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102-558: The RC45 has its roots from the original 1982 Honda V-45 V-four 750 engines introduced on the 1982 Honda Magna and Sabre models. Then in 1986, the 2nd generation V-four arrived in the form of the VFR750F (RC24), fixing the camshaft problem that plagued the original V-four and moving to gear driven cams. In 1988, the RC30 was born, loosely based on the RVF endurance racer, and this was used to contest

204-643: A Ducati 999 . Though 999 production ended in 2006 and the bike was replaced by the Ducati 1098 , Ducati produced 150 limited-edition 999s at an elevated race specification to satisfy homologation requirements. Bayliss' main rivals in his title defense included former MotoGP rider Max Biaggi riding a Suzuki, 2004 champion James Toseland riding a Honda and Noriyuki Haga riding a Yamaha. The combination of some uneventful races in MotoGP and some exciting races in SBK saw

306-467: A tire flattens where it contacts the road. The race also yields slightly where each ball presses against it. Thus, the contact between ball and race is of finite size and has finite pressure. The deformed ball and race do not roll entirely smoothly because different parts of the ball are moving at different speeds as it rolls. Thus, there are opposing forces and sliding motions at each ball/race contact. Overall, these cause bearing drag. Roller bearings are

408-452: A Teams World Championship. The motorcycles that race in the championship are tuned versions of motorcycles available for sale to the public, by contrast with MotoGP where purpose built machines are used. MotoGP is the motorcycle world's equivalent of Formula One , whereas Superbike racing is similar to sports car racing . Europe is Superbike World Championship's traditional centre and leading market. However, rounds have been held in

510-462: A ball bearing or a spherical roller bearing. As in all radial bearings, the outer load is continuously re-distributed among the rollers. Often fewer than half of the total number of rollers carry a significant portion of the load. The animation on the right shows how a static radial load is supported by the bearing rollers as the inner ring rotates. Spherical roller bearings have an outer race with an internal spherical shape. The rollers are thicker in

612-470: A bearing assembly are also affected by the speed of operation: rolling-element bearings may spin over 100,000 rpm, and the principal load in such a bearing may be momentum rather than the applied load. Smaller rolling elements are lighter and thus have less momentum, but smaller elements also bend more sharply where they contact the race, causing them to fail more rapidly from fatigue. Maximum rolling-element bearing speeds are often specified in 'nD m ', which

714-579: A bike which to this day is still considered an engineering masterpiece. Some of the technology of the NR750 was carried across to the RC45, These included its fuel-injection system, clutch, sprag clutch and even the 16-inch front wheel size. Some of the RC45's specifications: Major development changes were made to the RC45’s engine, one of the first differences seen is the bore and stroke, which are much different from

816-488: A cage, which is then placed between the two flat surfaces; a common example is drawer-support hardware. Roller-element bearing for a shaft use bearing balls in a groove designed to recirculate them from one end to the other as the bearing moves; as such, they are called linear ball bearings or recirculating bearings . Rolling-element bearings often work well in non-ideal conditions, but sometimes minor problems cause bearings to fail quickly and mysteriously. For example, with

918-413: A factory Ducati. In an effort to create a more competitive field in 2004 organizers announced a series of changes to the championship. The most significant was that from 2004 the teams have had to run on Pirelli control or 'spec' tyres. The decision to award the control tyre to Pirelli was controversial. The Pirelli tyres were considered to be below the standard of Dunlop and Michelin that most of

1020-418: A high air velocity across a wide rpm range, though were not as well suited for racing. The RC45 did away with carburetors and in their absence a brace of four 46 mm throttles were replaced, Honda now had the throttle area it needed to make big horsepower at high revolutions. The system Honda used on the RC45 was very similar to the system used on the NR750. Contrary to popular belief the RC45’s fuel injection

1122-588: A higher port roof, which reduced flow restrictions. The exhaust valves were also larger than the RC30’s in diameter The most notable change of the RC45 when released was the use of Programmed Fuel Injection. Fuel injection had been used on bikes previously but these had either been rather antiquated analog computers or very simple digital units with a minimal number of sensors for input, which resulted in very crude fueling. The RC30 had used 38 mm constant velocity carburettors which, for road use are quite nice, maintaining

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1224-437: A level where up until now only very expensive works bikes could have any chance of competing towards the front end of a race field. With the RC45, Honda drew on its extensive knowledge of racing the RC30 and factory RVF racers. Many engineering ideas were brought across to the RC45. Honda wanted to produce another no-expenses-spared race machine. Just a short time earlier the extremely complex NR750 had been released for road use,

1326-500: A longer lifetime for a correctly-used bearing below its design load, or also as the increased rate by which lifetime is shortened when overloaded. This model was recognised to have become inaccurate for modern bearings. Particularly owing to improvements in the quality of bearing steels, the mechanisms for how failures develop in the 1924 model are no longer as significant. By the 1990s, real bearings were found to give service lives up to 14 times longer than those predicted. An explanation

