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122-466: RollerCoaster Tycoon is a series of construction and management simulation games about building and managing an amusement park . Each game in the series challenges players with open-ended amusement park management and development, and allowing players to construct and customize their own unique roller coasters and other thrill rides . The first game was created by Scottish programmer Chris Sawyer , with assistance from various leading figures from

244-705: A 'no new features' release. Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely OS X Mountain Lion , OS X El Capitan , macOS High Sierra , and macOS Monterey ) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the ' tick–tock model ' used by Intel. In two succeeding versions, Lion and Mountain Lion , Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS while simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use. This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued

366-555: A 'pure' economic simulation may be Capitalism , the goal of which is to build an industrial and financial empire. At a smaller and more concrete scale, a business simulation may put the player in charge of a business or commercial facility, designing its layouts, hiring staff, and implementing policies to manage the flow of customers and orders as the business grows. Such business simulations include Theme Hospital , Sim Tower , and Game Dev Story . One popular area for these simulations has included theme park management, including

488-403: A board game in 1959, which was one of the first games to be played via e-mail . Sports management games have the player as the owner or team manager of a sports team, and guides decisions related to training, player selection, and other facets of the team as they progress through a season, ideally guiding the team towards a championship title. In some games, the management facets are layered atop

610-683: A business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware, was sued by Apple in 2008. In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code-named Marklar , which ran on Intel x86 processors. The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform. These rumors subsided until late in May 2005, when various media outlets, such as The Wall Street Journal and CNET , announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in

732-445: A city from the ground up and then manage it, with challenges such as balancing a budget and maintaining popular opinion, and was considered a sophisticated simulation of city planning when it was released. It appealed to a wide audience in part because it was not a typical high-speed, violent game, and was notable for shunning a traditional win-or-lose game paradigm. SimCity has spawned numerous successful sequels and spinoffs, and

854-529: A completely different structure. Two expansion packs for RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 were released - Soaked! and Wild! . A bundle, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Gold , was also released, including the original game and the Soaked! expansion pack; this was followed by RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Platinum (Deluxe for the EU version of the game), including both expansion packs and the original game. RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Platinum

976-747: A disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges. Applications without any code signature cannot be run by default except from a computer's administrator account. Apple produces macOS applications. Some are included with macOS and some sold separately. This includes iWork , Final Cut Pro , Logic Pro , iLife , and the database application FileMaker . Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS . In 2018, Apple introduced an application layer, codenamed Marzipan, to port iOS apps to macOS. macOS Mojave included ports of four first-party iOS apps including Home and News , and it

1098-531: A nation. These games may include geopolitical situations (involving the formation and execution of foreign policy), the creation of domestic political policies, or the simulation of political campaigns. Early examples from the Cold War era include Balance of Power , Crisis in the Kremlin , Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator . An early example of online play was Diplomacy , originally published as

1220-467: A new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta , a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines. The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6.8. Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac , Basilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and

1342-412: A number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows Vista with acceptable performance. As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the classic Mac OS , with applications being added and removed. Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the iPod music player and music software for

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1464-621: A number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, all G3-based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger, and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac's Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater. Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing,

1586-556: A particular category is disabled when all attractions in that category are researched. The guests, who are integral to the gameplay, are treated as separate entities which can each have particular characteristics and be tracked by the player around the park. The game keeps track of how much money they have, what they are carrying, their thoughts, and what their current needs are (thirst, hunger, etc.). Each guest also has some unique features such as their preferred ride intensity, and their nausea tolerance. Some scenarios are even biased towards

1708-558: A performance penalty when run on Intel Macs through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work. While Intel Macs can run PowerPC, Intel, and universal binaries, PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds. Support for

1830-408: A player's sense of creativity and desire for control. As such, many CMSs have no victory condition, although players can always lose by bankrupting themselves of resources. These games emphasize growth, and the player must successfully manage their economy in order to construct larger creations and gain further creative power. Unlike other genres, construction and management simulations seldom offer

1952-541: A popular Internet meme based on a series of posts made in 2012 on 4chan featuring a slow, ghost train track ride called " Mr. Bones' Wild Ride " that took four in-game years to complete, leading the passengers in the game to express "I want to get off Mr. Bones Wild Ride". At the ride's conclusion, the passengers were then greeted by a skeleton prop with a top hat, with a sign stating "The ride never ends". Both phrases have become popular memes. RollerCoaster Tycoon has been cited as an inspiration of professionals working in

