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75-517: It was defined by a committee specification of the OASIS RELAX NG technical committee in 2001 and 2002, based on Murata Makoto 's RELAX and James Clark 's TREX , and also by part two of the international standard ISO / IEC 19757: Document Schema Definition Languages ( DSDL ). ISO/IEC 19757-2 was developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 and published in its first version in 2003. Suppose we want to define an extremely simple XML markup scheme for

150-409: A Hashcash -like method to timestamp blocks without requiring them to be signed by a trusted party and introducing a difficulty parameter to stabilize the rate at which blocks are added to the chain. The design was implemented the following year by Nakamoto as a core component of the cryptocurrency bitcoin , where it serves as the public ledger for all transactions on the network. In August 2014,

225-484: A Merkle tree , where data nodes are represented by leaves). Since each block contains information about the previous block, they effectively form a chain (compare linked list data structure), with each additional block linking to the ones before it. Consequently, blockchain transactions are irreversible in that, once they are recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without altering all subsequent blocks. Blockchains are typically managed by

300-425: A financial crisis or debt crisis like the financial crisis of 2007–08 , where politically powerful actors may make decisions that favor some groups at the expense of others, and "the bitcoin blockchain is protected by the massive group mining effort. It's unlikely that any private blockchain will try to protect records using gigawatts of computing power — it's time-consuming and expensive." He also said, "Within

375-432: A peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network for use as a public distributed ledger , where nodes collectively adhere to a consensus algorithm protocol to add and validate new transaction blocks. Although blockchain records are not unalterable, since blockchain forks are possible, blockchains may be considered secure by design and exemplify a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance . A blockchain

450-404: A proof-of-work system , where the chain with the most cumulative proof-of-work is considered the valid one by the network. There are a number of methods that can be used to demonstrate a sufficient level of computation . Within a blockchain the computation is carried out redundantly rather than in the traditional segregated and parallel manner. The block time is the average time it takes for

525-411: A '51 percent' attack on a private blockchain, as the private blockchain (most likely) already controls 100 percent of all block creation resources. If you could attack or damage the blockchain creation tools on a private corporate server, you could effectively control 100 percent of their network and alter transactions however you wished." This has a set of particularly profound adverse implications during

600-403: A RAND clause in its policy, welcomed the initiative and supposed OASIS will not continue using that policy as other companies involved would follow. The RAND policy has still not been removed and other commercial companies have not published such a free statement towards OASIS. Patrick Gannon, president and CEO of OASIS from 2001 to 2008, minimized the risk that a company could take advantage of

675-616: A W3C Recommendation in 2001. Since then, however, RELAX NG support has increasingly found its way into XML software, and its acceptance has been aided by its adoption as a primary schema for popular document-centric markup languages such as DocBook , the TEI Guidelines, OpenDocument , and EPUB . RELAX NG shares with W3C XML Schema many features that set both apart from traditional DTDs : data typing , regular expression support, namespace support, ability to reference complex definitions. By informal convention, RELAX NG schemas in

750-436: A blockchain-like protocol in his 1982 dissertation "Computer Systems Established, Maintained, and Trusted by Mutually Suspicious Groups". Further work on a cryptographically secured chain of blocks was described in 1991 by Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta . They wanted to implement a system wherein document timestamps could not be tampered with. In 1992, Haber, Stornetta, and Dave Bayer incorporated Merkle trees into

825-425: A blog post blaming Microsoft of involving people to improve and modify the accuracy of ODF and OpenXML Misplaced Pages articles. Blockchain A blockchain is a distributed ledger with growing lists of records ( blocks ) that are securely linked together via cryptographic hashes . Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp , and transaction data (generally represented as

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900-587: A book: a book is defined as a sequence of one or more pages; each page contains text only. A sample XML document instance might be: A RELAX NG schema can be written in a nested structure by defining a root element that contains further element definitions, which may themselves contain embedded definitions. A schema for our book in this style, using the full XML syntax, would be written: Nested structure becomes unwieldy with many sublevels and cannot define recursive elements, so most complex RELAX NG schemas use references to named pattern definitions located separately in

975-419: A central entity gains control of more than half of a network and can then manipulate that specific blockchain record at will, allowing double-spending . Blockchain security methods include the use of public-key cryptography . A public key (a long, random-looking string of numbers) is an address on the blockchain. Value tokens sent across the network are recorded as belonging to that address. A private key

