The QWERTZ ( / ˈ k w ɜːr t s / KWURTS ) or QWERTZU , QWERTZUIOP ( / ˈ k w ɜːr t s uː / KWURT -soo ) keyboard is a typewriter and keyboard layout widely used in Central and Southeast Europe . The name comes from the first six letters at the top left of the keyboard: ( Q W E R T Z ).
122-444: The main difference between QWERTZ and QWERTY is that the positions of the Z and Y keys are switched (hence the nickname " kezboard "). This change possibly was made for three major reasons: Similar to many other non-English keyboards: Some of the special key inscriptions are often changed from an abbreviation to a graphical symbol (for example ⇪ Caps Lock becomes a hollow arrow pointing up, ← Backspace becomes
244-456: A US English keyboard layout. Until Windows 8 and later versions, when Microsoft separated the settings, this had the undesirable side effect of also setting the language to US English, rather than the local orthography . The US keyboard layout has a second Alt instead of the AltGr key and does not use any dead keys ; this makes it inefficient for all but a handful of languages (unless
366-410: A US English keyboard layout. Until Windows 8 and later versions, when Microsoft separated the settings, this had the undesirable side effect of also setting the language to US English, rather than the local orthography . The US keyboard layout has a second Alt instead of the AltGr key and does not use any dead keys ; this makes it inefficient for all but a handful of languages (unless
488-419: A backspace, and a period. A semicolon (;) was produced by printing a comma (,) over a colon (:). As the backspace key is slow in simple mechanical typewriters (the carriage was heavy and optimized to move in the opposite direction), a more professional approach was to block the carriage by pressing and holding the space bar while printing all characters that needed to be in a shared position. To make this possible,
610-419: A backspace, and a period. A semicolon (;) was produced by printing a comma (,) over a colon (:). As the backspace key is slow in simple mechanical typewriters (the carriage was heavy and optimized to move in the opposite direction), a more professional approach was to block the carriage by pressing and holding the space bar while printing all characters that needed to be in a shared position. To make this possible,
732-405: A dedicated Hungarian layout commonly available for older computers, but since this is no longer an issue, virtually everyone uses QWERTZ in everyday computing. On " ISO " keyboards (as in the first picture) and "BAE" keyboards (as in the second), the Í key is positioned on the key to the right of the left ⇧ Shift key. To adapt to 101/104-key (ANSI) keyboards which do not have that key,
854-635: A key for the non-ASCII character broken bar ¦ , but lacked one for the far more commonly used ASCII character vertical bar | . It also lacked support for various diacritics used in the Welsh alphabet , and the Scots Gaelic alphabet ; and also is missing the letter yogh , ȝ, used very rarely in the Scots language . Therefore, various manufacturers have modified or extended the BS 4822 standard: Support for
976-425: A key for the non-ASCII character broken bar ¦ , but lacked one for the far more commonly used ASCII character vertical bar | . It also lacked support for various diacritics used in the Welsh alphabet , and the Scots Gaelic alphabet ; and also is missing the letter yogh , ȝ, used very rarely in the Scots language . Therefore, various manufacturers have modified or extended the BS 4822 standard: Support for
1098-498: A keyboard with essentially the modern QWERTY layout. These adjustments included placing the "R" key in the place previously allotted to the period key. Apocryphal claims that this change was made to let salesmen impress customers by pecking out the brand name "TYPE WRITER QUOTE" from one keyboard row is not formally substantiated. Vestiges of the original alphabetical layout remained in the " home row " sequence DFGHJKL. The modern ANSI layout is: The QWERTY layout became popular with
1220-631: A large number of different keyboard layouts used for different languages written in Latin script. They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q , A , Z , M , and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters, for example this QWERTY layout and the AZERTY layout. In this section you will also find keyboard layouts that include some additional symbols of other languages. But they are different from layouts that were designed with
1342-527: A large number of different keyboard layouts used for different languages written in Latin script. They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q , A , Z , M , and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters, for example this QWERTY layout and the AZERTY layout. In this section you will also find keyboard layouts that include some additional symbols of other languages. But they are different from layouts that were designed with
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#17327767725211464-446: A larger ↵ Enter key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used EBCDIC symbols ( ¬ , ¦ ), and uses different positions for the characters @ , " , # , ~ , \ , and | . The BS 4822:1994 standard did not make any use of the AltGr key and lacked support for any non-ASCII characters other than ¬ and £ . It also assigned
1586-399: A larger ↵ Enter key, includes £ and € signs and some rarely used EBCDIC symbols ( ¬ , ¦ ), and uses different positions for the characters @ , " , # , ~ , \ , and | . The BS 4822:1994 standard did not make any use of the AltGr key and lacked support for any non-ASCII characters other than ¬ and £ . It also assigned
1708-629: A left-pointing arrow). In German and Austrian keyboards, most of the other abbreviated labels are in German: Ctrl (control) is translated to its German equivalent "Strg" for Steuerung , and Delete is abbreviated "Entf" ( entfernen ). Esc and ↵ Enter on the numeric keypad are not translated, however. (See: Key labels ) The QWERTZ layout is widely used in German-speaking Europe as well as other Central European and Balkan countries that use
1830-527: A patent application for his early writing machine he developed with the assistance of his friends Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soulé . The first model constructed by Sholes used a piano-like keyboard with two rows of characters arranged alphabetically as shown below: Sholes struggled for the next five years to perfect his invention, making many trial-and-error rearrangements of the original machine's alphabetical key arrangement. The study of bigram (letter-pair) frequency by educator Amos Densmore, brother of