2074-469: A progression in storyline, and the level design is a simple space where the player can build. Some games offer pre-built scenarios, which include victory conditions such as reaching a level of wealth, or surviving worsening conditions. But success in one scenario seldom affects another scenario, and players can usually try them in any order. Because the player must manage a complex internal economy, construction and management simulations frequently make use of

2196-620: A real life activity, since the player is usually more involved in detailed decisions than a real manager or administrator. Players usually have two types of tools at their disposal: tools for building and tools for managing. Construction mechanisms in CMSs tend to be one of two types: plan-and-build where the construction is completed gradually, or purchase and place where the construction appears immediately. Random disasters can also create new construction challenges, and some games impose constraints on how things must be constructed. But usually

2318-485: A region or nation, which often will include managing the transport of goods between various destinations in addition to other business decisions. Examples include Transport Tycoon , Railroad Tycoon , and the A-Train series. Business and tycoon games need not present realistic business settings, as long as the player is tasked with managing a facility with economic factors. Dungeon Keeper and Evil Genius have

2440-570: A sandbox). On 22 December 2016, a modified port of both RollerCoaster Tycoon and RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 was released for iOS and Android, featuring a single price point for the majority of content from both of the original games. It also features three in-app purchases for Expansion Pack content, based on the two expansion packs from RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 and an editor pack that allows users to create custom scenarios. First released for iOS devices in December 2016, RollerCoaster Tycoon Touch

2562-464: A sense of depth. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets ( dialog boxes attached to specific windows) and drawers, which would slide out and provide options. The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs , brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0 's " Platinum " appearance had offered. According to Siracusa,

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2684-404: A specific guest demographic and require the player to take this into account in designing the park. In RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 , the player can create their own guest groups to visit their parks. Sequels have continually upgraded the number of rides and amount of customization available to the player. Planet Coaster , which has been called a spiritual successor to RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 ,

2806-400: A structure will cost resources, but this is often done at no cost or with partial recovery of resources spent on its construction. CMSs are usually single player games, as competition would force players to eschew creativity in favor of efficiency, and a race to accumulate resources. They typically have a free-form construction mode where players can build up as they see fit, which appeals to

2928-409: A subgenre of CMS games where the player acts as a city-planner or leader. Players normally look at the city from a point of view high in the sky, to grow and manage a simulated city. Players are only allowed to control building placement and city management features such as salaries and work priorities, while actual building is done by game citizens who are non-playable characters. The SimCity series,

3050-424: A subset of CMSs that simulate a business or some other economy, with the goal for the player to help make the business financially successful. Some business games typically involve more management than construction, allowing the player to invest in virtual stock markets or similar trade systems. Rather than investing in physical buildings, construction can be abstract, such as purchasing stocks. The closest example of

3172-586: A system that would be adopted by Apple's primary market of home users and creative professionals. The project was first codenamed " Rhapsody " before officially being named Mac OS X. The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral , and Apple has stated that it should be pronounced "ten" in this context. However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X". The iPhone X , iPhone XR and iPhone XS all later followed this convention. Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of

3294-498: A trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard . In addition, with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion , Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through

3416-553: A variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-name designs. The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS. Quick Look has been part of the Finder since version 10.5 . It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. Spotlight ,

3538-447: A windowed interface. In contrast to genres such as action games, CMS players are given computer-like controls such as pull-down menus and buttons. Players may also understand the game economy through graphs and other analytic tools. This often includes advisers that warn players of problems and describe current needs. As such, CMS games have some of the most complex interfaces of any game type. These games can be quite popular even without

3660-454: Is a POSIX -compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel , (which incorporated large parts of FreeBSD kernel ) and FreeBSD userland for the standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface . Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin . On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including

3782-572: Is a free-to-play mobile port of RollerCoaster Tycoon World . Like RollerCoaster Tycoon 4 , it contains in-app purchases and wait times, but expands upon the social media integration. An Android version was released in April 2017. In October 2017, items based on the Barbie brand were added to the game. On 28 January, items based on Shaun the Sheep were added to the game. An on-rails shooter based on

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3904-463: Is a free-to-play entry in the series developed by Graphite Lab. Atari released the game in January 2020 for iOS and Android mobile devices. The free-to-play title is based on the tile-matching genre , in which the tiles to match move each turn on rollercoaster tracks within each level. Completing levels helps the player to restore a run-down theme park as part of the game's narrative. The player

4026-420: Is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of Mac OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs, and the final release with 32-bit Intel Mac support. The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user-facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being