1050-765: A centralized blockchain table feature in Oracle 21c database . The Blockchain Table in Oracle 21c database is a centralized blockchain which provide immutable feature. Compared to decentralized blockchains, centralized blockchains normally can provide a higher throughput and lower latency of transactions than consensus-based distributed blockchains. Currently, there are at least four types of blockchain networks — public blockchains, private blockchains, consortium blockchains and hybrid blockchains. A public blockchain has absolutely no access restrictions. Anyone with an Internet connection can send transactions to it as well as become

1125-519: A clear security model, proprietary blockchains should be eyed with suspicion." An advantage to an open, permissionless, or public, blockchain network is that guarding against bad actors is not required and no access control is needed. This means that applications can be added to the network without the approval or trust of others, using the blockchain as a transport layer . Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies currently secure their blockchain by requiring new entries to include proof of work. To prolong

1200-449: A decentralized blockchain is accompanied by the risk of centralization because the computer resources required to process larger amounts of data become more expensive. Finality is the level of confidence that the well-formed block recently appended to the blockchain will not be revoked in the future (is "finalized") and thus can be trusted. Most distributed blockchain protocols, whether proof of work or proof of stake , cannot guarantee

1275-629: A distributed version of multiversion concurrency control (MVCC) in databases. Just as MVCC prevents two transactions from concurrently modifying a single object in a database, blockchains prevent two transactions from spending the same single output in a blockchain. Opponents say that permissioned systems resemble traditional corporate databases, not supporting decentralized data verification, and that such systems are not hardened against operator tampering and revision. Nikolai Hampton of Computerworld said that "many in-house blockchain solutions will be nothing more than cumbersome databases," and "without

1350-1131: A new set of specifications for electronic business. The joint initiative, called " ebXML " and which first met in November 1999, was chartered for a three-year period. At the final meeting under the original charter, in Vienna, UN/CEFACT and OASIS agreed to divide the remaining work between the two organizations and to coordinate the completion of the work through a coordinating committee. In 2004 OASIS submitted its completed ebXML specifications to ISO TC154 where they were approved as ISO 15000 . The consortium has its headquarters in Woburn, Massachusetts , shared with other companies. In December 2020, OASIS moved to its current location, 400 TradeCenter Drive. Previous office locations include 25 Corporate Drive Suite 103 and 35 Corporate Drive, Suite 150, both in Burlington, MA. The following standards are under development or maintained by OASIS technical committees: Adhesion to

1425-400: A permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013. By storing data across its peer-to-peer network , the blockchain eliminates some risks that come with data being held centrally. The decentralized blockchain may use ad hoc message passing and distributed networking . In a so-called "51% attack"

1500-410: A private blockchain there is also no 'race'; there's no incentive to use more power or discover blocks faster than competitors. This means that many in-house blockchain solutions will be nothing more than cumbersome databases." The analysis of public blockchains has become increasingly important with the popularity of bitcoin , Ethereum , litecoin and other cryptocurrencies . A blockchain, if it

1575-673: A proposal to the International Organization for Standardization to consider developing standards to support blockchain technology. This proposal resulted in the creation of ISO Technical Committee 307, Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies. The technical committee has working groups relating to blockchain terminology, reference architecture, security and privacy, identity, smart contracts, governance and interoperability for blockchain and DLT, as well as standards specific to industry sectors and generic government requirements. More than 50 countries are participating in

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1650-399: A record that compels offer and acceptance . Logically, a blockchain can be seen as consisting of several layers: Blocks hold batches of valid transactions that are hashed and encoded into a Merkle tree . Each block includes the cryptographic hash of the prior block in the blockchain, linking the two. The linked blocks form a chain. This iterative process confirms the integrity of

1725-560: A significant demand and interest in blockchain technology. In 2019, the BBC World Service radio and podcast series Fifty Things That Made the Modern Economy identified blockchain as a technology that would have far-reaching consequences for economics and society. The economist and Financial Times journalist and broadcaster Tim Harford discussed why the underlying technology might have much wider applications and

1800-448: A sine-qua-non condition to access the consortium, and possibly jeopardize/boycott the standard if such a clause was not present. Doug Mahugh — while working for Microsoft (a promoter of Office Open XML , a Microsoft document format competing with OASIS's ISO/IEC 26300 , i.e. ODF v1.0) — claimed that "many countries have expressed frustration about the pace of OASIS's responses to defect reports that have been submitted on ISO/IEC 26300 and