1952-574: A regular basis. French-speaking Canadians respectively have favoured the Canadian French keyboard layout (see French (Canada) , below). The CSA keyboard is the official multilingual keyboard layout of Canada. The United Kingdom and Ireland use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in the (now withdrawn) British Standard BS 4822. It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an AltGr key and
2074-446: A regular basis. French-speaking Canadians respectively have favoured the Canadian French keyboard layout (see French (Canada) , below). The CSA keyboard is the official multilingual keyboard layout of Canada. The United Kingdom and Ireland use a keyboard layout based on the 48-key version defined in the (now withdrawn) British Standard BS 4822. It is very similar to that of the United States, but has an AltGr key and
2196-409: A shortened left ⇧ Shift with ` and ~ in the newly created position, and in the upper left of the keyboard are § and ± instead of the traditional EBCDIC codes. The middle-row key that fits inside the return key has \ and Pipe symbol . The arrangement of the character input keys and the ⇧ Shift keys contained in this layout is specified in
2318-409: A shortened left ⇧ Shift with ` and ~ in the newly created position, and in the upper left of the keyboard are § and ± instead of the traditional EBCDIC codes. The middle-row key that fits inside the return key has \ and Pipe symbol . The arrangement of the character input keys and the ⇧ Shift keys contained in this layout is specified in
2440-589: A single-stroke key for the Dutch character IJ/ij , which is usually typed by the combination of I and J . In the 1990s, there was a version with the now-obsolete florin sign (Dutch: guldenteken) for IBM PCs. In Flanders (the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium ), "AZERTY" keyboards are used instead, due to influence from the French-speaking part of Belgium. See also #US-International in
2562-409: A single-stroke key for the Dutch character IJ/ij , which is usually typed by the combination of I and J . In the 1990s, there was a version with the now-obsolete florin sign (Dutch: guldenteken) for IBM PCs. In Flanders (the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium ), "AZERTY" keyboards are used instead, due to influence from the French-speaking part of Belgium. See also #US-International in
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#17327767725212684-450: A standard US QWERTY keyboard with the sole loss the guillemet / degree sign key. Its significant difference from the US standard is that the right Alt key is reconfigured as an AltGr key that gives easy access to a further range of characters (marked in blue and red on the keyboard image. Blue indicates an alternative character that will display as typed. Red indicates a dead key :
2806-402: A standard US QWERTY keyboard with the sole loss the guillemet / degree sign key. Its significant difference from the US standard is that the right Alt key is reconfigured as an AltGr key that gives easy access to a further range of characters (marked in blue and red on the keyboard image. Blue indicates an alternative character that will display as typed. Red indicates a dead key :
2928-548: Is Swiss German. As Swiss German does not make use of the esszett (ß) ligature , on Windows its keyboard lacks the symbol in contrast to the German and Austrian QWERTZ layouts. Linux typically assigns ß to Alt Gr + s . While the German keyboard uses German labels for its keys (e.g. Strg instead of Ctrl ), Swiss keyboards use the English abbreviations as a "neutral" solution to avoid favouring or excluding any of
3050-543: Is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets . The name comes from the order of the first six keys on the top letter row of the keyboard: Q W E R T Y . The QWERTY design is based on a layout included in the Sholes and Glidden typewriter sold via E. Remington and Sons from 1874. QWERTY became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878 and remains in ubiquitous use. The QWERTY layout
3172-558: Is also a Cyrillic keyboard variant , in which Q and W are replaced with Љ (Lj) and Њ (Nj) respectively. However, the Apple keyboards for Croatian are QWERTY. The layout of the Swiss keyboard is established by the national standard SN 074021:1999. It is designed to allow easy access to frequently used accents of the French, German and Italian languages and major currency signs. It
3294-623: Is attached to a lever, and hence the offset prevents the levers from running into each other – and has been retained in most electronic keyboards. Some keyboards, such as the Kinesis or TypeMatrix , retain the QWERTY layout but arrange the keys in vertical columns, to reduce unnecessary lateral finger motion. The first computer terminals such as the Teletype were typewriters that could produce and be controlled by various computer codes. These used
3416-460: Is attached to a lever, and hence the offset prevents the levers from running into each other – and has been retained in most electronic keyboards. Some keyboards, such as the Kinesis or TypeMatrix , retain the QWERTY layout but arrange the keys in vertical columns, to reduce unnecessary lateral finger motion. The first computer terminals such as the Teletype were typewriters that could produce and be controlled by various computer codes. These used
3538-680: Is commonly used in the Czech Republic , but the QWERTY variant is an unofficial option. The characters from the American keyboard (@#$ &\|[]{}<>^`~*) and some other characters and diacritic signs (÷פ€ßĐ𣳰˘˝·˛¸) that are missing on the Czech mechanical typewriter keyboard can be accessed with the AltGr key. The layout on the picture is supported by Microsoft Windows. The QWERTZ layout
3660-460: Is more efficient for Czech, as the Z letter is slightly more common than the Y letter, but only 4% more efficient than QWERTY. An internet poll in 2013 stated that 56% of Czech users used QWERTZ and 44% used QWERTY, but in 2020 57% of Czech users used QWERTY and 43% used QWERTZ. On some keyboards, the " ű " key is located to the left of the Enter key, while on others it is placed to the left of
3782-450: Is reached by ⇧ Shift + 3 and the # sign by ⌥ Option + 3 , the opposite to the US layout. The € is also present and is typed with ⌥ Option + 2 . Umlauts are reached by typing ⌥ Option + U and then the vowel, and ß is reached by typing ⌥ Option + S . Newer Apple "British" keyboards use a layout that is relatively unlike either the US or traditional UK keyboard. It uses an elongated return key,
