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53-403: QGP may refer to: Quark–gluon plasma , in physics Garanhuns Airport (IATA code), Brazil QGP, a Q code for radio services Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title QGP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

106-554: A spacetime with Euclidean signature , where the above trace (Tr) leads to the requirement that all bosonic and fermionic fields be periodic and antiperiodic, respectively, with respect to the Euclidean time direction with periodicity β = 1 / ( k T ) {\displaystyle \beta =1/(kT)} (we are assuming natural units ℏ = 1 {\displaystyle \hbar =1} ). This allows one to perform calculations with

159-460: A "fireball", in the rare event of a collision. Hydrodynamic simulation predicts this fireball will expand under its own pressure , and cool while expanding. By carefully studying the spherical and elliptic flow , experimentalists put the theory to test. There is overwhelming evidence for production of quark–gluon plasma in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The important classes of experimental observations are The cross-over temperature from

212-438: A "free" collision event by several features; for example, its particle content is indicative of a temporary chemical equilibrium producing an excess of middle-energy strange quarks vs. a nonequilibrium distribution mixing light and heavy quarks ("strangeness production"), and it does not allow particle jets to pass through ("jet quenching"). Experiments at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) begun experiments to create QGP in

265-422: A branch of theoretical physics which seeks to understand particle physics under conditions of high temperature. Such studies are important to understand the early evolution of our universe: the first hundred microseconds or so. It is crucial to the physics goals of a new generation of observations of the universe ( WMAP and its successors). It is also of relevance to Grand Unification Theories which seek to unify

318-456: A nucleus, have integer electric charge. Because of the extremely high energies involved, quark-antiquark pairs are produced by pair production and thus QGP is a roughly equal mixture of quarks and antiquarks of various flavors, with only a slight excess of quarks. This property is not a general feature of conventional plasmas, which may be too cool for pair production (see however pair instability supernova ). One consequence of this difference

371-531: A phase transition was expected, present day theoretical interpretations propose a phase transformation similar to the process of ionisation of normal matter into ionic and electron plasma. The central issue of the formation of a quark–gluon plasma is the research for the onset of deconfinement . From the beginning of the research on formation of QGP, the issue was whether energy density can be achieved in nucleus-nucleus collisions. This depends on how much energy each nucleon loses. An influential reaction picture

424-537: A quark–gluon plasma occurs as a result of a strong interaction between the partons (quarks, gluons) that make up the nucleons of the colliding heavy nuclei called heavy ions. Therefore, experiments are referred to as relativistic heavy ion collision experiments. Theoretical and experimental works show that the formation of a quark–gluon plasma occurs at the temperature of T ≈ 150–160 MeV, the Hagedorn temperature, and an energy density of ≈ 0.4–1 GeV / fm . While at first

477-400: A quark–gluon plasma. A quark–gluon plasma (QGP) or quark soup is a state of matter in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which exists at extremely high temperature and/or density . This state is thought to consist of asymptotically free strong-interacting quarks and gluons, which are ordinarily confined by color confinement inside atomic nuclei or other hadrons. This is in analogy with

530-404: A screening length α. In a QGP, the color charge of the quarks and gluons is screened. The QGP has other analogies with a normal plasma. There are also dissimilarities because the color charge is non-abelian , whereas the electric charge is abelian. Outside a finite volume of QGP the color-electric field is not screened, so that a volume of QGP must still be color-neutral. It will therefore, like

583-400: A simple superposition of nucleon-nucleon collisions. For a short time, ~1 μs, and in the final volume, quarks and gluons form some ideal liquid. The collective properties of this fluid are manifested during its movement as a whole. Therefore, when moving partons in this medium, it is necessary to take into account some collective properties of this quark–gluon liquid. Energy losses depend on

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636-413: A turning point in physics. Experiments at RHIC have revealed a wealth of information about this remarkable substance, which we now know to be a QGP. Nuclear matter at "room temperature" is known to behave like a superfluid . When heated the nuclear fluid evaporates and turns into a dilute gas of nucleons and, upon further heating, a gas of baryons and mesons (hadrons). At the critical temperature, T H ,

689-458: Is a state of matter in which the elementary particles that make up the hadrons of baryonic matter are freed of their strong attraction for one another under extremely high energy densities . These particles are the quarks and gluons that compose baryonic matter. In normal matter quarks are confined ; in the QGP quarks are deconfined . In classical quantum chromodynamics (QCD), quarks are

742-656: Is a set of methods to calculate expectation values of physical observables of a quantum field theory at finite temperature . In the Matsubara formalism , the basic idea (due to Felix Bloch ) is that the expectation values of operators in a canonical ensemble may be written as expectation values in ordinary quantum field theory where the configuration is evolved by an imaginary time τ = i t ( 0 ≤ τ ≤ β ) {\displaystyle \tau =it(0\leq \tau \leq \beta )} . One can therefore switch to