1428-577: A number of smaller 'satellite' gears which revolve around the center of the bearing along a track on the outsides of the internal and satellite gears, and on the inside of the external gear. The downside to this bearing is manufacturing complexity. Tapered roller bearings use conical rollers that run on conical races. Most roller bearings only take radial or axial loads, but tapered roller bearings support both radial and axial loads, and generally can carry higher loads than ball bearings due to greater contact area. Tapered roller bearings are used, for example, as

1530-612: A point. Marco Melandri won more races than both Biaggi and Sykes this season but failing to score points in 5 of the last 6 races cost him the title. The season saw the number of riders per row on the starting grid reduced from four to three; the knockout system in use for Superpole was revised as the number of riders admitted to the first and to the third session changed from sixteen to fifteen and from eight to nine respectively. In addition, pit stops with tyre changes were introduced in order to avoid races to be interrupted due to variable weather conditions. Kawasaki rider Tom Sykes

1632-537: A race 2 crash for Bayliss at Assen ) Edwards won the championship at the final race of the season at Imola . The final race of the season saw both riders fighting wheel to wheel for the entire race. The race is known by fans as the "Showdown at Imola". The manufacturer's championship was won by Ducati . During these years the Superbike World Championship reached the zenith of its popularity, with global fan and full factory support. In 2003

1734-441: A record 11 poles in the 14 round series and 14 wins (17 podiums) in 28 races; his main rival Haga was more consistent, finishing on the podium 19 times but winning only 8 races. 2009 also saw the debut of BMW and the return of Aprilia . Aprilia took a fourth final place in the championship with Max Biaggi , while BMW finished thirteenth with Troy Corser . 2009 Champion Ben Spies moved to MotoGP . James Toseland returned to

1836-423: A road-going 1,000 cc V-twin superbike and that the level of tuning now needed to make their 999 competitive on the race track was too expensive. Ducati said they would quit if the rules were not changed, while Alstare Suzuki team boss Francis Batta also said that his team would quit if the new rules gave Ducati an unfair advantage. The FIM eventually included the 1,200 cc displacement limit for twins in

1938-603: A standard two-sided swingarm for increased strength on non-endurance bikes. The RC51 was released in 2000 to make use of the 250cc displacement advantage for V-twin motorcycles that allowed the Ducatis to be so competitive. The RC45 was shadowed with problems when first released on the World Superbike championship. This did not bode well with Honda, who entered the World Superbike championship with full factory support, not just privateer support that they gave to teams with

2040-444: A stationary (non-rotating) load, small vibrations can gradually press out the lubricant between the races and rollers or balls ( false brinelling ). Without lubricant the bearing fails, even though it is not rotating and thus is apparently not being used. For these sorts of reasons, much of bearing design is about failure analysis. Vibration based analysis can be used for fault identification of bearings. There are three usual limits to

2142-566: Is a silhouette road racing series based on heavily modified production sports motorcycles . The championship was founded in 1988 . The Superbike World Championship consists of a series of rounds held on permanent racing facilities. Each round has two full length races and, from 2019, an additional ten-lap sprint race known as the Superpole race. The results of all three races are combined to determine three annual World Championships, one for riders , one for manufacturers and, as of 2024,

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2244-418: Is a special type of roller bearing which uses long, thin cylindrical rollers resembling needles. Often the ends of the rollers taper to points, and these are used to keep the rollers captive, or they may be hemispherical and not captive but held by the shaft itself or a similar arrangement. Since the rollers are thin, the outside diameter of the bearing is only slightly larger than the hole in the middle. However,

2346-562: Is based on it. The concept of fatigue limit, and thus ISO 281:2007, remains controversial, at least in the US. In 2015, the SKF Generalized Bearing Life Model (GBLM) was introduced. In contrast to previous life models, GBLM explicitly separates surface and subsurface failure modes – making the model flexible to accommodate several different failure modes. Modern bearings and applications show fewer failures, but

2448-419: Is instead related to in statistical terms, referring to populations of bearings. All information with regard to load ratings is then based on the life that 90% of a sufficiently large group of apparently identical bearings can be expected to attain or exceed. This gives a clearer definition of the concept of bearing life, which is essential to calculate the correct bearing size. Life models can thus help to predict

2550-460: Is needed. Rolling-element bearings are often used for axles due to their low rolling friction. For light loads, such as bicycles, ball bearings are often used. For heavy loads and where the loads can greatly change during cornering, such as cars and trucks, tapered rolling bearings are used. Linear motion roller-element bearings are typically designed for either shafts or flat surfaces. Flat surface bearings often consist of rollers and are mounted in

2652-436: Is not like a 4-stage carburetor, rather it is a proper fuel only system. Honda kept the ignition system separate. The Honda system obtained information from the following sensors: crankshaft position sensor, camshaft position sensor, air temperature sensor, coolant temperature sensor, manifold absolute pressure sensor, throttle position sensor, barometric sensor and battery voltage. With all of these sensors relaying information to