QWERTZ - Misplaced Pages Continue
3904-450: Is reached by ⇧ Shift + 3 and the # sign by ⌥ Option + 3 , the opposite to the US layout. The € is also present and is typed with ⌥ Option + 2 . Umlauts are reached by typing ⌥ Option + U and then the vowel, and ß is reached by typing ⌥ Option + S . Newer Apple "British" keyboards use a layout that is relatively unlike either the US or traditional UK keyboard. It uses an elongated return key,
4026-480: Is slightly different from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts. The letter M is located at the end of the third row to the right of the letter L rather than on the fourth row to the right of the N, the letters X and C are reversed, and most punctuation marks are in different positions or are missing entirely. 0 and 1 were omitted to simplify
4148-480: Is slightly different from the modern layout, most notably in the absence of the numerals 0 and 1, with each of the remaining numerals shifted one position to the left of their modern counterparts. The letter M is located at the end of the third row to the right of the letter L rather than on the fourth row to the right of the N, the letters X and C are reversed, and most punctuation marks are in different positions or are missing entirely. 0 and 1 were omitted to simplify
4270-620: The AltGr key to access characters in the third level (e.g. [ , ] , @ , the euro sign € , or the micro- µ ). The “T2” layout as specified in the 2012 edition of the German standard also uses the group selection to access special characters like the long s , or foreign characters like “ Æ ” or “ Ə ”. Sorbian QWERTZ is practically identical to the German layout, but the additional Sorbian characters can be entered with dead keys; it has three different layouts: Standard, Legacy, and Extended. All are supported by Microsoft Windows (Windows 7 and later only). The QWERTZ keyboard layout
4392-622: The Esc key, and ⇧ Shift + ° (for ¨ , two dots ) which also works for the non-Nordic ÿ, Ü/ü, Ï/ï, and Ë/ë. These letters are not used natively in Icelandic, but may have been implemented for ease of communication in other Nordic languages. Additional diacritics may be found behind the AltGr key: AltGr + + for ˋ (freestanding grave accent, " backtick ") and AltGr + ´ for ˆ (freestanding circumflex). QWERTY QWERTY ( / ˈ k w ɜːr t i / KWUR -tee )
4514-512: The Latin script . While the core German-speaking countries use QWERTZ more or less exclusively, the situation among German-speakers in East Belgium , Luxembourg , and South Tyrol is more varied. The other countries using QWERTZ were historically parts of Austria-Hungary and/or had strong German technological, economic and cultural influences, which caused them to use German typewriters with
4636-526: The US national standard ANSI - INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999)), where this layout is called " ASCII keyboard". The complete US keyboard layout, as it is usually found, also contains the usual function keys in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995 -2, although this is not explicitly required by the US American national standard. US keyboards are used not only in
4758-419: The US national standard ANSI - INCITS 154-1988 (R1999) (formerly ANSI X3.154-1988 (R1999)), where this layout is called " ASCII keyboard". The complete US keyboard layout, as it is usually found, also contains the usual function keys in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995 -2, although this is not explicitly required by the US American national standard. US keyboards are used not only in
4880-419: The 'US-International' keyboard mapping is used, see below ). On the other hand, the US keyboard layout (or the similar UK layout) is occasionally used by programmers in countries where the keys for [ { are located in less convenient positions on the locally customary layout. On some keyboards the ↵ Enter is bigger than traditionally and takes up also a part of the line above, more or less
5002-419: The 'US-International' keyboard mapping is used, see below ). On the other hand, the US keyboard layout (or the similar UK layout) is occasionally used by programmers in countries where the keys for [ { are located in less convenient positions on the locally customary layout. On some keyboards the ↵ Enter is bigger than traditionally and takes up also a part of the line above, more or less
QWERTZ - Misplaced Pages Continue
5124-463: The Czech keyboard are accessible with AltGr on the same keys where they are located on an American keyboard . In Czech QWERTZ keyboards the positions of these characters accessed through AltGr differs. Both the Danish and Norwegian keyboards include dedicated keys for the letters Å/å , Æ/æ and Ø/ø , but the placement is a little different, as the Æ and Ø keys are swapped on
5246-410: The Czech keyboard are accessible with AltGr on the same keys where they are located on an American keyboard . In Czech QWERTZ keyboards the positions of these characters accessed through AltGr differs. Both the Danish and Norwegian keyboards include dedicated keys for the letters Å/å , Æ/æ and Ø/ø , but the placement is a little different, as the Æ and Ø keys are swapped on
5368-788: The Danish layout with added Đ ( Eth ), since the Faroe Islands are a self-governed part of the Kingdom of Denmark . This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians . It is the most common layout for laptops and stand-alone keyboards aimed at the Francophone market. Unlike the AZERTY layout used in France and Belgium, it is a QWERTY layout and as such is also relatively commonly used by English speakers in
5490-454: The Danish layout with added Đ ( Eth ), since the Faroe Islands are a self-governed part of the Kingdom of Denmark . This keyboard layout is commonly used in Canada by French-speaking Canadians . It is the most common layout for laptops and stand-alone keyboards aimed at the Francophone market. Unlike the AZERTY layout used in France and Belgium, it is a QWERTY layout and as such is also relatively commonly used by English speakers in
5612-414: The English language contains at least one vowel letter, but on the QWERTY keyboard only the vowel letter A is on the home row, which requires the typist's fingers to leave the home row for most words. A feature much less commented on than the order of the keys is that the keys do not form a rectangular grid, but rather each column slants diagonally. This is because of the mechanical linkages – each key
