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97-468: The Rolex Oyster Perpetual Date Sea-Dweller is a line of diver's watches manufactured by Rolex , with an underwater diving depth rating of 1,220 meters (4 000 ft) and up to 3,900 metres (12,800 ft) for the Sea-Dweller Deepsea variant. In 2022 the dimensionally large Deepsea Challenge Sea-Dweller variant with an official depth rating of 11,000 metres (36,090 ft) was added to

194-465: A (flat) watch crystal with a date cyclops and an updated automatic movement (Calibre 3235). Its reference number is 126600. The Rolex Sea-Dweller 126600 watch case has a diameter of 43.0  mm (1.69  in ) mm, 3.0 mm larger than previous generations of the Sea-Dweller, a thickness of 15.2 mm (0.60 in) and provides more curvature to fit average wrists. Like the watch case,

291-448: A GMT complication . GMT watches were designed for long-haul aircrew and other users who want to track time in different time zones . These watches have an additional GMT watch hand and in the case of diving watches can have a rotating bezel with 24-hours markings instead of minute markings used for reading of elapsed time. With the help of the GMT hand and a correctly adjusted 24-hours bezel

388-466: A Submariner sibling model with greater depth capabilities—the Submariner model at that time had a depth rating of 200 metres (656 ft)—to meet the specific requirements of these users. Most Sea-Dweller watches incorporate an automatic helium escape valve integrated in the case opposite of the watch crown for saturation diving . Early Sea-Dwellers, however, did not always have the valve. Until

485-466: A 1,220 m (4,000 ft) depth rating. Rolex used this achievement in advertising campaigns. The complexity, medical problems and physiological limits, such as those imposed by high pressure nervous syndrome , the accompanying high costs of professional saturation diving to extreme depths and the development of deep water atmospheric diving suits and remotely operated underwater vehicles in offshore oilfield drilling and production effectively ended

582-404: A classic black dial with white text on the dial. A second " D-Blue "-variant was released in 2014 in honor of James Cameron and his journey to the deepest area of Earth's oceans in the year 2012. It has a blue/black dial and green colored "DEEPSEA"-label. The first-generation Deepsea models introduced in 2008 came on a relatively narrow 20  mm (0.79  in ) lug width bracelet. In 2018,

679-483: A controlled way from the case during decompression, preventing damage to the watch. The original idea for using a one-way valve came from Robert A. Barth , a US Navy diver who pioneered saturation diving during the US Navy Genesis and SEALAB missions led by Dr. George F. Bond . The very first valve prototype was given to Dr. Ralph Werner Brauer, a professor for physiology at Duke University and director of

776-455: A date complication unlike the Deepsea and Sea-Dweller models, which were designed for saturation diving were people have to spend multiple days in pressurized environments. The design and actual availability of divers' watches certified for more than 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft) is not explicable solely by practical diving needs nor crewed deep diving experiments, because of

873-481: A descent to the bottom of the "Western Pool" of the Challenger Deep , the deepest surveyed point in the oceans. The watch survived and tested as having functioned normally during its descent and ascent. The Deep Sea Special was a technology demonstration and marketing project, and the watch never went into production. Compagnie maritime d%27expertises COMEX (or Compagnie Maritime d'Expertises )

970-688: A diameter of 44.0  mm (1.73  in ) and a thickness of 17.7 mm (0.70 in) (domed crystal thickness 5.5 mm (0.22 in)), and the case and bracelet weigh 212  g (7.5  oz ). Other features which came with the Deepsea at 2008 was the " Ringlock System " for sealing the sapphire crystal to the case, a weight reducing caseback made of grade 5 titanium alloy, the " Glidelock-clasp " and Fliplock diver extension link, " maxi-dial ", engraved rehaut, ceramic bezel with platinum-filled numbers, calibre 3135 with antimagnetic Parachrome-Blue -hairspring and blue " Chromalight " lume. The first variant of Sea-Dweller Deepsea reference 116660 has

1067-407: A diver's watch consists of: Except the thermal shock resistance test all further ISO 6425 testing should be conducted at 18 °C to 25 °C temperature. The required 125% test pressure provides a safety margin against dynamic pressure increase events, water density variations (seawater is 2 to 5% denser than freshwater ) and degradation of the seals. Movement induced dynamic pressure increase

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1164-495: A large number of "canteen" style dive watches by Hamilton , Elgin or Waltham were made to military specification during and after World War II . However, these watches were made in small numbers, and were not intended for large-scale commercial distribution. Today, interest in these watches is limited to collectors. Various models were issued by Blancpain in small quantities to the military in several countries, including US and French Navy combat diver teams. The Fifty Fathoms