1875-673: A single word, blockchain, by 2016. According to Accenture , an application of the diffusion of innovations theory suggests that blockchains attained a 13.5% adoption rate within financial services in 2016, therefore reaching the early adopters ' phase. Industry trade groups joined to create the Global Blockchain Forum in 2016, an initiative of the Chamber of Digital Commerce . In May 2018, Gartner found that only 1% of CIOs indicated any kind of blockchain adoption within their organisations, and only 8% of CIOs were in

1950-453: A standard to request royalties when it has been established, saying "If it's an option nobody uses, then what's the harm?" . Sam Hiser, former marketing lead of the now defunct OpenOffice.org , explained that such patents towards an open standard are counterproductive and inappropriate. He also argued that IBM and Microsoft were shifting their standardization efforts from the W3C to OASIS, in

2025-593: A supermajority decision approves it, the block is irreversibly committed into the blockchain. A modification of this method, an "economic finality", is used in practical protocols, like the Casper protocol used in Ethereum : validators which sign two different blocks at the same position in the blockchain are subject to "slashing", where their leveraged stake is forfeited. Open blockchains are more user-friendly than some traditional ownership records, which, while open to

2100-471: A validator (i.e., participate in the execution of a consensus protocol ). Usually, such networks offer economic incentives for those who secure them and utilize some type of a proof-of-stake or proof-of-work algorithm. Some of the largest, most known public blockchains are the bitcoin blockchain and the Ethereum blockchain. A private blockchain is permissioned. One cannot join it unless invited by

2175-522: A vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange . The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent

2250-507: A way to leverage probably their patents portfolio in the future. Hiser also attributed this RAND change to the OASIS policy to Microsoft. The RAND term could indeed allow any company involved to leverage their patent in the future, but that amendment was probably added in a way to attract more companies to the consortium, and encourage contributions from potential participants. Big actors like Microsoft could have indeed applied pressure and made

2325-488: Is "trusted" more than any other. Transactions are broadcast to the network using the software. Messages are delivered on a best-effort basis. Early blockchains rely on energy-intensive mining nodes to validate transactions, add them to the block they are building, and then broadcast the completed block to other nodes. Blockchains use various time-stamping schemes, such as proof-of-work , to serialize changes. Later consensus methods include proof of stake . The growth of

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2400-456: Is a type of blockchain that combines elements of both public and private blockchains. In a consortium blockchain, a group of organizations come together to create and operate the blockchain, rather than a single entity. The consortium members jointly manage the blockchain network and are responsible for validating transactions. Consortium blockchains are permissioned, meaning that only certain individuals or organizations are allowed to participate in

2475-423: Is as a distributed ledger for cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin ; there were also a few other operational products that had matured from proof of concept by late 2016. As of 2016, some businesses have been testing the technology and conducting low-level implementation to gauge blockchain's effects on organizational efficiency in their back office . Blockchain is seen as a pivotal technological advancement of

2550-447: Is like a password that gives its owner access to their digital assets or the means to otherwise interact with the various capabilities that blockchains now support. Data stored on the blockchain is generally considered incorruptible. Every node in a decentralized system has a copy of the blockchain. Data quality is maintained by massive database replication and computational trust . No centralized "official" copy exists and no user

2625-418: Is marginal. The use of a blockchain removes the characteristic of infinite reproducibility from a digital asset . It confirms that each unit of value was transferred only once, solving the long-standing problem of double-spending . A blockchain has been described as a value-exchange protocol . A blockchain can maintain title rights because, when properly set up to detail the exchange agreement, it provides

2700-459: Is private and untraceable, thus leading many actors to use it for illegal purposes. This is changing now that specialised tech companies provide blockchain tracking services, making crypto exchanges, law-enforcement and banks more aware of what is happening with crypto funds and fiat -crypto exchanges. The development, some argue, has led criminals to prioritise the use of new cryptos such as Monero . In April 2016, Standards Australia submitted

2775-448: Is public, provides anyone who wants access to observe and analyse the chain data, given one has the know-how. The process of understanding and accessing the flow of crypto has been an issue for many cryptocurrencies, crypto exchanges and banks. The reason for this is accusations of blockchain-enabled cryptocurrencies enabling illicit dark market trading of drugs, weapons, money laundering, etc. A common belief has been that cryptocurrency

