below. The popularity of the Pygmalion myth surged in
1960-508: The title Pygmalion . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pygmalion&oldid=1215423624 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pygmalion (mythology) In book 10 of Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Pygmalion
2009-508: The trainees, supporting Rosenthal's claim that how instructors treat high-expectations people are not consciously intended or deliberate. The second mediator of the Pygmalion effect is the direct result of PLS, labeled by Eden and Ravid as the Galatea effect, which is the effect of directly manipulating trainees' self-expectations of themselves. The PLS leadership behaviors have the chance to raise trainees' expectations of their performance. In
Pygmalion - Misplaced Pages Continue
2058-413: The treatment group's IQ gain over time was "24.8 IQ points in excess of the gain shown by the controls," and that these gains were persistent and widespread, but several studies since the 1980s have failed to replicate these results. Instead, they have found only a very weak effect , and only in a very small minority (5 to 10%) of students. The marginal performance gains have also been found to "reset" after
2107-409: The underclass flower-girl Eliza Doolittle is metaphorically "brought to life" by a phonetics professor, Henry Higgins, who teaches her to refine her accent and conversation and otherwise conduct herself with upper-class manners in social situations. This play in turn inspired a 1938 film adaptation , as well as the 1956 musical My Fair Lady and its 1964 film adaptation . The 2007 film Lars and
2156-412: The youngest children, can influence student achievement. Rosenthal believed that even attitude or mood could positively affect the students when the teacher was made aware of the "bloomers." The teacher may pay closer attention to and even treat the child differently in times of difficulty. Rosenthal predicted that elementary school teachers may subconsciously behave in ways that facilitate and encourage
2205-524: Was a Cypriot sculptor who carved a woman out of ivory alabaster. Post-classical sources name her Galatea . According to Ovid, when Pygmalion saw the Propoetides of Cyprus practicing prostitution, he began "detesting the faults beyond measure which nature has given to women". He determined to remain celibate and to occupy himself with sculpting. He made a sculpture of a woman that he found so perfect he fell in love with it. Pygmalion kisses and fondles
2254-405: Was conducted in 1911 by psychologists regarding the case of Clever Hans , a horse that gained notoriety because it was supposed to be able to read, spell, and solve math problems by using its hoof to answer. Many skeptics suggested that questioners and observers were unintentionally signaling Clever Hans. For instance, whenever Clever Hans was asked a question the observers' demeanor usually elicited
2303-485: Was little difference between students' behaviors in the natural and the positive conditions." In a more observational study designed to remove the likes of the Hawthorne effect , Oppenlander (1969) studied the top and bottom 20% of students in the sixth grade from a school that tracks and organizes its students under such criteria. The behavior a leader directs at an employee can affect employee behavior consistent with
2352-562: Was revived twice, in 1884 and in 1888. The play was parodied by the musical 1883 burlesque Galatea, or Pygmalion Reversed , which was performed at the Gaiety Theatre with a libretto by Henry Pottinger Stephens and W. Webster , and a score composed by Wilhelm Meyer Lutz . In January, 1872, Ganymede and Galatea opened at the Gaiety Theatre . This was a comic version of Franz von Suppé 's Die schöne Galathee , coincidentally with Arthur Sullivan 's brother, Fred Sullivan , in
2401-500: Was successful. Pygmalion effect The Pygmalion effect is a psychological phenomenon in which high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area and low expectations lead to worse performance. It is named after the Greek myth of Pygmalion , the sculptor who fell so much in love with the perfectly beautiful statue he created that the statue came to life. The psychologists Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson present
#126873