1261-744: A large, easily identifiable minute hand. The markers for 3, 6, 9 and (especially) 12 o'clock on the watch face and the zero marker on the bezel of analogue diver's watches are usually conspicuously styled to prevent disorientation induced read out errors. A styling of the hands where no hand can temporarily totally overlay and hence obscure the position of another hand is also desirable to promote constant legibility and prevent read out errors. For low light conditions luminous phosphorescent non-toxic strontium aluminate based lume pigments marketed under brand names like Super-LumiNova , Lumibrite or NoctiLumina and tritium based self-powered lighting devices called "gaseous tritium light source" (GTLS) are applied on

1358-461: A record simulated dive of 701 metres (2,300 feet) in an onshore hyperbaric chamber. The use of hydrogen for diving was in part driven by the need to overcome the problems of high-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS). However, there was another reason for the interest in using hydrogen in a breathing gas . In 1987, Comex was part of a Canadian-French consortium that was building the world’s first commercial nuclear mini-submarine. This submarine, Saga,

1455-448: A rotating bezel is considered a rudimentary diving technique in the 21st century, suitable for basic, shallow single gas (air) diving only. Non-basic diving profiles and depths past 30 m (98 ft) require other more advanced timing and measuring methods to establish suitable decompression profiles to avoid decompression sickness . Besides for basic diving and as a backup for monitoring time during more complex preplanned diving,

1552-479: A thickness of 15.5 mm (0.61 in) (crystal thickness 4 mm (0.16 in)), and the case and bracelet weigh 165  g (5.8  oz ). In 1989 these watches were updated with the Caliber 3135 movement, the luminous paint used changed from tritium to Luminova to Super Luminova. The watch was discontinued in 2009. In 2014 Rolex re-introduced the Sea-Dweller with a new 116600 reference. This watch retained

1649-723: A thickness of 28.5 mm (1.12 in) (domed synthetic sapphire crystal 14.3 mm (0.56 in)) to cope with the water pressure at the deepest surveyed point in the oceans. It featured a date complication but not a helium escape valve, as the experimental watch was not intended for saturation diving. Diving watch To a large extent the diver's watch has been superseded by the personal dive computer , which provides an automatically initiated dive timer function along with real-time decompression computation and other (optional) functions. The history of efforts to use watches underwater and to make watches that are water resistant, or waterproof and to make dive watches goes back to perhaps

1746-422: Is 16600. These watches had a Caliber 3035 movement and were made between 1978 and 1989. It was the first Rolex tool watch to receive a sapphire crystal, thicker case and a reworked larger more reliable helium escape valve. It also featured an improved bracelet with solid links. This watch was issued to Comex divers since 1992. The Rolex Sea-Dweller 4000 watch case has a diameter of 40.0  mm (1.57  in ) and

1843-517: Is a French company specializing in engineering and deep diving operations, created in November 1961 by Henri-Germain Delauze and run by him until his death in 2012. This company is known worldwide for its technology in regard to underwater exploration at great depths. Its line of business includes: COMEX carried out pioneering work in very deep saturation diving . The company experimented with

1940-772: Is a device used by a scuba diver to measure the time and depth of a dive so that a safe ascent profile can be calculated and displayed so that the diver can avoid decompression sickness . Diving watches and depth gauges are however still commonly used by divers as backup instruments for overcoming dive computer malfunctions. Many companies offer highly functional diving watches. Whilst diving watches are primarily tool watches, some companies offer models that can in addition to this be regarded by some as jewellery or fine mechanical devices . Diving watches can be analog or digital . Besides pure analog and digital models some diving watch models combine digital and analog elements. The standards and features for diver's watches are regulated by

2037-574: Is designed to be waterproof up to 12,000 metres (39,370 ft). According to the pilot of the DSV Deepsea Challenger , James Cameron , the "Rolex Deepsea Challenge was the reliable companion throughout the dive; it was visible on the sub's manipulator arm and working precisely at 10,898 meters down at the bottom of the Challenger Deep." The normal surface air filled watch case has a diameter of 51.4 mm (2.02 in) and

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2134-468: Is equivalent to a 200-meter watch. Some watches are rated in atmospheres (atm), which are about 1% greater than bars. In the United Kingdom, scuba divers and others often use the word atmosphere interchangeably with bar (1 atm = 1.01325 bar, or 101,325  Pa ). The design and actual availability of divers' watches certified for more than 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft)

2231-415: Is however still often used as case material in contemporary diving watches. Analog diving watches will often feature a rotating bezel , that allows for an easier reading of elapsed time of under one hour from a specific point. This is used to compute the length of a dive. (See Tachymeter .) Upon entering the water, the diver aligns the zero on the bezel with the minute (or sometimes second) hand, allowing

2328-493: Is not explicable solely by practical diving needs nor crewed deep diving experiments, because of the constraints set by physiological limits for fit humans. The diving depth record for off-shore (saturation) diving was achieved in 1988 by a team of professional divers of the Comex S.A. , industrial deep-sea diving company performing pipe line connection exercises at a depth of 534 m (1,752 ft) of seawater ( msw /fsw) in