2850-864: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards ( OASIS ), and some individual participants in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Although most of blockchain implementation are decentralized and distributed, Oracle launched

2925-525: The US federal government seized through research on the blockchain and forfeiture. Governments have mixed policies on the legality of their citizens or banks owning cryptocurrencies. China implements blockchain technology in several industries including a national digital currency which launched in 2020. To strengthen their respective currencies, Western governments including the European Union and

3000-525: The 21st century, with the ability to impact organizations at strategic, operational, and market levels. In 2019, it was estimated that around $ 2.9 billion were invested in blockchain technology, which represents an 89% increase from the year prior. Additionally, the International Data Corp estimated that corporate investment into blockchain technology would reach $ 12.4 billion by 2022. Furthermore, According to PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC),

3075-431: The Advancement of Structured Information Standards ( OASIS ; / oʊ ˈ eɪ . s ɪ s / ) is a nonprofit consortium that works on the development, convergence, and adoption of projects - both open standards and open source - for Computer security , blockchain , Internet of things (IoT), emergency management , cloud computing , legal data exchange , energy , content technologies , and other areas. OASIS

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3150-459: The alteration of all subsequent blocks. This allows the participants to verify and audit transactions independently and relatively inexpensively. A blockchain database is managed autonomously using a peer-to-peer network and a distributed timestamping server. They are authenticated by mass collaboration powered by collective self-interests . Such a design facilitates robust workflow where participants' uncertainty regarding data security

3225-552: The bitcoin blockchain file size, containing records of all transactions that have occurred on the network, reached 20 GB ( gigabytes ). In January 2015, the size had grown to almost 30 GB, and from January 2016 to January 2017, the bitcoin blockchain grew from 50 GB to 100 GB in size. The ledger size had exceeded 200 GB by early 2020. The words block and chain were used separately in Satoshi Nakamoto's original paper, but were eventually popularized as

3300-467: The blockchain protocol that is not backward compatible and requires all users to upgrade their software in order to continue participating in the network. In a hard fork, the network splits into two separate versions: one that follows the new rules and one that follows the old rules. For example, Ethereum was hard forked in 2016 to "make whole" the investors in The DAO , which had been hacked by exploiting

3375-593: The blockchain, bitcoin uses Hashcash puzzles. While Hashcash was designed in 1997 by Adam Back , the original idea was first proposed by Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor and Eli Ponyatovski in their 1992 paper "Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail". In 2016, venture capital investment for blockchain-related projects was weakening in the USA but increasing in China. Bitcoin and many other cryptocurrencies use open (public) blockchains. As of April 2018 , bitcoin has

3450-539: The chain can vary based on which portions of centralization and decentralization are used. A sidechain is a designation for a blockchain ledger that runs in parallel to a primary blockchain. Entries from the primary blockchain (where said entries typically represent digital assets ) can be linked to and from the sidechain; this allows the sidechain to otherwise operate independently of the primary blockchain (e.g., by using an alternate means of record keeping, alternate consensus algorithm , etc.). A consortium blockchain

3525-558: The challenges that needed to be overcome. His first broadcast was on June 29, 2019. The number of blockchain wallets quadrupled to 40 million between 2016 and 2020. A paper published in 2022 discussed the potential use of blockchain technology in sustainable management . Most cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to record transactions. For example, the bitcoin network and Ethereum network are both based on blockchain. The criminal enterprise Silk Road , which operated on Tor , utilized cryptocurrency for payments, some of which

3600-443: The consortium requires some fees to be paid, which must be renewed annually, depending on the membership category adherents want to access. Among the adherents are members from Dell , IBM , ISO/IEC , Cisco Systems , KDE e.V. , Microsoft , Oracle , Red Hat , The Document Foundation , universities, government agencies, individuals and employees from other less-known companies. Member sections are special interest groups within

3675-454: The consortium that focus on specific topics. These sections keep their own distinguishable identity and have full autonomy to define their work program and agenda. The integration of the member section in the standardization process is organized via the technical committees. Active member sections are for example: Member sections may be completed when they have achieved their objectives. The standards that they promoted are then maintained by

3750-497: The design, which improved its efficiency by allowing several document certificates to be collected into one block. Under their company Surety, their document certificate hashes have been published in The New York Times every week since 1995. The first decentralized blockchain was conceptualized by a person (or group of people) known as Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. Nakamoto improved the design in an important way using