5734-414: The English language contains at least one vowel letter, but on the QWERTY keyboard only the vowel letter A is on the home row, which requires the typist's fingers to leave the home row for most words. A feature much less commented on than the order of the keys is that the keys do not form a rectangular grid, but rather each column slants diagonally. This is because of the mechanical linkages – each key
5856-575: The MS Windows QWERTY layout has put the Í on the usual key for the 0 (zero) while the 0 has been moved to that key's tertiary ( AltGr ) layer; on Macintosh computers, both layouts (QWERTY and QWERTZ) have this adaptation. A variant of the QWERTZ keyboard has been used in Poland , but QWERTY keyboards have been dominant since the early 1990s. The standard keyboard layout as established by
5978-604: The Microsoft Windows standard keyboard layout for Luxembourg, while some in the private sector prefer the Belgian AZERTY or American QWERTY layouts. Liechtenstein also use the Swiss German layout without an ß character. QWERTY QWERTY ( / ˈ k w ɜːr t i / KWUR -tee ) is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets . The name comes from the order of the first six keys on
6100-627: The Netherlands below. The keyboard layout used in Estonia is virtually the same as the Swedish layout . The main difference is that the Å and ¨ keys (to the right of P ) are replaced with Ü and Õ respectively (the latter letter being the most distinguishing feature of the Estonian alphabet ). Some special symbols and dead keys are also moved around. The same as
6222-404: The Netherlands below. The keyboard layout used in Estonia is virtually the same as the Swedish layout . The main difference is that the Å and ¨ keys (to the right of P ) are replaced with Ü and Õ respectively (the latter letter being the most distinguishing feature of the Estonian alphabet ). Some special symbols and dead keys are also moved around. The same as
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#17327767725216344-470: The Norwegian layout. (The Finnish–Swedish keyboard is also largely similar to the Norwegian layout, but the Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä . On some systems, the Danish keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ø and Æ , respectively.) Computers with Windows are commonly sold with ÖØÆ and ÄÆØ printed on
6466-413: The Norwegian layout. (The Finnish–Swedish keyboard is also largely similar to the Norwegian layout, but the Ø and Æ are replaced with Ö and Ä . On some systems, the Danish keyboard may allow typing Ö/ö and Ä/ä by holding the AltGr or ⌥ Option key while striking Ø and Æ , respectively.) Computers with Windows are commonly sold with ÖØÆ and ÄÆØ printed on
6588-464: The QWERTY layout was not designed to slow the typist down, but rather to speed up typing. Indeed, there is evidence that, aside from the issue of jamming, placing often-used keys farther apart increases typing speed, because it encourages alternation between the hands. (On the other hand, in the German keyboard the Z has been moved between the T and the U to help type the frequent digraphs TZ and ZU in that language.) Almost every word in
6710-464: The QWERTY layout was not designed to slow the typist down, but rather to speed up typing. Indeed, there is evidence that, aside from the issue of jamming, placing often-used keys farther apart increases typing speed, because it encourages alternation between the hands. (On the other hand, in the German keyboard the Z has been moved between the T and the U to help type the frequent digraphs TZ and ZU in that language.) Almost every word in
6832-423: The QWERTY layout, since at the time there were ways to make a typewriter without the "up-stroke" typebar mechanism that had required it to be devised. Not only were there rival machines with "down-stroke" and "front stroke" positions that gave a visible printing point, the problem of typebar clashes could be circumvented completely: examples include Thomas Edison 's 1872 electric print-wheel device which later became
6954-423: The QWERTY layout, since at the time there were ways to make a typewriter without the "up-stroke" typebar mechanism that had required it to be devised. Not only were there rival machines with "down-stroke" and "front stroke" positions that gave a visible printing point, the problem of typebar clashes could be circumvented completely: examples include Thomas Edison 's 1872 electric print-wheel device which later became
7076-422: The QWERTY layouts and added keys such as escape Esc which had special meanings to computers. Later keyboards added function keys and arrow keys . Since the standardization of personal computers and Windows after the 1980s, most full-sized computer keyboards have followed this standard (see drawing at right). This layout has a separate numeric keypad for data entry at the right, 12 function keys across
7198-422: The QWERTY layouts and added keys such as escape Esc which had special meanings to computers. Later keyboards added function keys and arrow keys . Since the standardization of personal computers and Windows after the 1980s, most full-sized computer keyboards have followed this standard (see drawing at right). This layout has a separate numeric keypad for data entry at the right, 12 function keys across
7320-680: The QWERTZ layout. QWERTZ is the default keyboard layout for the Albanian language in Microsoft Windows . The PC keyboard layout commonly used in Germany and Austria is based on one defined in a former edition (October 1988) of the German standard DIN 2137-2. The current edition DIN 2137:2012-06 standardizes it as the first (basic) one of three layouts, calling it “T1” ( Tastaturbelegung 1 , or “keyboard layout 1”). It employs dead keys to type accented characters like é , and
7442-664: The Slovak keyboard because of the presence of the Slovak letters (ľščňťžôúáíýéä°´ˇ§). Users can access them with the AltGr key, however, the position of these characters varies between different operating systems. Besides the QWERTZ keyboard layout inherited from the typewriter era, QWERTY layout is also used by computer users in Slovakia. The only difference is that the Y and Z keys are swapped. The Serbo-Croatian Latin and Slovene keyboard layout has five additional special characters Č, Ć, Ž, Š and Đ. This keyboard layout
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#17327767725217564-515: The US and Canada (accustomed to using US standard QWERTY keyboards) for easy access to the accented letters found in some French loanwords . It can be used to type all accented French characters, as well as some from other languages, and serves all English functions as well. It is popular mainly because of its close similarity to the basic US keyboard commonly used by English-speaking Canadians and Americans and historical use of US-made typewriters by French-Canadians. It can also easily 'map' to or from