2425-511: Is sometimes the subject of urban myths and marketing arguments for diver's watches with high water resistance ratings. When a diver makes a fast swimming movement of 10 m/s (32.8 ft/s) (the best competitive swimmers and finswimmers can not swim nearly that fast) physics dictates that the diver generates a dynamic pressure of 0.5 bars (50 kPa) or the equivalent of 5 meters of additional water depth. Watches are classified by their degree of water resistance, which roughly translates to

2522-479: Is very resistant to breakage; it can easily be scratched, but small scratches can be buffed out with polishing compounds. Hardened glass is more scratch-resistant than acrylic glass and less brittle than sapphire. Sapphire is very scratch-resistant but less shatterproof than the other options. Anti-reflective coatings are generally applied on sapphire crystals to enhance the legibility of the watch. Some manufacturers use sapphire/hardened glass laminate crystals, where

2619-583: Is voluntary and involves costs, so not every manufacturer present their watches for certification according to this standard. The watch cases of diving watches must be adequately water (pressure) resistant and be able to endure the galvanic corrosiveness of seawater, so the cases are generally made out of materials like grade 316L or 904L austenitic stainless steel and other steel alloys with higher Pitting Resistance Equivalent factors (PRE-factors), titanium , ceramics and synthetic resins or plastics . If metal bracelets are used they should be made of

2716-547: The Breitling Avenger Seawolf Chronograph or Sinn U1000 - have specially-designed push pieces that can be operated at depth without allowing water to enter the case. Some diving watches intended for saturation diving at great depths are fitted with a helium or mixed breathing gas release or escape valve to prevent incidents such as the crystal from being blown off by an internal pressure build up caused by helium that has seeped into

2813-459: The ISO 6425 divers' watches standard . Normal surface air filled watch cases and crystals designed for extreme depths must be dimensionally large to cope with the encountered water pressure. The Rolex Deepsea Challenge normal surface air filled watch case has a diameter of 50.0  mm (1.97  in ) and a thickness of 23.0 mm (0.91 in) (domed crystal thickness 9.5 mm (0.37 in)) and

2910-501: The International Organization for Standardization in the ISO 6425 standard; German Industrial Norm DIN 8306 is an equivalent standard. Besides water resistance standards to a minimum of 100 m depth rating ISO 6425 also provides minimum requirements for mechanical diver's watches (quartz and digital watches have slightly differing readability requirements) such as: Testing diving watches for ISO 6425 compliance

3007-818: The Mediterranean Sea as part of the Hydra 8 programme. In 1992, a Comex diver achieved a simulated 701 m (2,300 ft) of seawater depth in an on-shore hyperbaric chamber as part of the Hydra 10 programme. A Hydreliox (hydrogen-helium-oxygen) gas mixture was used as breathing gas . The watches used during this scientific record dives were Rolex Sea-Dwellers with a 1,220 m (4,000 ft) depth rating and these feats were used in advertising. The complexity, medical problems and physiological limits such as those imposed by high pressure nervous syndrome and accompanying high costs of professional saturation diving to depths exceeding 300 m (984 ft) and

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3104-408: The Mediterranean Sea . They wore Rolex Sea-Dwellers. In 1992, Comex diver Théo Mavrostomos achieved a record of 701 metres (2,300 ft) of seawater ( msw ) in an onshore hyperbaric chamber . He took 43 days to complete the dive. The watch used during this scientific record dive, where a hydrogen-helium-oxygen ( hydreliox ) gas mixture was used as breathing gas , was a Rolex Sea-Dweller 16600 with

3201-604: The Rolex Oyster Perpetual Date Sea-Dweller Deepsea . It used the Calibre 3135 movement, a 20 mm bracelet tapering down to 18 mm to a folding clasp . The reference number or this first iteration is 116660. With an official depth rating of 3,900 metres (12,800 ft), the Sea-Dweller deepsea represented in its launch year the most water resistant mechanical watch in serial production. To obtain this official depth rating,

3298-521: The Rolex Oyster Perpetual Deepsea Challenge Sea-Dweller (reference 126067), a commercial full ocean depth capable watch with an official depth rating of 11,000 metres (36,090 ft). This watch represented in its launch year the most water resistant mechanical watch in serial production. To obtain this official depth rating, the watch is tested to a depth of 13,750 metres (45,110 ft) to offer

3395-505: The 15 or 20 minute "count-down" bezel is quite antiquated, yet still the only useful mechanical dive timing device available to date. A different type of bezels used on dive watches are (multiple) decompression time interval bezels as featured on Doxa and Jenny watches. The bezel inlay containing the markings in the bezel ring can be made of metal or feature more scratch-resistant top materials like technical ceramic or synthetic sapphire . There are some analog dive watches available with

3492-524: The 17th century. In the 19th century water and dust resistant watches were usually one-off pieces custom made for a particular customer and described as "Explorer's Watches". Hard hat divers of that period sometimes placed common pocketwatches on the inside of their helmets in order to know the time spent under water. Early in the 20th century such watches were industrially produced for military and commercial distribution. Like their predecessors early 20th century dive watches were developed in response to meet