795-468: Is confirmed by comparing the relative yield of hadrons with a large transverse impulse in nucleon-nucleon and nucleus-nucleus collisions at the same collision energy. The energy loss by partons with a large transverse impulse in nucleon-nucleon collisions is much smaller than in nucleus-nucleus collisions, which leads to a decrease in the yield of high-energy hadrons in nucleus-nucleus collisions. This result suggests that nuclear collisions cannot be regarded as

848-424: Is enough energy available so that gluons (particles mediating the strong force ) collide and produce an excess of the heavy (i.e., high-energy ) strange quarks . Whereas, if the QGP did not exist and there was a pure collision, the same energy would be converted into a non-equilibrium mixture containing even heavier quarks such as charm quarks or bottom quarks . The equation of state is an important input into

901-509: Is heated well above the Hagedorn temperature T H = 150 MeV per particle, which amounts to a temperature exceeding 1.66×10 K . This can be accomplished by colliding two large nuclei at high energy (note that 175 MeV is not the energy of the colliding beam). Lead and gold nuclei have been used for such collisions at CERN SPS and BNL RHIC , respectively. The nuclei are accelerated to ultrarelativistic speeds ( contracting their length ) and directed towards each other, creating

954-406: Is matter in which charges are screened due to the presence of other mobile charges. For example: Coulomb's Law is suppressed by the screening to yield a distance-dependent charge, Q → Q e − r / α {\displaystyle Q\rightarrow Qe^{-r/\alpha }} , i.e., the charge Q is reduced exponentially with the distance divided by

1007-474: Is needed is one section running along the real time axis, as the route to the end point, t i − i β {\displaystyle t_{i}-i\beta } , is less important. The piecewise composition of the resulting complex time contour leads to a doubling of fields and more complicated Feynman rules, but obviates the need of analytic continuations of the imaginary-time formalism. The alternative approach to real-time formalisms

1060-488: Is that the color charge is too large for perturbative computations which are the mainstay of QED. As a result, the main theoretical tools to explore the theory of the QGP is lattice gauge theory . The transition temperature (approximately 175  MeV ) was first predicted by lattice gauge theory. Since then lattice gauge theory has been used to predict many other properties of this kind of matter. The AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture may provide insights in QGP, moreover

1113-467: The Big Bang . Experimental groups are probing over a 'large' distance the (de)confining quantum vacuum structure, which determines prevailing form of matter and laws of nature. The experiments give insight to the origin of matter and mass: the matter and antimatter is created when the quark–gluon plasma 'hadronizes' and the mass of matter originates in the confining vacuum structure. QCD is one part of

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1166-606: The de Broglie relation , to a discretized thermal energy spectrum E n = 2 n π k T {\displaystyle E_{n}=2n\pi kT} . This has been shown to be a useful tool in studying the behavior of quantum field theories at finite temperature. It has been generalized to theories with gauge invariance and was a central tool in the study of a conjectured deconfining phase transition of Yang–Mills theory . In this Euclidean field theory, real-time observables can be retrieved by analytic continuation . The Feynman rules for gauge theories in

1219-400: The equation of state is a relation between the energy density and the pressure. This has been found through lattice computations, and compared to both perturbation theory and string theory . This is still a matter of active research. Response functions such as the specific heat and various quark number susceptibilities are currently being computed. The discovery of the perfect liquid was

1272-605: The fermionic components of hadrons ( mesons and baryons) while the gluons are considered the bosonic components of such particles. The gluons are the force carriers, or bosons, of the QCD color force, while the quarks by themselves are their fermionic matter counterparts. Quark–gluon plasma is studied to recreate and understand the high energy density conditions prevailing in the Universe when matter formed from elementary degrees of freedom (quarks, gluons) at about 20 μs after

1325-410: The mean free time of quarks and gluons in the QGP may be comparable to the average interparticle spacing: hence the QGP is a liquid as far as its flow properties go. This is very much an active field of research, and these conclusions may evolve rapidly. The incorporation of dissipative phenomena into hydrodynamics is another active research area. Detailed predictions were made in the late 1970s for

1378-855: The 1980s and 1990s: the results led CERN to announce evidence for a "new state of matter" in 2000. Scientists at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider announced they had created quark–gluon plasma by colliding gold ions at nearly the speed of light, reaching temperatures of 4 trillion degrees Celsius. Current experiments (2017) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory 's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) on Long Island (New York, USA) and at CERN's recent Large Hadron Collider near Geneva (Switzerland) are continuing this effort, by colliding relativistically accelerated gold and other ion species (at RHIC) or lead (at LHC) with each other or with protons. Three experiments running on CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC), on