7686-515: The US and Canada (accustomed to using US standard QWERTY keyboards) for easy access to the accented letters found in some French loanwords . It can be used to type all accented French characters, as well as some from other languages, and serves all English functions as well. It is popular mainly because of its close similarity to the basic US keyboard commonly used by English-speaking Canadians and Americans and historical use of US-made typewriters by French-Canadians. It can also easily 'map' to or from
7808-654: The United States, but also in many other English-speaking places (except UK and Ireland), including India, Australia, Anglophone Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, South Africa, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and Indonesia that uses the same 26-letter alphabets as English. In many other English-speaking jurisdictions (e.g., Canada , Australia , the Caribbean nations, Hong Kong , Malaysia , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Singapore , New Zealand , and South Africa ), local spelling sometimes conforms more closely to British English usage, although these nations decided to use
7930-598: The United States, but also in many other English-speaking places (except UK and Ireland), including India, Australia, Anglophone Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, South Africa, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and Indonesia that uses the same 26-letter alphabets as English. In many other English-speaking jurisdictions (e.g., Canada , Australia , the Caribbean nations, Hong Kong , Malaysia , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Singapore , New Zealand , and South Africa ), local spelling sometimes conforms more closely to British English usage, although these nations decided to use
8052-466: The area of the traditional location of the \ key. In these cases the backslash is located in alternative places. It can be situated one line above the default location, on the right of the = key. Sometimes it is placed one line below its traditional situation, on the right of the ' (in these cases the ↵ Enter key is narrower than usual on the line of its default location). It may also be two lines below its default situation on
8174-466: The area of the traditional location of the \ key. In these cases the backslash is located in alternative places. It can be situated one line above the default location, on the right of the = key. Sometimes it is placed one line below its traditional situation, on the right of the ' (in these cases the ↵ Enter key is narrower than usual on the line of its default location). It may also be two lines below its default situation on
8296-436: The backspace key (see the two pictures on the right). An unusual feature of this Hungarian keyboard layout is the position of the 0 (zero): it is located to the left of the 1, so that most of the accented characters can be together on the right side of the keyboard. The official layout is of type QWERTZ, which is therefore the most widely used keyboard layout in the country. QWERTY used to be widespread due to there not being
8418-577: The basis for Teletype machines; Lucien Stephen Crandall 's typewriter (the second to come onto the American market in 1883) whose type was arranged on a cylindrical sleeve; the Hammond typewriter of 1885 which used a semi-circular "type-shuttle" of hardened rubber (later light metal); and the Blickensderfer typewriter of 1893 which used a type wheel. The early Blickensderfer's "Ideal" keyboard
8540-404: The basis for Teletype machines; Lucien Stephen Crandall 's typewriter (the second to come onto the American market in 1883) whose type was arranged on a cylindrical sleeve; the Hammond typewriter of 1885 which used a semi-circular "type-shuttle" of hardened rubber (later light metal); and the Blickensderfer typewriter of 1893 which used a type wheel. The early Blickensderfer's "Ideal" keyboard
8662-405: The carriage was designed to advance only after releasing the space bar. In the era of mechanical typewriters, combined characters such as é and õ were created by the use of dead keys for the diacritics ( ′, ~ ), which did not move the paper forward. Thus the ′ and e would be printed at the same location on the paper, creating é . There were no particular technological requirements for
8784-405: The carriage was designed to advance only after releasing the space bar. In the era of mechanical typewriters, combined characters such as é and õ were created by the use of dead keys for the diacritics ( ′, ~ ), which did not move the paper forward. Thus the ′ and e would be printed at the same location on the paper, creating é . There were no particular technological requirements for
8906-456: The characters with cedilla were used in the layout (and these are still used in the default 1250 encoding ). In 2012, a version with commas was made and it is available as a custom layout to be installed by the interested end-user. Typewriters in Slovakia have used the QWERTZ layout quite similar to the layout used on the Czech typewriters. Slovak QWERTZ layout differs from the Czech one in using
9028-406: The design and reduce the manufacturing and maintenance costs; they were chosen specifically because they were "redundant" and could be recreated using other keys. Typists who learned on these machines learned the habit of using the uppercase letter I (or lowercase letter L ) for the digit one, and the uppercase O for the zero. The 0 key was added and standardized in its modern position early in
9150-406: The design and reduce the manufacturing and maintenance costs; they were chosen specifically because they were "redundant" and could be recreated using other keys. Typists who learned on these machines learned the habit of using the uppercase letter I (or lowercase letter L ) for the digit one, and the uppercase O for the zero. The 0 key was added and standardized in its modern position early in
9272-418: The diacritic will be applied to the next vowel typed.) In some variants, the key names are translated to French: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and Luxembourg use QWERTZ layouts, where the letter Z is to the right of T . The Icelandic keyboard layout is different from the standard QWERTY keyboard because the Icelandic alphabet has some special letters, most of which it shares with