3589-789: The 1953 Basel Fair as well. The Rolex Submariner , the first modern dive watch, was introduced at the Basel Watch Fair in 1954. This coincided with the development of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, known as scuba . In 1959, the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit evaluated five diving watches that included the Bulova US Navy Submersible Wrist Watch, Enicar Sherpa Diver 600, Enicar Seapearl 600, Blancpain Fifty Fathoms, and

3686-484: The 2017 introduction of the reference number 126600, Sea-Dweller's were also distinguished by the absence of the ( plano-convex ) date magnifying lens ("cyclops") present on most other Rolex models as it was impossible to attach a cyclops with Ultraviolet (UV) light curing adhesive at the top of a (domed) watch crystal exposed to the pressure encountered at its test depth. The Sea-Dweller diving watch range has been standard issue for Comex divers since 1977. The first version

3783-429: The 25% safety reserve required by the ISO 6425 divers' watches standard . The Rolex Deepsea Challenge watch case has a diameter of 50.0  mm (1.97  in ) and a thickness of 23.0 mm (0.91 in) (domed crystal thickness 9.5 mm (0.37 in) and the grade 5 titanium alloy case and bracelet weigh 251  g (8.9  oz ). The Deepsea Challenge model uses the Calibre 3230 movement that does not feature

3880-565: The Comex S.A. company. These variants sometimes also had differing Rolex reference numbers. Some of these non-standard Sea-Dweller watches had the Comex S.A. logo depicted on the watch dial, which led to an unofficial "COMEX watches" designation by collectors. These watches were either issued to Comex staff members or were given as business gifts. At the BaselWorld watch and jewellery show 2008, Rolex introduced an updated Sea-Dweller model named

3977-454: The ISO 6425 international standard. The watches are tested in static or still water under 125% of the rated (water) pressure, thus a watch with a 200 m rating will be water resistant if it is stationary and under 250 m of static water. The testing of the water resistance is fundamentally different from non-dive watches, because every watch has to be fully tested. ISO 6425 water resistance testing of

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4074-530: The Oyster Perpetual Deepsea Challenge Sea-Dweller (reference 126067), a full ocean depth capable watch with an official depth rating of 11,000 metres (36,090 ft). This watch represented in its launch year the most water resistant mechanical watch in serial production. To obtain this official depth rating, the watch is tested to a depth of 13,750 metres (45,110 ft) to offer the 25% safety reserve required by

4171-628: The Rolex Oyster Perpetual. In 1961, Edox launched the Delfin line of watches, with industry-first double case backs for water resistance to 200 meters. They later released the Hydrosub line in 1963 featuring the first crown system with tension ring allowing depths of 500 meters. In 1961, Rolex began to include a skindiver handbook with the Submariner, then available in two models, one water resistant to 200 m (660 ft),

4268-522: The Sea-Dweller deepsea is tested to a depth of 4,875 metres (15,994 ft) to offer the 25% safety reserve required by the ISO 6425 divers' watches standard . To test the water resistance of the Sea-Dweller DEEPSEA, Rolex uses testing equipment developed for them by Comex. Normal surface air filled watch cases and crystals designed for extreme depths must be large to cope with the water pressure. The Rolex Sea-Dweller deepsea watch case has

4365-523: The Sinn UX (EZM 2B) stainless steel watch case has a diameter of 44 mm, thickness of 13.3 mm and the case and bracelet weigh 105 g. This is dimensionally modest compared to air filled diving watches designed for extreme depths. In January 1960, a Rolex Deep Sea Special prototype diving watch attached to the hull of the bathyscaphe Trieste reached a record depth of 10,913 m (35,804 ft) ±5 m (16 ft) of seawater during

4462-575: The US Navy Experimental Diving Unit evaluated several digital watches for use by US Navy divers. In 1996, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced the standards and features for diving watches regulated by the ISO 6425 - Divers' watches international standard. Many contemporary sports watches owe their design to diving watches. The vast majority of divers now use electronic , wrist-worn dive computers . A dive computer or decompression meter

4559-526: The UX (EZM 2B), the case back contains a large movable piston with an o-ring seal, allowing the liquid inside the watch case to expand and contract to adjust internal fluid volume and equalize with outside pressure. The liquid filling improves the watch face legibility under water significantly, due to reduced refractive index differences between the watch crystal and its adjacent media and eliminates crystal fogging due to condensation. To obtain its water resistance