2754-404: Is possible to imitate such a bearing by placing several pens or pencils on a table and placing an item on top of them. See " bearings " for more on the historical development of bearings. A rolling element rotary bearing uses a shaft in a much larger hole, and spheres or cylinders called "rollers" tightly fill the space between the shaft and hole. As the shaft turns, each roller acts as the logs in

2856-465: Is that bearing life is finite, and reduces by a cube power of the ratio between design load and applied load. This model was developed in 1924, 1947 and 1952 work by Arvid Palmgren and Gustaf Lundberg in their paper Dynamic Capacity of Rolling Bearings . The model dates from 1924, the values of the constant p {\displaystyle p} from the post-war works. Higher p {\displaystyle p} values may be seen as both

2958-410: Is that, like a cylindrical roller, they do not locate axially. CARB bearings are typically used in pairs with a locating bearing, such as a spherical roller bearing . This non-locating bearing can be an advantage, as it can be used to allow a shaft and a housing to undergo thermal expansion independently. Toroidal roller bearings were introduced in 1995 by SKF as "CARB bearings". The inventor behind

3060-420: Is the ball bearing . The bearing has inner and outer races between which balls roll. Each race features a groove usually shaped so the ball fits slightly loose. Thus, in principle, the ball contacts each race across a very narrow area. However, a load on an infinitely small point would cause infinitely high contact pressure. In practice, the ball deforms (flattens) slightly where it contacts each race much as

3162-470: Is the life that 90% of bearings can be expected to reach or exceed. The median or average life, sometimes called Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), is about five times the calculated basic rating life. Several factors, the ' ASME five factor model', can be used to further adjust the L 10 {\displaystyle L_{10}} life depending upon the desired reliability, lubrication, contamination, etc. The major implication of this model

Honda RVF750 RC45 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3264-479: Is the presence of water in the lubrication oil. Online water-in-oil monitors have been introduced in recent years to monitor the effects of both particles and the presence of water in oil and their combined effect. Metric rolling-element bearings have alphanumerical designations, defined by ISO 15 , to define all of the physical parameters. The main designation is a seven digit number with optional alphanumeric digits before or after to define additional parameters. Here

3366-524: Is the product of the mean diameter (in mm) and the maximum RPM. For angular contact bearings nD m s over 2.1 million have been found to be reliable in high performance rocketry applications. There are also many material issues: a harder material may be more durable against abrasion but more likely to suffer fatigue fracture, so the material varies with the application, and while steel is most common for rolling-element bearings, plastics, glass, and ceramics are all in common use. A small defect (irregularity) in

3468-481: The 2008 superbike rules. According to the new rules, twin-cylinder motorcycles would be 6 kg heavier than four-cylinder machines (168 kg to 162 kg) and would also have a 50 mm air restrictor fitted. The weight limit and the intake-restrictor size of twin machines would be updated, if needed, during the Championship, by a system analysing the race points obtained. The new rules also changed

3570-468: The Magny-Cours Race 1. His victory gave him an unassailable lead with five races remaining. The season was marred by the death of Honda rider and former MotoGP World Champion Nicky Hayden , who succumbed to injuries sustained in a pedal-cycling accident near Rimini , Italy, on 22 May. Jonathan Rea won his fourth Superbike world title for Kawasaki. 2018 was the final season run with

3672-455: The RC30 . The RC45 had a reduced stroke compared to the RC30, the RC30 having used a bore and stroke of 70 mm x 48.6 mm, whereas the RC45 was changed to a more over-square stroke ratio of 72 mm bore and 46 mm stroke. This allowed higher maximum engine revolutions than the RC30, whilst maintaining equal piston speed . Where the RC30 had used roller bearings on the camshafts,

3774-409: The earliest known type of rolling-element-bearing, dating back to at least 40 BC. Common roller bearings use cylinders of slightly greater length than diameter. Roller bearings typically have a higher radial load capacity than ball bearings, but a lower capacity and higher friction under axial loads. If the inner and outer races are misaligned, the bearing capacity often drops quickly compared to either

3876-520: The 750. If there was ever a bike that really had a reputation to live up to it was Honda’s RC45; after the success of the RC30, the RC45 really had to pull out all stops. Part of the success story of the RC30 was that it was a hand-built race bike that was available at a cost that many club racers could afford, so even though the number of victories in World Super Bike were only a few, (enough to win two titles though) The bike really excelled at

3978-554: The ECU, Honda could have quite easily incorporated the ignition control unit. The reason that they had not came down to the supplier of parts: they had different manufacturers supplying the ecu and cdi units. Regardless, it allowed the use of very large throttle plates seamlessly over a very wide engine operating range. The engine of the RC45 also used many magnesium castings, as of rather recently, it has become quite common to see fuel injection and magnesium engine parts on motorcycles, though in