9394-418: The diacritic will be applied to the next vowel typed.) In some variants, the key names are translated to French: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and Luxembourg use QWERTZ layouts, where the letter Z is to the right of T . The Icelandic keyboard layout is different from the standard QWERTY keyboard because the Icelandic alphabet has some special letters, most of which it shares with
9516-467: The diacritics needed for Scots Gaelic and Welsh was added to Windows and ChromeOS using a "UK-extended" setting (see below ); Linux and X11 systems have an explicit or reassigned Compose key for this purpose. The British version of the Apple Keyboard does not use the standard UK layout. Instead, some older versions have the US layout (see below) with a few differences: the £ sign
9638-404: The diacritics needed for Scots Gaelic and Welsh was added to Windows and ChromeOS using a "UK-extended" setting (see below ); Linux and X11 systems have an explicit or reassigned Compose key for this purpose. The British version of the Apple Keyboard does not use the standard UK layout. Instead, some older versions have the US layout (see below) with a few differences: the £ sign
9760-414: The diacritics needed for students of other European languages. Some QWERTY keyboards have alt codes , in which holding Alt while inputting a sequence of numbers on a numeric keypad allows the entry of special characters. For example, Alt + 1 6 3 results in ú (a Latin lowercase letter u with an acute accent). Minor changes to the arrangement are made for other languages. There are
9882-414: The diacritics needed for students of other European languages. Some QWERTY keyboards have alt codes , in which holding Alt while inputting a sequence of numbers on a numeric keypad allows the entry of special characters. For example, Alt + 1 6 3 results in ú (a Latin lowercase letter u with an acute accent). Minor changes to the arrangement are made for other languages. There are
10004-427: The financial backer James Densmore , is believed to have influenced the array of letters, although this contribution has been called into question. Others suggest instead that the letter groupings evolved from telegraph operators' feedback. In November 1868 he changed the arrangement of the latter half of the alphabet, N to Z, right-to-left. In April 1870 he arrived at a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching
10126-456: The first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters, using a ⇧ Shift key. One popular but possibly apocryphal explanation for the QWERTY arrangement is that it was designed to reduce the likelihood of internal clashing of typebars by placing commonly used combinations of letters farther from each other inside the machine. The QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent
10248-418: The goal to be usable for multiple languages (see Multilingual variants ). The following sections give general descriptions of QWERTY keyboard variants along with details specific to certain operating systems. The emphasis is on Microsoft Windows. English-speaking Canadians have traditionally used the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on
10370-418: The goal to be usable for multiple languages (see Multilingual variants ). The following sections give general descriptions of QWERTY keyboard variants along with details specific to certain operating systems. The emphasis is on Microsoft Windows. English-speaking Canadians have traditionally used the same keyboard layout as in the United States, unless they are in a position where they have to write French on
10492-416: The history of the typewriter, but the 1 and exclamation point were left off some typewriter keyboards into the 1970s. In early designs, some characters were produced by printing two symbols with the carriage in the same position. For instance, the exclamation point , which shares a key with the numeral 1 on post-mechanical keyboards, could be reproduced by using a three-stroke combination of an apostrophe,
10614-416: The history of the typewriter, but the 1 and exclamation point were left off some typewriter keyboards into the 1970s. In early designs, some characters were produced by printing two symbols with the carriage in the same position. For instance, the exclamation point , which shares a key with the numeral 1 on post-mechanical keyboards, could be reproduced by using a three-stroke combination of an apostrophe,
10736-406: The keyboard is also the same. | could also be produced by shifting the key on the left side of the keyboard. " ? are produced by shifting the same keys, but ? is mirrored to ؟ . In Arabic (102) it's true also for {} which are again mirrored. Finally, , instead of being the normal output of their keys, are produced by shifting the same keys. The typewriter came to the Czech -speaking area in
10858-406: The keyboard is also the same. | could also be produced by shifting the key on the left side of the keyboard. " ? are produced by shifting the same keys, but ? is mirrored to ؟ . In Arabic (102) it's true also for {} which are again mirrored. Finally, , instead of being the normal output of their keys, are produced by shifting the same keys. The typewriter came to the Czech -speaking area in
10980-483: The keys engraved for both variations; the difference is only in the driver (software) settings. In the latest versions of Windows there are also separately listed driver settings for Swiss Italian and Swiss Romansh , but they correspond to the Swiss French and Swiss German layout, respectively. In Mac OS X 10.6 and Linux, only Swiss French and Swiss German are available, and on iPadOS, the only layout for Switzerland
11102-503: The late 19th century, when it was part of Austria-Hungary where German was the dominant language of administration. Therefore, Czech typewriters have the QWERTZ layout . However, with the introduction of imported computers, especially since the 1990s, the QWERTY keyboard layout is frequently used for computer keyboards. The Czech QWERTY layout differs from QWERTZ in that the characters (e.g. @ $ & and others) missing from
11224-451: The late 19th century, when it was part of Austria-Hungary where German was the dominant language of administration. Therefore, Czech typewriters have the QWERTZ layout . However, with the introduction of imported computers, especially since the 1990s, the QWERTY keyboard layout is frequently used for computer keyboards. The Czech QWERTY layout differs from QWERTZ in that the characters (e.g. @ $ & and others) missing from