4656-1014: The Wrightsville Marine Biomedical Laboratory of the University of North Carolina Wilmington. Brauer tested the watch during a series of Physalie dives at the Comex Hyperbaric Center in Marseille, France. In the past, it was wrongly assumed the Sea-Dweller was developed in cooperation with Comex S.A. industrial deep-sea diving , but the French company became a partner of Rolex only in late 1971. The Sea-Dweller Submariner 2000 versions were made between 1967-1983 and had an increased depth rating of 610 metres (2,000 ft) and so-called Double Red dials. The Sea-Dweller Submariner 2000 watches have two red "SEA-DWELLER / Submariner 2000” text lines on

4753-471: The bracelet) allows the watch to be worn over a very thick diving suit without the use of any tools. These watches were made between 2014 and 2017 – making it one of the shortest production runs for any Rolex sports model – and marked the end of the 40.0  mm (1.57  in ) diameter Sea-Dweller models featuring a 20  mm (0.79  in ) lug width. At the BaselWorld watch and jewelry show 2017, Rolex introduced an enlarged Sea-Dweller model featuring

4850-535: The case must also be tested in order to pass as water resistant. None of the tests defined by ISO 2281 for the Water Resistant mark are suitable to qualify a watch for scuba diving. Such watches are designed for everyday life and must be water resistant during exercises such as swimming. They can be worn in different temperature and pressure conditions but are under no circumstances designed for scuba diving. The standards for diving watches are regulated by

4947-400: The constraints set by physiological limits for fit humans. The diving depth record for actual offshore diving was achieved in 1988 by a team of professional divers (Th. Arnold, S. Icart, J.G. Marcel Auda, R. Peilho, P. Raude, L. Schneider) of the Comex S.A. industrial deep-sea diving company performing pipeline connection exercises at a depth of 534 metres (1,752 ft) of seawater (msw) in

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5044-482: The crown touching the wearers (left) wrist or back of the hand. Often the crown has to be unscrewed to set or adjust the time and date and afterwards retightened to restore the water resistance of the watch and minimize the chance of unintentional operation under water. There are also watch models where a locking handle, separate knob or an extra crown cover has to be manipulated before the crown can be operated. There are however models that have crowns that are operated like

5141-448: The crowns of non diver's analog watches. Screw down or otherwise locking crowns and traditionally operated water resistant crowns should not be operated under water. The watch case of diving and other tool watches often feature protruding crown protectors or (integrated) crown guards/shoulders for (semi-)recessing the crown and hence reduce mechanical damage and snagging risks. Digital and some analog chronograph diving watches - such as

5238-414: The current power status of the watch. The International Organization for Standardization issued a standard for water resistant watches which also prohibits the term waterproof to be used with watches, which many countries have adopted. Water resistance is achieved by the gaskets which forms a watertight seal, used in conjunction with a sealant applied on the case to help keep water out. The material of

5335-420: The development of deep water atmospheric diving suits and remotely operated underwater vehicles in offshore oilfield drilling and production effectively nixed the need for ever deeper non-atmospheric crewed intervention in the ocean. These practical factors make watch depth ratings of more than 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft) marketing and technical show off curiosities. In 2022 Rolex introduced

5432-550: The development of the first 'ultra water resistant' watches like the Rolex Sea-Dweller 2000 (2000 ft = 610 m), that became available in 1967, and was produced in several variations, and the Omega Seamaster Professional 600m/2000 ft, also known as the " Omega PloProf " (Plongeur Professionnel), that became available in 1970, and was produced in several variations. In 1983,

5529-500: The dials and markers. On digital diving watches, lighted displays are used for legibility under low light conditions. A diving watch with an electric battery powered movement must have an End Of Life (EOL) indicator, usually in the form of a two or four second jump of the second hand or a warning message on a digital display to safeguard against insufficient power reserve during underwater activities. Some electric and mechanical powered movement models have power reserve indicators that show

5626-457: The dive. This is an important " fail safe " feature. If the bezel could be turned clockwise, this could suggest to a diver that the elapsed time is shorter than reality, thus indicating a falsely short elapsed time reading, and therefore falsely short saturation period, an assumption that can be highly dangerous. Some diving watch models feature a lockable bezel to minimize the chance of unintentional bezel operation under water. The exclusive use of

5723-426: The elapsed time to be read from the bezel. This saves the diver having to remember the exact water entry moment and having to perform arithmetic that would be necessary if the watch's regular dial was used. On diving watches the bezel is "unidirectional", i.e., it contains a ratchet so it can only be turned anti-clockwise to "increase" the apparent elapsed time, should the bezel be unintentionally rotated further during

5820-403: The first 15 or 20 minutes – on their bezels are the result of copying old bezel designs. In the past divers typically planned a dive to a certain maximum depth based on now obsolete US Navy dive tables , and dived according to the planned dive profile. If the dive profile allowed a bottom time of 35 minutes the diver, upon entering the water, would set the marker on the bezel, 35 minutes ahead of

5917-409: The following (1 meter ≈ 3.28 feet): Note: The depth specified on the watch dial or case represents the results of tests done in the lab, not in the ocean. Some watches are rated in bars instead of meters. Since 1 bar is approximately the pressure exerted by 10 m of water, a rating in bars may be multiplied by 10 to be approximately equal to that based on meters. Therefore, a 20 bar watch