4148-542: Is credited with inventing the city-building subgenre. SimCity also led to several other successful games in the same mold such as SimTower and SimFarm , and launched its designer Will Wright into a position as one of the most influential people in the game industry. These games influenced the eventual release of the Tycoon series of games, which are also an important part of the genre. Several more specific genres have developed over time. City-building games are

4270-466: Is different from previous games in that players build coasters with a spline-based system. It also introduced a new "Architect mode" and "safety-rating" options when building coasters. The game is also the first to incorporate the Steam Workshop. The game received largely negative reviews, both from critics and fans of the franchise, particularly compared to Planet Coaster , which was released

4392-434: Is given control over an amusement park and is tasked with reaching particular goals, such as improving the park's value, attracting more guests, or maintaining the park rating. Some scenarios in the game provide an empty plot of land and allow the player to build a park from scratch, while others provide a ready-built park which usually suffers from deterioration, bad planning, or underdevelopment. The player must wisely invest

4514-495: Is responsible for building out the park such as modifying terrain, constructing footpaths, adding decorative elements, installing food/drink stalls and other facilities, and building rides and attractions. Many of the rides that can be built are roller coasters or variations on that, such as log flumes, water slides and go-kart tracks. The player can build these out with hills, drops, curves, and other 'special' track pieces (such as loops, corkscrews and helixes), limited only by cost and

4636-441: Is similarly considered to be a spiritual successor to the first two RollerCoaster Tycoon games. OpenRCT2 (2014) is a free and open-source re-implementation of RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 which adds some additional features and fixes numerous bugs. Several user-created rollercoasters received media attention after footage of them were posted on various imageboards and social media . The RollerCoaster Tycoon series spawned

4758-414: Is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support, warranties etc.), but communities that cater to personal users, who do not install for resale and profit, have generally been ignored by Apple. These self-made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware, but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine, such as on matter of data integrity or security. Psystar ,

4880-643: The Caesar series, and Cities: Skylines series are examples of city-building games that have found commercial and cultural success. Colony management games are similar to city-building games, but based on the player starting a colony in an isolated location with limited resources, and thus are required to collect and combine resources from the local area to build out their colony, in contrast to city-building games where resources are only limited by available city finances. These games utilize construction and management extensively, with incredible detail in more aspects of

5002-528: The Romance of the Three Kingdoms series from 1986 and Bandit Kings of Ancient China in 1989. That same year, Capcom released a simulation game of their own, Destiny of an Emperor , also based on Chinese history . Utopia had a notable influence on SimCity in 1989, which is considered the first highly successful construction and management simulation. The game allows players to build

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5124-697: The Aqua interface and the Finder , to complete the GUI -based operating system which is macOS. With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the classic Mac OS . For example, pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other. Many aspects of macOS's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP , which

5246-573: The Classic Environment with performance limitations; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors. Because macOS is POSIX compliant, many software packages written for the other Unix-like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it, including many scientific and technical programs. Third-party projects such as Homebrew , Fink , MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. Apple and others have provided versions of

5368-525: The Mac App Store , a marketplace of software maintained by Apple through a process requiring the company's approval. Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox , restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as

5490-419: The Mac App Store . Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance, or non-pinstriped title bar appearance in version 10.4. In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style. In 2006,

5612-800: The Mac transition to Intel processors , it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary , which provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines. First and third-party applications can be controlled programmatically using the AppleScript framework, retained from the classic Mac OS , or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge. Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS: Cocoa and Carbon . Cocoa

5734-467: The Taligent , Copland and Gershwin projects, but all were eventually abandoned. This led Apple to acquire NeXT in 1997, allowing NeXTSTEP, later called OPENSTEP , to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system. This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into

5856-625: The X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look-and-feel. The current Apple-endorsed method is the open-source XQuartz project; earlier versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple, or before that the XDarwin project. Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading (with or without code signing , available via an Apple developer account) or through

5978-437: The classic Mac OS ) were named using Arabic numerals , as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9 . Until macOS 11 Big Sur , all versions of the operating system were given version numbers of the form 10. x , with this going from 10.0 up until 10.15; starting with macOS 11 Big Sur , Apple switched to numbering major releases with numbers that increase by 1 with every major release. The first version of Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server 1.0 ,

6100-538: The historical simulation game Nobunaga's Ambition , where the player takes the role of the historical figure Oda Nobunaga and must conquer, unify and manage the nation of Japan. It combines number crunching, Japanese history , and grand strategy simulation , including elements such as raising taxes and giving rice to prefectures . Nobunaga's Ambition went on to define and set the standard for most console simulation games, and has had many sequels, while Koei continued to create other simulation games since, including