11346-494: The left hand than the right hand. Thousands of English words can be spelled using only the left hand, while only a couple of hundred words can be typed using only the right hand (the three most frequent letters in the English language, E T A , are all typed with the left hand). In addition, more typing strokes are done with the left hand in the QWERTY layout. This is helpful for left- handed people but disadvantageous for right-handed people. Contrary to popular belief,
11468-494: The left hand than the right hand. Thousands of English words can be spelled using only the left hand, while only a couple of hundred words can be typed using only the right hand (the three most frequent letters in the English language, E T A , are all typed with the left hand). In addition, more typing strokes are done with the left hand in the QWERTY layout. This is helpful for left- handed people but disadvantageous for right-handed people. Contrary to popular belief,
11590-457: The letter ľ instead of the Czech ě on the same position, also the letter ť is on the position of Czech ř and the letter ô is on the position of Czech ů . There are 2 more keys that differ in these 2 languages: Slovak ä ( key replaces the Czech ( ) key and Slovak ň ) key replaces the Czech ' ¨ key. There are 17 characters from American keyboard (@#$ &\|[]{}<>^`~*') that are missing on
11712-415: The letter groupings evolved from telegraph operators' feedback. In November 1868 he changed the arrangement of the latter half of the alphabet, N to Z, right-to-left. In April 1870 he arrived at a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching the modern QWERTY standard, moving six vowel letters, A, E, I, O, U, and Y, to the upper row as follows: In 1873 Sholes's backer, James Densmore, successfully sold
11834-421: The manufacturing rights for the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer to E. Remington and Sons . The keyboard layout was finalized within a few months by Remington's mechanics and was ultimately presented: After they purchased the device, Remington made several adjustments, creating a keyboard with essentially the modern QWERTY layout. These adjustments included placing the "R" key in the place previously allotted to
11956-452: The modern QWERTY standard, moving six vowel letters, A, E, I, O, U, and Y, to the upper row as follows: In 1873 Sholes's backer, James Densmore, successfully sold the manufacturing rights for the Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer to E. Remington and Sons . The keyboard layout was finalized within a few months by Remington's mechanics and was ultimately presented: After they purchased the device, Remington made several adjustments, creating
12078-635: The most common diacritics used in the territory where sold. For example, default keyboard mapping for the UK/Ireland keyboard has the diacritics used in Irish but these are rarely printed on the keys; but to type the accents used in Welsh and Scots Gaelic requires the use of a " UK Extended " keyboard mapping and the dead key or compose key method. This arrangement applies to Windows, ChromeOS and Linux ; macOS computers have different techniques. The US International and UK Extended mappings provide many of
12200-525: The most common diacritics used in the territory where sold. For example, default keyboard mapping for the UK/Ireland keyboard has the diacritics used in Irish but these are rarely printed on the keys; but to type the accents used in Welsh and Scots Gaelic requires the use of a " UK Extended " keyboard mapping and the dead key or compose key method. This arrangement applies to Windows, ChromeOS and Linux ; macOS computers have different techniques. The US International and UK Extended mappings provide many of
12322-516: The national languages of Switzerland . Unlike the Windows keyboard layouts used in France and Belgium, the Swiss layout does not have a key dedicated to the accented letter “ù”. The MacOS layout typically assigns this letter to ⌥ Option + u . Luxembourg does not have a keyboard layout of its own. Public education and administration use the Swiss-French keyboard which also represents
12444-408: The next five years to perfect his invention, making many trial-and-error rearrangements of the original machine's alphabetical key arrangement. The study of bigram (letter-pair) frequency by educator Amos Densmore, brother of the financial backer James Densmore , is believed to have influenced the array of letters, although this contribution has been called into question. Others suggest instead that
12566-593: The other Nordic countries: Þ/þ, Ð/ð, Æ/æ, and Ö/ö. (Æ/æ also occurs in Norwegian, Danish and Faroese, Ð/ð in Faroese, and Ö/ö in Swedish, Finnish and Estonian. In Norwegian Ö/ö could be substituted for Ø/Ø which is the same sound/letter and is widely understood). The letters Á/á, Ý/ý, Ú/ú, Í/í, and É/é are produced by first pressing the ´ dead key and then the corresponding letter. The Nordic letters Å/å and Ä/ä can be produced by first pressing ° , located below
12688-483: The other Nordic countries: Þ/þ, Ð/ð, Æ/æ, and Ö/ö. (Æ/æ also occurs in Norwegian, Danish and Faroese, Ð/ð in Faroese, and Ö/ö in Swedish, Finnish and Estonian. In Norwegian Ö/ö could be substituted for Ø/Ø which is the same sound/letter and is widely understood). The letters Á/á, Ý/ý, Ú/ú, Í/í, and É/é are produced by first pressing the ´ dead key and then the corresponding letter. The Nordic letters Å/å and Ä/ä can be produced by first pressing ° , located below
12810-405: The period key. Apocryphal claims that this change was made to let salesmen impress customers by pecking out the brand name "TYPE WRITER QUOTE" from one keyboard row is not formally substantiated. Vestiges of the original alphabetical layout remained in the " home row " sequence DFGHJKL. The modern ANSI layout is: The QWERTY layout became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878,
12932-455: The right of a narrower than traditionally right ⇧ Shift key. Two keyboard layouts that are based on Qwerty are used in Arabic -speaking countries. Microsoft designate them as Arabic (101) and Arabic (102). In both the number line is identical to the American layout, beside ( ) being mirrored, and not including the key to the left of 1 . The \ key on the right side of
13054-403: The right of a narrower than traditionally right ⇧ Shift key. Two keyboard layouts that are based on Qwerty are used in Arabic -speaking countries. Microsoft designate them as Arabic (101) and Arabic (102). In both the number line is identical to the American layout, beside ( ) being mirrored, and not including the key to the left of 1 . The \ key on the right side of