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6014-428: The galvanic corrosiveness of seawater. In practical terms most diving watches feature a rubber , silicone rubber , polyurethane or fabric watch strap or a stainless steel or titanium metal link or mesh bracelet of adequate length to facilitate wearing the watch over a diving suit sleeve. For a wrist with a 200 mm (7.9 in) circumference wearing a 4 mm (0.16 in) thick diving suit sleeve increases

6111-658: The grade 5 titanium case and bracelet weigh 251  g (8.9  oz ). . The German H2O watch GmbH offers custom-made H2O Kalmar 2 25000M mechanical diving watches, that have been certified to a depth of 25,000 metres (82,020 ft), which is much deeper than full ocean depth. The titanium H2O Kalmar 2 25000M watch case has a diameter of 42.5  mm (1.67  in ) and a thickness of 22.85 mm (0.900 in) (domed crystal thickness 8.25 mm (0.325 in)) and weighs 126  g (4.4  oz ). The cases of some diving watches designed for extreme depths are filled with silicone oil or fluorinated oil (oil in which all

6208-423: The historic 40 mm case size but was updated with a cerachrom ceramic bezel inlay with all 60 individual minutes marked instead of only the first 15 minutes and the new ‘Maxi dial’ for increased utility and legibility. The bracelet was updated with the new quick adjustment ‘glidelock extension’ system (20 mm adjustment range in 2 mm increments) that combined with the ‘fliplock extension link’ (adds 27 mm length to

6305-456: The hydrogen is replaced by fluorine) exploiting the relative incompressibility of liquids. This technology only works with quartz movements as a mechanical movement does not work properly in the oil filled case. An example of these watches is the Sinn UX (EZM 2B), whose case is certified by Germanischer Lloyd for 12,000 m (39,000 ft), which is deeper than the Challenger Deep. However,

6402-438: The idea for the valve as watches used in saturation diving experienced problems during decompression. Helium atoms inside a pressure chamber can work their way inside a water-resistant watch. During decompression, the pressure inside the chamber can decrease more rapidly than the pressure inside the watch case. This can, in some cases, cause the watch crystal to (violently) pop off. The helium release valve allows helium to escape in

6499-414: The line. The Rolex Sea-Dweller is part of Rolex's Professional line . Launched in 1967 with a depth rating of 610 metres (2,000 ft), the first Sea-Dweller available to the public featured a gas escape valve, developed by the brand specifically for saturation diving, which allows the helium trapped in the watch while decompressing to be released at a given pressure during decompression, while preserving

6596-437: The lug width has also been increased to 22.0  mm (0.87  in ) and the bracelet was subtly optimized for the watch case. The new ‘glidelock extension’ system (20 mm adjustment range in 2 mm increments) combined with the ‘fliplock extension link’ (adds 27 mm length to the bracelet) allows the watch to be worn over a very thick diving suit. In 2019, Rolex introduced the first two-tone Sea-Dweller with reference 126603. Like

6693-442: The minute hand. The diver calculated this with the 60 - bottom time formulae (60 - 35 = 25, for 35 minutes bottom time the diver would align the 25 minute bezel-mark with the minute hand). Once the minute hand reached the main-marker on the bezel the diver would begin his ascent to the surface. The one minute intervals scale helped with timing the ascent and whatever safety stop the diver deemed necessary. For contemporary diving methods

6790-411: The need for ever deeper, non-atmospheric crewed intervention in the ocean. There are few organizations who have the capability to do saturation dives to even 300 metres (980 ft). These practical factors make watch depth ratings of more than 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft) marketing and technical show off curiosities. In late March 2012, Rolex announced that a new prototype diving watch

6887-468: The needs of several different but related groups: explorers, navies, and professional divers. In 1926, Rolex bought the patent for the “Oyster” watch case, featuring a hermetic seal . On 7 October 1927 an English swimmer, Mercedes Gleitze attempted to cross the English Channel with a new Rolex Oyster hanging round her neck by a ribbon on this swim. After more than 10 hours in the chilly water

6984-510: The one-way bezel can also be used for other situations in which a measurement of elapsed time of under one hour might be useful, like cooking . Digital dive watches usually perform the elapsed time function by use of a standard stop watch function. Digital dive watches may also feature a depth gauge and logging features, but are not usually regarded as a substitute for a dedicated dive computer. Most contemporary dive watches with non-uniform time markings – generally in one minute intervals for

7081-491: The other, less expensive version, to 100 m (330 ft). It was the choice of watch for the character of 007 in the first ten James Bond films, causing the "Sub" to achieve an iconic status. In 1965, Seiko put the 62MAS on the market, the first Japanese professional diver watch. During the 1960s, commercial work in the oceans and seas created professional diving organisations that needed more robust watches designed for diving operations at greater depths. This led to