1431-525: The Big Bang, known as the quark epoch , the Universe was in a quark–gluon plasma state. The strength of the color force means that unlike the gas-like plasma, quark–gluon plasma behaves as a near-ideal Fermi liquid , although research on flow characteristics is ongoing. Liquid or even near-perfect liquid flow with almost no frictional resistance or viscosity was claimed by research teams at RHIC and LHC's Compact Muon Solenoid detector. QGP differs from

1484-841: The Euclidean space. The alternative to the use of fictitious imaginary times is to use a real-time formalism which come in two forms. A path-ordered approach to real-time formalisms includes the Schwinger–Keldysh formalism and more modern variants. The latter involves replacing a straight time contour from (large negative) real initial time t i {\displaystyle t_{i}} to t i − i β {\displaystyle t_{i}-i\beta } by one that first runs to (large positive) real time t f {\displaystyle t_{f}} and then suitably back to t i − i β {\displaystyle t_{i}-i\beta } . In fact all that

1537-410: The Euclidean time formalism, were derived by C. W. Bernard.     The Matsubara formalism, also referred to as imaginary time formalism, can be extended to systems with thermal variations. In this approach, the variation in the temperature is recast as a variation in the Euclidean metric. Analysis of the partition function leads to an equivalence between thermal variations and the curvature of

1590-523: The Universe cooled below T H evaporated into a gas of hadrons. Detailed measurements show that this liquid is a quark–gluon plasma where quarks, antiquarks and gluons flow independently. In short, a quark–gluon plasma flows like a splat of liquid, and because it is not "transparent" with respect to quarks, it can attenuate jets emitted by collisions. Furthermore, once formed, a ball of quark–gluon plasma, like any hot object, transfers heat internally by radiation. However, unlike in everyday objects, there

1643-413: The characteristics of the very early Universe. So far, the only possibility is the collision of two heavy atomic nuclei accelerated to energies of more than a hundred GeV. Using the result of a head-on collision in the volume approximately equal to the volume of the atomic nucleus, it is possible to model the density and temperature that existed in the first instants of the life of the Universe. A plasma

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1696-404: The colliding nuclei give rise to the secondary partons with a large transverse impulse ≥ 3–6 GeV/s. Passing through a highly heated compressed plasma, partons lose energy. The magnitude of the energy loss by the parton depends on the properties of the quark–gluon plasma (temperature, density). In addition, it is also necessary to take into account the fact that colored quarks and gluons are

1749-482: The conventional plasma where nuclei and electrons, confined inside atoms by electrostatic forces at ambient conditions, can move freely. Experiments to create artificial quark matter started at CERN in 1986/87, resulting in first claims that were published in 1991. It took several years before the idea became accepted in the community of particle and nuclear physicists. Formation of a new state of matter in Pb–Pb collisions

1802-433: The dressed particles are condensed into some kind of glassy (or amorphous) state, below the genuine transition between the confined state and the plasma liquid. This would be analogous to the formation of metallic glasses, or amorphous alloys of them, below the genuine onset of the liquid metallic state. Although the experimental high temperatures and densities predicted as producing a quark–gluon plasma have been realized in

1855-482: The elementary objects of the plasma, which differs from the energy loss by a parton in a medium consisting of colorless hadrons. Under the conditions of a quark–gluon plasma, the energy losses resulting from the RHIC energies by partons are estimated as ⁠ d E d x = 1   GeV/fm {\displaystyle {\frac {dE}{dx}}=1~{\text{GeV/fm}}} ⁠ . This conclusion

1908-402: The flow equations. The speed of sound (speed of QGP-density oscillations) is currently under investigation in lattice computations. The mean free path of quarks and gluons has been computed using perturbation theory as well as string theory . Lattice computations have been slower here, although the first computations of transport coefficients have been concluded. These indicate that

1961-422: The ground state, i.e. relatively low temperatures and densities, which simplifies calculations at the cost of generality. In contrast, non-perturbative forms of QCD have barely been tested. The study of the QGP, which has both a high temperature and density, is part of this effort to consolidate the grand theory of particle physics. The study of the QGP is also a testing ground for finite temperature field theory ,

2014-462: The hadrons melt and the gas turns back into a liquid. RHIC experiments have shown that this is the most perfect liquid ever observed in any laboratory experiment at any scale. The new phase of matter, consisting of dissolved hadrons, exhibits less resistance to flow than any other known substance. The experiments at RHIC have, already in 2005, shown that the Universe at its beginning was uniformly filled with this type of material—a super-liquid—which once

2067-441: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QGP&oldid=1208196971 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Quark%E2%80%93gluon plasma In the Big Bang theory, quark–gluon plasma filled the entire Universe before matter as we know it

2120-434: The laboratory, the resulting matter does not behave as a quasi-ideal state of free quarks and gluons, but, rather, as an almost perfect dense fluid. Actually, the fact that the quark–gluon plasma will not yet be "free" at temperatures realized at present accelerators was predicted in 1984, as a consequence of the remnant effects of confinement. It has been hypothesized that the core of some massive neutron stars may be