4080-562: The FIM changed the rules to allow 1,000 cc machines (twins, triples or four-cylinder) to race. Rule changes in MotoGP to allow four-stroke engines meant that the Japanese manufacturers focused their resources there, leaving the Superbike World Championship with limited factory involvement (only Ducati and Suzuki). 2003 also saw the entry of Carl Fogarty ’s Foggy Petronas FP1. The bike

4182-471: The RC30 and RC45 was the change from centre gear-drive mechanism to crank-camshaft drive, located on the end of the crankshaft (first seen in the NR750 ). This reduced the number of crankshaft bearings by one, and camshaft bearings by four, with an associated reduction in friction. The RC45 also followed the RC30 in using titanium connecting rods in a revised format, made lighter and stronger, to help cope with

Honda RVF750 RC45 - Misplaced Pages Continue

4284-478: The RC30. Castrol was the major sponsor of the RC45, and Honda came to win. The RC45 only won one World Superbike championship with American John Kocinski when he won the 1997 FIM Superbike World Championship. Jim Moodie from a standing start, on an RC45 Honda lapped in 18:11.4 seconds, 124.45 mph in the 1999 Isle of Man TT . Miguel Duhamel won the 1995 US AMA Superbike and the 1996 Daytona 200 on an RC45. Miguel came in 2nd in 1996 and 2nd again 1997 on

4386-538: The RC45 used more conventional plain bearings. The RC30 had used a piston with one compression ring and oil control ring to reduce friction. This was very effective for racing but resulted in increased oil consumption in the road-going bikes. The RC45 changed to the more conventional two compression ring system, also with an oil control ring. Low-friction piston ring materials and a molybdenum-disulphide coating on smaller piston skirts were used to reduce internal friction. A significant engine architecture difference between

4488-552: The RC45, then a season ending crash in 1998 injured his leg. However, Ben Bostrom won the 1998 AMA Superbike Championship on an RC45. The bike was used to win the Endurance FIM World Championship six times between 1984 and 1998. Michael Rutter won the 1998 Macau Grand Prix . The RVF400R (NC35) closely resembles the RVF750R (RC45) with the exception of the headlights, which are large and round on

4590-464: The Superbike World Championship after three years in MotoGP . The combination of Bayliss and Ducati proved unstoppable and they dominated the season, winning 12 races. Honda-mounted James Toseland and Yamaha's Noriyuki Haga battled for second with the British rider coming out on top. Defending champion Troy Corser on a Suzuki was fourth. 2006 gave the feeling that the Superbike World Championship

4692-585: The Superpole Race were determined by a single 25-minute Superpole Qualifying session. The grid for Race 2 featured the top nine riders in the Superpole Race in the order in which they finished followed by the remaining riders sorted by their Superpole Qualifying times. Jonathan Rea won his fifth Superbike world title for Kawasaki. In a season shortened by the Covid pandemic, Jonathan Rea won his sixth Superbike world title for Kawasaki. The championship

4794-580: The U.S. Space Shuttle which could not be adequately isolated from the liquid oxygen being pumped. All lubricants reacted with the oxygen, leading to fires and other failures. The solution was to lubricate the bearing with the oxygen. Although liquid oxygen is a poor lubricant, it was adequate, since the service life of the pump was just a few hours. The operating environment and service needs are also important design considerations. Some bearing assemblies require routine addition of lubricants, while others are factory sealed , requiring no further maintenance for

4896-417: The US, with approximately 20 of them going to private race teams; it is estimated only 20 examples are left in the US. It is one of the rarest motorcycles produced by Honda. In its peak race form, in 1999, the RC45 made over 190 hp, with some calling it the best Superbike machine ever. Later in its career HRC heavily modified the bike to keep it competitive including new exhaust systems and switching back to

4998-571: The United States, Malaysia , New Zealand, Canada, Japan, Argentina, Australia, Russia, Qatar , Thailand, and South Africa and the series plans on keeping extra-European circuits in rotation. An Indonesian race was also proposed for the 2008 season, but this was later cancelled by the FIM, though it was later introduced in the 2021 season . The championship is regulated by the FIM , the international governing body of motorcycle racing. As of 2024

5100-592: The ability to take on axial loading and radial loading and how it does this is by using a conical structure enabling the elements to roll diagonally. Barrel -  Provides assistance to high radial socks loads that cause misalignment and uses its shape and size for compensation. Needle - Varying in size, diameters, and materials these types of bearings are best suited for helping reduce weight as well as smaller cross sections application, typically higher load capacity than ball bearings and rigid shaft applications. A particularly common kind of rolling-element bearing

5202-795: The above example. However, since the bearing is round, the rollers never fall out from under the load. Rolling-element bearings have the advantage of a good trade-off between cost, size, weight, carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction, and so on. Other bearing designs are often better on one specific attribute, but worse in most other attributes, although fluid bearings can sometimes simultaneously outperform on carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction, rotation rate and sometimes cost. Only plain bearings are used as widely as rolling-element bearings. Common mechanical components where they are widely used are – automotive, industrial, marine, and aerospace applications. They are products of great necessity for modern technology. The rolling element bearing