7178-443: The previous release, it has a 43.0  mm (1.69  in ) case and Caliber 3235 movement, but diverts from the previous no frills utilitarian tool watch for saturation divers approach with the addition of fashionable gold accents on the watch case and bracelet. Several semi-custom production runs of Sea-Dweller Submariner 2000 and 4000 models were produced with and without helium escape valves and differing watch dial patterns for

7275-451: The quartz controlled movement is only certified for 5,000 m (16,000 ft). A problem with this technology is to accommodate for thermal expansion of the liquid contained inside the watch. The employed oil changes volume by 10% over a temperature range from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 60 °C (140 °F). This property endangers a traditional watch case since the crystal would blow out from any significant internal overpressure. On

7372-435: The requirements necessary to withstand a seawater environment at depth. As a consequence diving watches are relatively heavy and large compared to dress watches made out of similar materials. Under water sheer weight is of less consequence than buoyancy, which a diver can address by a buoyancy compensator ("BC") vest . Before the introduction of other case materials diving watch cases were made of stainless steel. Stainless steel

7469-556: The same metal alloy as the watch case to prevent corrosion of the metal with the lower PRE-factor as it will act as a sacrificial anode . The case must also provide an adequate degree of protection against external magnetic influences and shocks, though diver's watches do not have to be able to endure strong magnetic fields and shocks. To make mechanical watch movements themselves shock resistant various shock protection systems can be used. The cases of diving watches have to be constructed more stoutly than typical dress watches, because of

7566-410: The scratch-resistance of sapphire is combined with the better shatter-resistance of hardened glass. Watch crystals can also be applied as display backs to view the watch movement, but these are a rare feature on diving watches. Analog diving watches must have a water resistant crown. Some models have the crown mounted in unconventional positions like 4, 8 or 9 o'clock to avert or reduce discomfort from

7663-412: The second-generation Deepsea model reference 126660 was introduced at Baselworld . It was updated with the Calibre 3235 movement, a broader 22  mm (0.87  in ) lug width bracelet tapering down to 20  mm (0.79  in ) to a resized folding clasp and a slightly redesigned case. The clasp featured a ‘glidelock extension’ system (20 mm adjustment range in 2 mm increments) that combined with

7760-405: The standard watch strap. If required more than one diving suit extension strap piece can be added to the standard watch strap. With increasing depth and rising water pressure the (sleeved) wrist of a diver is exposed to compression effects that have a shrinking effect on the wrist circumference. Many watch straps intended for diving watches have rippled or vented sections near the attachment points on

7857-406: The strap or bracelet length required the fit the watch over the sleeved wrist to 225 mm (8.9 in). For this bracelets often have a (concealed) divers extension deployant clasp by which the bracelet can be appropriately extended by approximately 20 mm (0.79 in) to 30 mm (1.2 in). Some watch straps allow an increase in length by adding a diving suit extension strap piece to

7954-437: The time in two different time zones can be easily read without having to perform arithmetic. Diving watches have relatively thick watch crystals. Sometimes domed crystals are used to enhance the pressure-resistance of the watch and to improve the watch face legibility under water. The typical materials used for crystals are acrylic glass , hardened glass and synthetic sapphire which all have their pros and cons. Acrylic glass

8051-496: The use of hydrogen in the divers' breathing gas . This work with heliox (a breathing gas mixture of helium and oxygen ) and hydreliox (an exotic breathing gas mixture of helium , oxygen and hydrogen gas) mixtures started with Hydra I in 1968. The saturation diving physiology studies were conducted with helium from 45 to 610 m (148 to 2,001 ft) and with hydrogen from 70 to 701 m (230 to 2,300 ft). The diving depth record for off-shore (saturation) diving

8148-559: The watch case in helium enriched environments (helium atoms are the smallest natural gas particles found in nature) as the watch and diver adjust to normal atmospheric conditions. Other helium safe/for mixed-gas rated diving watches can withstand the helium used in certain diving situations by using gaskets that simply do not allow helium gas to enter the watch case in a harmful way in the first place. Watch straps or bracelets for diving watches are generally made of materials that are adequately water (pressure) resistant and able to endure

8245-491: The watch case through both spring bars (or attaching points between the watch case and strap) are used to minimize the chance of losing the watch due to a spring bar or attachment point failure. The dials and markers on the watch face and bezel have to be legible under water and in low light conditions. An indication that the watch is running in total darkness also has to be present. For easy legibility most diving watches have high contrasting, non-cluttered dials and markers with

8342-443: The watch case to facilitate the required flexibility to strap the watch tightly for normal wear at the surface whilst keeping the watch sufficiently tightly in place on the divers wrist at depth. Metal link bracelets theoretically have more failure points compared to metal mesh bracelets and watch straps due to the use of link connection parts like split pins or screw pins. One piece (NATO style ) nylon fabric straps that slide under