2173-524: The modern theory of particle physics called the Standard Model . Other parts of this theory deal with electroweak interactions and neutrinos . The theory of electrodynamics has been tested and found correct to a few parts in a billion. The theory of weak interactions has been tested and found correct to a few parts in a thousand. Perturbative forms of QCD have been tested to a few percent. Perturbative models assume relatively small changes from

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2226-461: The normal hadronic to the QGP phase is about 156 MeV . This "crossover" may actually not be only a qualitative feature, but instead one may have to do with a true (second order) phase transition , e.g. of the universality class of the three-dimensional Ising model . The phenomena involved correspond to an energy density of a little less than 1  GeV /fm . For relativistic matter, pressure and temperature are not independent variables, so

2279-422: The produced hadrons or their decay products and gamma rays can then be detected. In the quark matter phase diagram, QGP is placed in the high-temperature, high-density regime, whereas ordinary matter is a cold and rarefied mixture of nuclei and vacuum, and the hypothetical quark stars would consist of relatively cold, but dense quark matter. It is believed that up to a few microseconds (10 to 10 seconds) after

2332-516: The production of jets at the CERN Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron . UA2 observed the first evidence for jet production in hadron collisions in 1981, which shortly after was confirmed by UA1 . The subject was later revived at RHIC. One of the most striking physical effects obtained at RHIC energies is the effect of quenching jets. At the first stage of interaction of colliding relativistic nuclei, partons of

2385-541: The properties of the quark–gluon medium, on the parton density in the resulting fireball, and on the dynamics of its expansion. Losses of energy by light and heavy quarks during the passage of a fireball turn out to be approximately the same. In November 2010, CERN announced the first direct observation of jet quenching, based on experiments with heavy-ion collisions. Direct photons and dileptons are arguably most penetrating tools to study relativistic heavy ion collisions. They are produced, by various mechanisms spanning

2438-445: The same tools as in ordinary quantum field theory, such as functional integrals and Feynman diagrams , but with compact Euclidean time. Note that the definition of normal ordering has to be altered. In momentum space , this leads to the replacement of continuous frequencies by discrete imaginary (Matsubara) frequencies v n = n / β {\displaystyle v_{n}=n/\beta } and, through

2491-405: The space-time evolution of the strongly interacting fireball. They provide in principle a snapshot on the initial stage as well. They are hard to decipher and interpret as most of the signal is originating from hadron decays long after the QGP fireball has disintegrated. Since 2008, there is a discussion about a hypothetical precursor state of the quark–gluon plasma, the so-called "Glasma", where

2544-547: The spectrometers ALICE , ATLAS and CMS , have continued studying the properties of QGP. CERN temporarily ceased colliding protons , and began colliding lead ions for the ALICE experiment in 2011, in order to create a QGP. A new record breaking temperature was set by ALICE: A Large Ion Collider Experiment at CERN in August 2012 in the ranges of 5.5 trillion ( 5.5 × 10 ) kelvin as claimed in their Nature PR. The formation of

2597-480: The three fundamental forces of nature (excluding gravity). The generally accepted model of the formation of the Universe states that it happened as the result of the Big Bang . In this model, in the time interval of 10 –10 s after the Big Bang, matter existed in the form of a quark–gluon plasma. It is possible to reproduce the density and temperature of matter existing of that time in laboratory conditions to study

2650-399: The ultimate goal of the fluid/gravity correspondence is to understand QGP. The QGP is believed to be a phase of QCD which is completely locally thermalized and thus suitable for an effective fluid dynamic description. Production of QGP in the laboratory is achieved by colliding heavy atomic nuclei (called heavy ions as in an accelerator atoms are ionized) at relativistic energy in which matter

2703-409: Was created. Theories predicting the existence of quark–gluon plasma were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Discussions around heavy ion experimentation followed suit, and the first experiment proposals were put forward at CERN and BNL in the following years. Quark–gluon plasma was detected for the first time in the laboratory at CERN in the year 2000. Quark–gluon plasma

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2756-499: Was officially announced at CERN in view of the convincing experimental results presented by the CERN SPS WA97 experiment in 1999, and later elaborated by Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider . Quark matter can only be produced in minute quantities and is unstable and impossible to contain, and will radioactively decay within a fraction of a second into stable particles through hadronization ;

2809-597: Was the scaling solution presented by Bjorken . This model applies to ultra-high energy collisions. In experiments carried out at CERN SPS and BNL RHIC more complex situation arose, usually divided into three stages: More and more experimental evidence points to the strength of QGP formation mechanisms—operating even in LHC-energy scale proton-proton collisions. Thermal quantum field theory In theoretical physics , thermal quantum field theory ( thermal field theory for short) or finite temperature field theory

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