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5304-432: The attempt to stop the back wheel from locking. The clutch plates were also from the NR750 and were much larger in diameter compared to the ones used in the RC30. The first gear was so tall that the increase in clutch plate diameter improved their longevity. All gears in the RC45’s gearbox were undercut to reduce the chance of a gear disengaging. The front brake rotors of the RC45 were 310 mm in diameter and are actually

5406-590: The bearing was the engineer Magnus Kellström. The configuration of the races determine the types of motions and loads that a bearing can best support. A given configuration can serve multiple of the following types of loading. Thrust bearings are used to support axial loads, such as vertical shafts. Common designs are Thrust ball bearings , spherical roller thrust bearings , tapered roller thrust bearings or cylindrical roller thrust bearings. Also non-rolling-element bearings such as hydrostatic or magnetic bearings see some use where particularly heavy loads or low friction

5508-403: The bearing. For example, on radial thrust bearings the digits define the contact angle, or the presence of seals on any bearing type. The seventh digit defines the "width series", or thickness, of the bearing. The width series, defined from lightest to heaviest, is: 7, 8, 9, 0, 1 (extra light series), 2 (light series), 3 (medium series), 4 (heavy series). The third digit and the seventh digit define

5610-430: The board consisting of the outer and inner track, a central bore, a retainer to keep the rolling elements from clashing into one another or seizing the bearing movement, and the rolling elements themselves. The internal rolling  components may differ in design due to their intended purpose of application of the bearing.  The main five types of bearings are Ball, Cylindrical, Tapered, Barrel, and Needle. Ball -

5712-508: The championship after 2 seasons in MotoGP and took Spies place at the Sterilgarda Yamaha World Superbike team, partnered by fellow Brit Cal Crutchlow . The factory Ducati team retained their two riders. The 2010 season started on February 28 at Phillip Island and ended on October 3 at Magny-Cours . The knockout system introduced for Superpole in 2009 was revised as the number of riders admitted to

5814-445: The championship is organised by Dorna as well as Liberty Media . The Superbike World Championship began in 1988 , being open to modified versions of road bike models available to the public. For many years, the formula allowed for machines with 1,000 cc V-twin engines (principally Ducati , but later Aprilia and Honda ) to go up against the 750 cc four-cylinder engines ( Honda , Yamaha , Kawasaki and Suzuki ). For

5916-526: The championship's popularity increase even more. The championship was won by James Toseland in the season's last race. His 415 points put him two points ahead of Noriyuki Haga, with former MotoGP winner Max Biaggi following with 397 points on a Suzuki. After introducing the Ducati 1098 in 2007 powered by a 1,099 cc v-twin engine Ducati requested that Superbike rules be changed to allow v-twins of up to 1,200 cc compete against 1,000 cc four-cylinder bikes. Ducati argued that they no longer produced

6018-488: The digits will be defined as: 7654321. Any zeros to the left of the last defined digit are not printed; e.g. a designation of 0007208 is printed 7208. Digits one and two together are used to define the inner diameter (ID), or bore diameter, of the bearing. For diameters between 20 and 495 mm, inclusive, the designation is multiplied by five to give the ID; e.g. designation 08 is a 40 mm ID. For inner diameters less than 20

6120-406: The early-to-mid 1990s this was expensive and incredibly innovative. The gearbox differed little from the RC30’s; in fact, it even had the same gear ratios with only the primary and secondary ratios changed. The one-way sprag clutch was also carried over from the RC30 but was of NR750 design. This sprag clutch was a forerunner to today’s slipper clutches affording a slight amount of slip on overrun in

6222-522: The effects of lubrication, contamination, and race surface properties, which together influence the stress distribution in the rolling contact. In 2019, the Generalized Bearing Life Model was relaunched. The updated model offers life calculations also for hybrid bearings, i.e. bearings with steel rings and ceramic (silicon nitride) rolling elements. Even if the 2019 GBLM release was primarily developed to realistically determine

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6324-511: The extra RPM the moving parts of a race engine were expected to see. Honda drastically altered the head castings, tightening the valve angle from the 38degrees of the RC30 to 26degrees in the RC45. By reducing the valve angle, they straightened the port, along with making it higher, thus reducing the turbulence generating ‘short turn’ of the cylinder head. Honda also made the intake ports shorter and utilised intake valves that were 2 mm larger in diameter. The exhaust ports were also modified with

6426-421: The failures that do occur are more linked to surface stresses. By separating surface from the subsurface, mitigating mechanisms can more easily be identified. GBLM makes use of advanced tribology models to introduce a surface distress failure mode function, obtained from the evaluation of surface fatigue. For the subsurface fatigue, GBLM uses the classical Hertzian rolling contact model. With all this, GBLM includes

6528-510: The first few seasons Honda won with the RC30 , but gradually the twins got the upper hand. Using 1,000 cc V-twin engines benefited Ducati and it was able to dominate the championship for many years, but the 750 cc was second or third each year between 1994 and 1999. Held under the FIM , the Formula TT from 1977 to 1989 once constituted the official motorcycle World Cup. Having proven itself both popular and commercially viable, it