3825-407: The finality of a freshly committed block, and instead rely on "probabilistic finality": as the block goes deeper into a blockchain, it is less likely to be altered or reverted by a newly found consensus. Byzantine fault tolerance -based proof-of-stake protocols purport to provide so called "absolute finality": a randomly chosen validator proposes a block, the rest of validators vote on it, and, if

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3900-479: The highest market capitalization . Permissioned blockchains use an access control layer to govern who has access to the network. It has been argued that permissioned blockchains can guarantee a certain level of decentralization, if carefully designed, as opposed to permissionless blockchains, which are often centralized in practice. Nikolai Hampton argued in Computerworld that "There is also no need for

3975-473: The history so that one with a higher score can be selected over others. Blocks not selected for inclusion in the chain are called orphan blocks. Peers supporting the database have different versions of the history from time to time. They keep only the highest-scoring version of the database known to them. Whenever a peer receives a higher-scoring version (usually the old version with a single new block added) they extend or overwrite their own database and retransmit

4050-493: The improvement to their peers. There is never an absolute guarantee that any particular entry will remain in the best version of history forever. Blockchains are typically built to add the score of new blocks onto old blocks and are given incentives to extend with new blocks rather than overwrite old blocks. Therefore, the probability of an entry becoming superseded decreases exponentially as more blocks are built on top of it, eventually becoming very low. For example, bitcoin uses

4125-557: The inability for SC 34 members to participate in the maintenance of ODF." However, Rob Weir, co-chair of the OASIS ODF Technical Committee noted that at the time, "the ODF TC had received zero defect reports from any ISO/IEC national body other than Japan". He added that the submitter of the original Japanese defect report, Murata Mokoto, was satisfied with the preparation of the errata. He also self-published

4200-418: The movement of the industry to XML , SGML Open changed its emphasis from SGML to XML, and changed its name to OASIS Open to be inclusive of XML and reflect an expanded scope of technical work and standards. The focus of the consortium's activities also moved from promoting adoption (as XML was getting much attention on its own) to developing technical specifications. In July 2000 a new technical committee process

4275-655: The need for a trusted authority or central server . The bitcoin design has inspired other applications and blockchains that are readable by the public and are widely used by cryptocurrencies . The blockchain may be considered a type of payment rail . Private blockchains have been proposed for business use. Computerworld called the marketing of such privatized blockchains without a proper security model " snake oil "; however, others have argued that permissioned blockchains, if carefully designed, may be more decentralized and therefore more secure in practice than permissionless ones. Cryptographer David Chaum first proposed

4350-410: The network administrators. Participant and validator access is restricted . To distinguish between open blockchains and other peer-to-peer decentralized database applications that are not open ad-hoc compute clusters, the terminology Distributed Ledger (DLT) is normally used for private blockchains. A hybrid blockchain has a combination of centralized and decentralized features. The exact workings of

4425-399: The network to generate one extra block in the blockchain. By the time of block completion, the included data becomes verifiable. In cryptocurrency, this is practically when the transaction takes place, so a shorter block time means faster transactions. The block time for Ethereum is set to between 14 and 15 seconds, while for bitcoin it is on average 10 minutes. A hard fork is a change to

4500-443: The network. This allows for greater control over who can access the blockchain and helps to ensure that sensitive information is kept confidential. Consortium blockchains are commonly used in industries where multiple organizations need to collaborate on a common goal, such as supply chain management or financial services. One advantage of consortium blockchains is that they can be more efficient and scalable than public blockchains, as

4575-419: The number of nodes required to validate transactions is typically smaller. Additionally, consortium blockchains can provide greater security and reliability than private blockchains, as the consortium members work together to maintain the network. Some examples of consortium blockchains include Quorum and Hyperledger . Blockchain technology can be integrated into multiple areas. The primary use of blockchains

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4650-449: The possibility of free / open source implementations of these standards. Further, contributors could initially offer royalty-free use of their patent, later imposing per-unit fees, after the standard has been accepted. On April 11, 2005, The New York Times reported IBM committed, for free, all of its patents to the OASIS group. Larry Rosen, a software law expert and the leader of the reaction which rose up when OASIS quietly included