13176-504: The standard SR 13392:2004 is QWERTY. However, a Romanian QWERTZ keyboard (corresponding to older standards) was set up on Windows 3.1 and renamed "Romanian (Legacy)" on all versions since Windows Vista, because of the introduction of the two standard QWERTY layouts with the correct diacritics. Since it was devised before the disunification of "Ș" ( S-comma ) and "Ț" ( T-comma ) with "Ş" (S- cedilla ; used in Turkic languages) and "Ţ" (T cedilla),
13298-447: The success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, the first typewriter to include both upper and lower case letters, using a ⇧ Shift key. One popular but possibly apocryphal explanation for the QWERTY arrangement is that it was designed to reduce the likelihood of internal clashing of typebars by placing commonly used combinations of letters farther from each other inside the machine. The QWERTY layout depicted in Sholes's 1878 patent
13420-549: The top letter row of the keyboard: Q W E R T Y . The QWERTY design is based on a layout included in the Sholes and Glidden typewriter sold via E. Remington and Sons from 1874. QWERTY became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878 and remains in ubiquitous use. The QWERTY layout was devised and created in the early 1870s by Christopher Latham Sholes , a newspaper editor and printer who lived in Kenosha , Wisconsin . In October 1867, Sholes filed
13542-406: The top, and a cursor section to the right and center with keys for Insert , Delete , Home , End , Page Up , and Page Down with cursor arrows in an inverted-T shape. QWERTY was designed for English , a language with accents (' diacritics ') appearing only in a few words of foreign origin. The standard US keyboard has no provision for these at all; the need
13664-406: The top, and a cursor section to the right and center with keys for Insert , Delete , Home , End , Page Up , and Page Down with cursor arrows in an inverted-T shape. QWERTY was designed for English , a language with accents (' diacritics ') appearing only in a few words of foreign origin. The standard US keyboard has no provision for these at all; the need
13786-464: The two keys, allowing same computer hardware to be sold in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, with different operating system settings. Though it is seldom used (most Dutch keyboards use US International layout), the Dutch layout uses QWERTY but has additions for the € sign, the diaresis (¨) , and the braces ({ }) as well as different locations for other symbols. An older version contained
13908-409: The two keys, allowing same computer hardware to be sold in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, with different operating system settings. Though it is seldom used (most Dutch keyboards use US International layout), the Dutch layout uses QWERTY but has additions for the € sign, the diaresis (¨) , and the braces ({ }) as well as different locations for other symbols. An older version contained
14030-690: The usual inverted L-shaped Enter key. The layout makes heavy use of the AltGr (right Alt) key for non-alphabetic characters and dead key combinations for adding diacritics to Latin characters. It is possible to type German , Hungarian , Italian and Polish using only the Serbo-Croatian keyboard layout. There is a proposed variant of new Slovene keyboard layout, which would remove Ć and Đ from top layout and add @ instead. The command keys would also become translated into Slovene and some minor second level layout changes would be made. For Serbian, there
14152-435: Was also non-QWERTY, instead having the sequence "DHIATENSOR" in the home row , these 10 letters being capable of composing 70% of the words in the English language. Alternating hands while typing is a desirable trait in a keyboard design. While one hand types a letter, the other hand can prepare to type the next letter, making the process faster and more efficient. In the QWERTY layout many more words can be spelled using only
14274-435: Was also non-QWERTY, instead having the sequence "DHIATENSOR" in the home row , these 10 letters being capable of composing 70% of the words in the English language. Alternating hands while typing is a desirable trait in a keyboard design. While one hand types a letter, the other hand can prepare to type the next letter, making the process faster and more efficient. In the QWERTY layout many more words can be spelled using only
14396-484: Was designed from the beginning for usage with multiple languages (not only those spoken in Switzerland) in mind. The difference between the Swiss German ( SG ) and the Swiss French ( SF ) layout is that the German variety has the German umlauts (ä, ö, ü) accessible in the unshifted state, while the French version has some French accented characters (é, à, è) accessible in the unshifted state. The actual keyboards have
14518-473: Was devised and created in the early 1870s by Christopher Latham Sholes , a newspaper editor and printer who lived in Kenosha , Wisconsin . In October 1867, Sholes filed a patent application for his early writing machine he developed with the assistance of his friends Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soulé . The first model constructed by Sholes used a piano-like keyboard with two rows of characters arranged alphabetically as shown below: Sholes struggled for
14640-414: Was later met by the so-called " US-International " keyboard mapping , which uses " dead keys " to type accents without having to add more physical keys. (The same principle is used in the standard US keyboard layout for macOS , but in a different way). Most European (including UK) keyboards for PCs have an AltGr key ('Alternative Graphics' key, replaces the right Alt key) that enables easy access to
14762-414: Was later met by the so-called " US-International " keyboard mapping , which uses " dead keys " to type accents without having to add more physical keys. (The same principle is used in the standard US keyboard layout for macOS , but in a different way). Most European (including UK) keyboards for PCs have an AltGr key ('Alternative Graphics' key, replaces the right Alt key) that enables easy access to
14884-572: Was standardized in the 1980s in Yugoslavia . Characters Ć and Đ are only part of Gaj's Latin alphabet but not part of the Slovene alphabet , nevertheless they remain in Slovenian keyboards (for economic reasons, for historical reasons and for writing words in the closely related South Slavic languages). The Ž is on the right side of the Ć key on keyboards which have a longer backspace key, and
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