8439-544: The watch case's water resistance. Since 2019 Sea-Dweller models are available in steel or steel and yellow gold, and have a 43 mm case. The Deepsea models come equipped with the brand's patented Ringlock system, which was designed to provide a higher degree of pressure resistance. During the 1960s, the needs of professional divers working at great depths led to the development of the first 'ultra water resistant' tool watches designed for conducting safe diving operations at 300 m (1,000 ft) depths. Rolex chose to develop

8536-620: The watch dial, which led to an unofficial "Double Red" designation by watch collectors. The Rolex Sea-Dweller 2000 watch case has a diameter of 40.0  mm (1.57  in ) mm and a thickness of 14.7 mm (0.58 in). The crystal was thick, domed plexiglass . The Sea-Dweller Submariner 2000 models were succeeded by the Rolex Oyster Perpetual Sea-Dweller 4000 (4000 ft = 1220 m) model, with an increased depth rating to 1,220 metres (4,000 ft). The last Comex Sea-Dweller 4000 Rolex reference number

8633-575: The watch remained sealed and kept good time throughout. Omega SA is credited as the creator of the world's first industrially produced diving watch intended for commercial distribution, the rectangular Omega "Marine" with a patented double sliding and removable case, introduced in 1932. After a series of trials undertaken by the Swiss Laboratory for Horology in Neuchâtel in May 1937, the watch

8730-403: The ‘fliplock extension link’ (adds 27 mm length to the bracelet) allows the watch to be worn over a very thick diving suit. In 2022, the third-generation Deepsea model reference 136660 was introduced. It also uses the Calibre 3235, a redesigned folding clasp that omitted the ‘fliplock extension link’, an 8% enlarged date wheel and window, and slimmer bezel ring. In November 2022 Rolex introduced

8827-541: Was a prototype intended to be used for oil exploration and development under the Arctic ice. Saga was built on a hull originally constructed by Jacques-Yves Cousteau but not completed due to lack of funds. Saga would have a complete saturation diving system on board. The nuclear power plant would be able to produce large volumes of hydrogen and oxygen through the electrolysis of water . This would provide plentiful amounts of breathing gas for autonomous diving operations under

8924-524: Was achieved in 1988 by a team of COMEX professional divers (Th. Arnold, S. Icart, J.G. Marcel Auda, R. Peilho, P. Raude, L. Schneider) performing pipe line connection exercises at a depth of 534 m (1,752 ft) of seawater ( msw /fsw) in the Mediterranean Sea , whist breathing a hydreliox mixture, as part of the Hydra VIII (Hydra 8) programme. The Hydra programme culminated with Hydra X (Hydra 10) in 1992 when COMEX diver Théo Mavrostomos achieved

9021-542: Was certified as being able to withstand a pressure of 1.37 MPa (13.5 atm), equivalent to a depth of 135 m (443 ft), without any water intake whatsoever. Following a request made by the Royal Italian Navy , in September 1935, for a luminous underwater watch for divers, Panerai offered "Radiomir" underwater timepieces in 1936. These watches were made by Rolex for Panerai. In addition,

9118-595: Was developed and is part of the Rolex supported attempt to dive the DSV Deepsea Challenger to the bottom of the Challenger Deep , the deepest surveyed point in the oceans. On 26 March 2012 the DSV Deepsea Challenger carried a Rolex Oyster Perpetual Date Sea-Dweller DEEPSEA CHALLENGE prototype diving watch strapped to its manipulator arm to a depth of 10,898.4 metres (35,756 ft) of seawater (msw). The experimental Sea-Dweller DEEPSEA CHALLENGE watch

9215-438: Was developed in the second quarter of 1967 but became available to the public only in 1971. The delay was probably caused by issues with obtaining the patent for the helium escape valve filed by Rolex on 6 November 1967 and granted on 15 June 1970. The first Sea-Dweller models made between April and June 1967 did not feature a helium gas release valve. In late 1967, an archeological diver named T. Walker Lloyd approached Rolex with

9312-531: Was the prototype non-valve Reference 1665 Sea-Dweller, the so-called "Single Red" with a depth rating of 500 metres (1,640 ft). The "Single Red" nickname originates from the single red "SEA-DWELLER” text line on the watch dial. Most of the ten prototype non-valve watches were awarded to pioneers in underwater exploration like Robert Palmer Bradley , who was a pilot of Deepstar 4000 . Other examples were given to Tektite habitat Aquanauts such as Ian Koblick or Richard Waller. The Rolex Sea-Dweller reference 1665

9409-677: Was worn by Jacques Cousteau and his divers during the underwater film "Le monde du silence", which won the Palme d'or at the Cannes film festival in 1956, and in the US when TV star Lloyd Bridges wore a Blancpain Fifty Fathoms dive watch in a photo that appeared on the cover of the February 1962 edition of Skin Diver Magazine . Zodiac debuted their Sea Wolf line of waterproof watches at

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