6630-406: The first race of the last round at Losail , while Kawasaki had secured the manufacturers' title at the previous event at Jerez . Chaz Davies won the most races this season with Davies winning 11 races to Rea's 9. After changes in the standard weekend timetable, the first race, which was previously run on Sunday along with the second one, was scheduled to be held on Saturday. The season saw

6732-422: The first two sessions was reduced from twenty to sixteen and from sixteen to twelve respectively. Ducati no longer competed with a factory team in 2011, after 23 seasons which had brought the marque a total of 29 riders' and manufacturers' championship titles, instead limiting its participation to privateer teams running their works bikes. Aprilia 's gear-driven camshafts on its RSV4 motorcycle – which won

6834-399: The following designations are used: 00 = 10 mm ID, 01 = 12 mm ID, 02 = 15 mm ID, and 03 = 17 mm ID. The third digit defines the "diameter series", which defines the outer diameter (OD). The diameter series, defined in ascending order, is: 0, 8, 9, 1, 7, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The fourth digit defines the type of bearing: The fifth and sixth digit define structural modifications to

6936-474: The idea of a 'fatigue limit' entered bearing lifetime calculations. If the bearing was not loaded beyond this limit, its theoretical lifetime would be limited only by external factors, such as contamination or a failure of lubrication. A new model of bearing life was put forward by FAG and developed by SKF as the Ioannides-Harris model. ISO 281:2000 first incorporated this model and ISO 281:2007

7038-416: The life of the mechanical assembly. Although seals are appealing, they increase friction, and in a permanently sealed bearing the lubricant may become contaminated by hard particles, such as steel chips from the race or bearing, sand, or grit that gets past the seal. Contamination in the lubricant is abrasive and greatly reduces the operating life of the bearing assembly. Another major cause of bearing failure

7140-483: The lifetime or load capacity of a bearing: abrasion, fatigue and pressure-induced welding. Although there are many other apparent causes of bearing failure, most can be reduced to these three. For example, a bearing which is run dry of lubricant fails not because it is "without lubricant", but because lack of lubrication leads to fatigue and welding, and the resulting wear debris can cause abrasion. Similar events occur in false brinelling damage. In high speed applications,

7242-545: The material is often responsible for bearing failure; one of the biggest improvements in the life of common bearings during the second half of the 20th century was the use of more homogeneous materials, rather than better materials or lubricants (though both were also significant). Lubricant properties vary with temperature and load, so the best lubricant varies with application. Although bearings tend to wear out with use, designers can make tradeoffs of bearing size and cost versus lifetime. A bearing can last indefinitely—longer than

7344-434: The middle and thinner at the ends. Spherical roller bearings can thus accommodate both static and dynamic misalignment. However, spherical rollers are difficult to produce and thus expensive, and the bearings have higher friction than an ideal cylindrical or tapered roller bearing since there will be a certain amount of sliding between rolling elements and races. Gear bearings are similar to epicyclic gearing . They consist of

7446-602: The minimum number of bikes required to acquire homologation . For 2008 and 2009, all manufacturers, regardless of total production numbers, had to produce a minimum of 1,000 bikes to acquire homologation. From 2010 onwards, the minimum production number was increased to 3,000 bikes. In the past, smaller manufacturers were allowed to build as few as 150 bikes to meet the homologation requirements. Manufacturers took advantage of this by producing 'homologation specials'--highly tuned versions of their road bikes with performance parts designed especially for racing. The 2008 SBK championship

7548-463: The newly formed Superbike World Championship . Only 300 were imported into the US for only one year, 1990. Then, in 1994, with the RC30 showing its age and being handily beaten by the Ducatis , Honda redesigned the RC30 using more of the technology from the RVF endurance racer and released the RC45 to much fanfare. Only 200 were manufactured worldwide and per AMA homologation rules 50 were imported into

7650-465: The oil flow also reduces the bearing metal temperature by convection. The oil becomes the heat sink for the friction losses generated by the bearing. ISO has categorised bearing failures into a document Numbered ISO 15243. The life of a rolling bearing is expressed as the number of revolutions or the number of operating hours at a given speed that the bearing is capable of enduring before the first sign of metal fatigue (also known as spalling ) occurs on

7752-590: The performance of a bearing more realistically. The prediction of bearing life is described in ISO 281 and the ANSI /American Bearing Manufacturers Association Standards 9 and 11. The traditional life prediction model for rolling-element bearings uses the basic life equation: L 10 = ( C / P ) p {\displaystyle L_{10}=(C/P)^{p}} Where: Basic life or L 10 {\displaystyle L_{10}}