4725-424: The previous block, all the way back to the initial block, which is known as the genesis block (Block 0). To assure the integrity of a block and the data contained in it, the block is usually digitally signed . Sometimes separate blocks can be produced concurrently, creating a temporary fork . In addition to a secure hash-based history, any blockchain has a specified algorithm for scoring different versions of

4800-519: The public, still require physical access to view. Because all early blockchains were permissionless, controversy has arisen over the blockchain definition. An issue in this ongoing debate is whether a private system with verifiers tasked and authorized (permissioned) by a central authority should be considered a blockchain. Proponents of permissioned or private chains argue that the term "blockchain" may be applied to any data structure that batches data into time-stamped blocks. These blockchains serve as

4875-569: The regular syntax are typically named with the filename extension ".rng". For schemas in the compact syntax, the extension ".rnc" is used. Relax NG schemas are not necessarily "deterministic" or "unambiguous". Relax NG schemas can be converted to DTDs by applying Trang which can be found at: [1] . The manual for Trang is located at [2] . Note that Trang is unable to convert the OASIS DITA 1.3 schema to DTDs, failing with messages like: OASIS (organization) The Organization for

4950-539: The relevant technical committees directly within OASIS. For example: Like many bodies producing open standards e.g. ECMA , OASIS added a Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing (RAND) clause to its policy in February 2005. That amendment required participants to disclose intent to apply for software patents for technologies under consideration in the standard. Contrary to the W3C , which requires participants to offer royalty-free licenses to anyone using

5025-551: The resulting standard, OASIS offers a similar Royalty Free on Limited Terms mode, along with a Royalty Free on RAND Terms mode and a RAND (reasonable and non-discriminatory) mode for its committees. Compared to W3C, OASIS is less restrictive regarding obligation to companies to grant a royalty-free license to the patents they own. Controversy has rapidly arisen because this licensing was added silently and allows publication of standards which could require licensing fee payments to patent holders. This situation could effectively eliminate

5100-464: The schema. Here, a "flattened schema" defines precisely the same book markup as the previous example: RELAX NG compact syntax is a non-XML format inspired by extended Backus–Naur form and regular expressions , designed so that it can be unambiguously translated to its XML counterpart, and back again, with one-to-one correspondence in structure and meaning, in much the same way that Simple Outline XML (SOX) relates to XML . It shares many features with

5175-401: The second-largest professional services network in the world, blockchain technology has the potential to generate an annual business value of more than $ 3 trillion by 2030. PwC's estimate is further augmented by a 2018 study that they have conducted, in which PwC surveyed 600 business executives and determined that 84% have at least some exposure to utilizing blockchain technology, which indicates

5250-451: The short-term "planning or [looking at] active experimentation with blockchain". For the year 2019 Gartner reported 5% of CIOs believed blockchain technology was a 'game-changer' for their business. A blockchain is a decentralized , distributed , and often public, digital ledger consisting of records called blocks that are used to record transactions across many computers so that any involved block cannot be altered retroactively, without

5325-836: The standardization process together with external liaisons such as the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), the European Commission , the International Federation of Surveyors , the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). Many other national standards bodies and open standards bodies are also working on blockchain standards. These include

5400-562: The syntax of DTDs . Here is the compact form of the above schema: With named patterns, this can be flattened to: A compact RELAX NG parser will treat these two as the same pattern. Although the RELAX NG specification was developed at roughly the same time as the W3C XML Schema specification, the latter was arguably better known and more widely implemented in both open-source and proprietary XML parsers and editors when it became

5475-463: Was approved. With the adoption of the process the manner in which technical committees were created, operated, and progressed their work was regularized. At the adoption of the process there were five technical committees; by 2004 there were nearly 70 . During 1999, OASIS was approached by UN/CEFACT , the committee of the United Nations dealing with standards for business, to jointly develop

5550-409: Was created by a person (or group of people) using the name (or pseudonym ) Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 to serve as the public distributed ledger for bitcoin cryptocurrency transactions, based on previous work by Stuart Haber , W. Scott Stornetta , and Dave Bayer . The implementation of the blockchain within bitcoin made it the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without

5625-492: Was founded under the name "SGML Open" in 1993. It began as a trade association of Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) tool vendors to cooperatively promote the adoption of SGML through mainly educational activities, though some amount of technical activity was also pursued including an update of the CALS Table Model specification and specifications for fragment interchange and entity management. In 1998, with

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