7854-611: The race of the inner or outer ring, or on a rolling element. Calculating the endurance life of bearings is possible with the help of so-called life models. More specifically, life models are used to determine the bearing size – since this must be sufficient to ensure that the bearing is strong enough to deliver the required life under certain defined operating conditions. Under controlled laboratory conditions, however, seemingly identical bearings operating under identical conditions can have different individual endurance lives. Thus, bearing life cannot be calculated based on specific bearings, but

7956-427: The races causes the rolling elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little sliding . One of the earliest and best-known rolling-element bearings are sets of logs laid on the ground with a large stone block on top. As the stone is pulled, the logs roll along the ground with little sliding friction . As each log comes out the back, it is moved to the front where the block then rolls on to it. It

8058-415: The rest of the machine—if it is kept cool, clean, lubricated, is run within the rated load, and if the bearing materials are sufficiently free of microscopic defects. Cooling, lubrication, and sealing are thus important parts of the bearing design. The needed bearing lifetime also varies with the application. For example, Tedric A. Harris reports in his Rolling Bearing Analysis on an oxygen pump bearing in

8160-517: The revision of the starting grid format for the second race, which was previously based on qualifying results for both races: riders placed from fourth to ninth in Race 1 were promoted to the first two rows for Race 2; then the third, the second and the winner followed on the third row; the remaining riders were sorted from the tenth grid slot onwards according to Superpole results. Jonathan Rea won his third Superbike world title for Kawasaki, by winning

8262-487: The same rotors and hats as used on the NR750. A four piston two piece opposed piston caliper was used along with asbestos-free pads. The rear brake used a 220 mm rotor and Nissin two piston sliding caliper also fitted with asbestos-free pads. This caliper was used on many different Hondas including the RC45’s little brother, the NC35 RVF400. There is nothing special about the brakes other than they were adequate for

8364-418: The simplest following the basic principles with minimal design intention. Important to note the ability for more seizures is likely due to the freedom of the track design.   Cylindrical - For single axis movement for straight directional movement. The shape allows for more surface area to be in contact adding in moving more weight with less force at a greater distance. Tapered -  Primarily focused on

8466-494: The small-diameter rollers must bend sharply where they contact the races, and thus the bearing fatigues relatively quickly. CARB bearings are toroidal roller bearings and similar to spherical roller bearings , but can accommodate both angular misalignment and also axial displacement. Compared to a spherical roller bearing, their radius of curvature is longer than a spherical radius would be, making them an intermediate form between spherical and cylindrical rollers. Their limitation

8568-532: The superbike racing formula more, Honda introduced its own V-Twin powered motorcycle the VTR1000 SPW in 2000 . The result was clear right away as Colin Edwards won the championship in the bike's first year of competition. Ducati regained the title in 2001 with Troy Bayliss . Colin Edwards again reclaimed the title in 2002 on the same VTR1000 SPW bike. Colin Edwards won his second championship in what

8670-549: The swing arm was lengthened slightly, and the front height was dropped about 4 mm. The major change was the placement of the motor in the frame. This has over the years sparked many debates, with some saying the motor was too far forward and others saying that the motor was too far back. It appears that Honda set out to build an all out race bike then made a few compromises to make it road usable. Superbike World Championship Superbike World Championship (also known as WorldSBK , SBK , World Superbike , WSB , or WSBK )

8772-649: The teams had been using. Dunlop looked to take legal action against the decision while Pirelli claimed that Michelin and Dunlop were also asked if they would be interested in the one-make tyre rule contract. Partly as a result of the control tyres, Motorcycle Sports Manufacturer Association (Aprilia, Ducati, Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki and Yamaha) announced that no MSMA teams would participate in the Superbike World Championship, later modifying their statement allowing Ducati to participate. A few privateers chose to run Japanese bikes in 2004 . Ten Kate Honda with Chris Vermeulen as its rider, won races and actually contended for

8874-624: The ten fastest riders of practice. Aprilia's Sylvain Guintoli became the Superbike World Champion at the last race, prevailing over Tom Sykes by six points in the standings. But both Marco Melandri and Tom Sykes won more races than Sylvain Guintoli this season. With Sykes winning 8 and Melandri 6 compared to Guintoli's 5. Jonathan Rea became 2015 World Superbike Champion riding a Kawasaki. Jonathan Rea won his second consecutive Superbike World Championship title at

8976-450: The time; many have later installed Brembo brakes or if the budget doesn’t stretch that far, the excellent Nissin caliper used on the 954 Fireblade and SP-1 VTR1000 can be bolted straight up with a marked improvement in braking response and feel. The dimensions of the machine were little changed from the RC30: the steering angle was sharpened by 0.5 degree, the wheelbase was increased a few mm,

9078-496: The title in 2010 with Max Biaggi – was banned for the 2011 season. After a dominating since season opening, Carlos Checa won his first championship and Ducati's 17th manufacturer title. The season saw the number of complete motorcycles in use limited to one per rider; this meant that the rules allowing bike changes during a race ( flag-to-flag ) were cancelled. Aprilia rider Max Biaggi clinched his second SBK championship, pipping Kawasaki rider Tom Sykes by just half

9180-406: The title that eventually was won by James Toseland and Ducati. Following Ten Kate Honda's success Japanese motorcycles made a return in 2005 with major teams from all four Japanese manufacturers run through teams ran by European importers. Troy Corser won the 2005 championship, giving Suzuki its first Superbike World Championship title. 2006 saw the return of Australian Troy Bayliss to

9282-465: The two-race format, as a three-race format was introduced for 2019. A new race format was introduced for the 2019 season. As in 2018 , two normal length races (Race 1 and Race 2) were held – one each on Saturday and Sunday (Friday and Saturday in Qatar). A third race, a ten lap sprint named the Superpole Race, was held on the final morning of the weekend prior to Race 2. The starting grids for Race 1 and

9384-458: The wheel bearings of most wheeled land vehicles. The downsides to this bearing is that due to manufacturing complexities, tapered roller bearings are usually more expensive than ball bearings; and additionally under heavy loads the tapered roller is like a wedge and bearing loads tend to try to eject the roller; the force from the collar which keeps the roller in the bearing adds to bearing friction compared to ball bearings. The needle roller bearing

9486-431: The working life of hybrid bearings, the concept can also be used for other products and failure modes. All parts of a bearing are subject to many design constraints. For example, the inner and outer races are often complex shapes, making them difficult to manufacture. Balls and rollers, though simpler in shape, are small; since they bend sharply where they run on the races, the bearings are prone to fatigue. The loads within

9588-590: Was 'back' following the years of decline in 2003 and 2004 . With MotoGP machines reduced in capacity from 990 cc to an 800 cc maximum displacement, 1,000 cc Superbikes, both at World Championship and top national championships ( AMA Superbike and British Superbike ) become the largest capacity bikes (but not the most powerful) being road raced in 2007 . While superbikes remained two or more seconds per lap slower than MotoGP bikes at most tracks where both raced, they had equal or more power. Troy Bayliss attempted to defend his title, riding once again

9690-407: Was arguably the most impressive comeback in the history of motorcycle racing. The season started with Troy Bayliss winning the first 6 races and by the end of race 1 at WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca he had 14 wins and was leading the championship by 58 points. Race 2 at WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca was the start of Colin Edwards ' comeback, he went on to win all 9 remaining races and (aided by

9792-478: Was crowned champion after obtaining the third-place finish he needed to secure the title victory at Jerez. The season saw the revision of the Superpole format: riders placed from eleventh to twentieth position in the combined classification of the first three practice sessions were admitted to Superpole 1, then the two fastest SP1 riders progressed to Superpole 2, which finally awarded the pole position , joining

9894-482: Was decided by the end of the 1990 season to end the Formula TT and the Superbike World Championship would succeed it. From 1993 to 1999 Carl Fogarty and Ducati dominated, Fogarty won the title a record four times and finished as runner-up twice on factory Ducatis. Troy Corser also won the 1996 title and finished as runner-up in 1995, both times on a Ducati. Realizing that 1,000 cc V-twin engines suited

9996-598: Was developed from a firm foundation that was built over thousands of years. The concept emerged in its primitive form in Roman times . After a long inactive period in the Middle Ages, it was revived during the Renaissance by Leonardo da Vinci , and developed steadily in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Design description Bearings, especially rolling element bearings are designed in similar fashion across

10098-459: Was developed under the previous regulations and was powered by a three cylinder 900 cc engine. With most of the field running Ducati motorcycles, the championship received the derogatory title "the Ducati Cup". The factory Ducati Team entered the only two Ducati 999s in the field, taking 20 wins from 24 races in a season where all races were won by Ducati. Neil Hodgson won the title on

10200-516: Was dominated by Troy Bayliss of Australia, on his Ducati 1098, who concluded his season and his career with a double win at the brand new, 195-million-Euro Portimao circuit in Portugal, after which he retired. During the offseason, Yamaha lost Noriyuki Haga to Ducati , who signed him to replace the retired Troy Bayliss . His place was taken by 3-times AMA champion Ben Spies , who was expected to give Haga serious competition. Ben Spies took

10302-675: Was put forward based on fatigue life ; if the bearing was loaded to never exceed the fatigue strength , then the Lundberg-Palmgren mechanism for failure by fatigue would simply never occur. This relied on homogeneous vacuum-melted steels , such as AISI 52100 , that avoided the internal inclusions that had previously acted as stress risers within the rolling elements, and also on smoother finishes to bearing tracks that avoided impact loads. The p {\displaystyle p} constant now had values of 4 for ball and 5 for roller bearings. Provided that load limits were observed,

10404-411: Was won by Toprak Razgatlıoğlu . Álvaro Bautista won his first championship and Ducati 's 18th manufacturer title. Roller bearings In mechanical engineering , a rolling-element bearing , also known as a rolling bearing , is a bearing which carries a load by placing rolling elements (such as balls or rollers) between two concentric, grooved rings called races . The relative motion of

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