6222-415: The tower defense genre and Shapez.io , which has adopted the minimalistic art style of the .io browser games . Other games involve rebuilding industry and maintaining sufficient food resources for your labour force in a post-apocalyptic world, such as Captain of Industry . A government simulation or political simulation is a game that attempts to simulate the government and politics of all or part of

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6344-664: The "NS" prefix is ubiquitous in the framework, standing variously for N eXT S TEP or N eXT/ S un . The official OPENSTEP API, published in September 1994, was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the "NS" prefix. Traditionally, Cocoa programs have been mostly written in Objective-C , with Java as an alternative. However, on July 11, 2005, Apple announced that "features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to

6466-560: The 2010s. Rumors intensified in 2020, when numerous reports announced that the company would announce its shift to its custom processors at WWDC. Apple officially announced its shift to processors designed in-house on June 22, 2020, at WWDC 2020, with the transition planned to last for approximately two years. The first release of macOS to support ARM was macOS Big Sur . Big Sur and later versions support Universal 2 binaries , which are applications consisting of both Intel ( x86-64 ) and Apple silicon ( AArch64 ) binaries; when launched, only

6588-463: The Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design. Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and

6710-674: The Cocoa-Java programming interface." macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a "preferred software package"—in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible, and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces. Since 2014, Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as

6832-408: The Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones." In 2012, with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion , the name of the system was officially shortened from Mac OS X to OS X, after the previous version shortened the system name in a similar fashion a year prior. That year, Apple removed

6954-592: The Mac, including iTunes and GarageBand . Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital lifestyle" applications such as the iLife suite, integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser. With the increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the .Mac, MobileMe and most recently iCloud products. It later began selling third-party applications through

7076-782: The PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. In 2009, Apple announced at WWDC that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel-only. Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion. In addition, new versions of Mac OS X first- and third-party software increasingly required Intel processors, including new versions of iLife, iWork, Aperture and Logic Pro. Rumors of Apple shifting Macs from Intel to in-house ARM processors used by iOS devices began circulating as early as 2011, and ebbed and flowed throughout

7198-810: The RollerCoaster Tycoon franchise, named RollerCoaster Tycoon Joyride, was released in 2018. The game was poorly received. In January 2018, Atari Game Partners announced it was seeking equity crowdfunding via the StartEngine platform in order to develop a new game in the series. Titled RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures , it is an adaption of RollerCoaster Tycoon Touch and was released for the Nintendo Switch in Europe on 29 November 2018, and in North America on 13 December. The game

7320-730: The act of construction is quite simple, and the main challenge of a CMS is obtaining the resources required to complete construction. Players must manage resources within a growing economy, where resources are produced, consumed, and exchanged. Resources are drawn from a source, such as money from a bank, or gold from a mine. Some CMSs allow players to convert resources from one type to another, such as fermenting sugar into rum. Common resources include money, people, and building materials. Resources are utilized in one of two ways: either construction, where players build or buy things to serve some purpose, or maintenance, where players must make ongoing payments to prevent loss or decay. Sometimes demolishing

7442-543: The actual sports simulation, as in the case of Electronic Arts' FIFA or Madden NFL series, so that players can also play within the games as one of the athletes on the field, as well as manage the team through a season. Other sports management games, such as the Football Manager series, do not give player direct control on the actual sports matches, but may allow the player, as the team manager, to influence how they are played out, or otherwise simply simulate

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7564-540: The appropriate binary is run. Additionally, Intel binaries can be run on Apple silicon-based Macs using the Rosetta 2 binary translation software. The transition was completed at WWDC 2023 with the announce of the Apple silicon Mac Pro , ending the transition in 3 years, slightly behind schedule. The change in processor architecture allows Macs with ARM processors to be able to run iOS and iPadOS apps natively. One of

7686-423: The coming months. On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at WWDC that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years, and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life. Intel-based Macs would run

7808-460: The construction and management simulation genre. Utopia put players in charge of an island, allowing them to control its entire military and economy. The population had to be kept happy, and the military had to be strong enough to thwart attacks from rebels and pirates. This game required complex thought in an era where most games were about reflexes. The game sold fairly well, and it had an influence on games of all genres. In 1983, Koei released

7930-483: The cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether in OS X Mavericks . Some journalists and third-party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features. Apple's 2015 update, OS X 10.11 El Capitan ,

8052-530: The day after and received largely positive reviews. RollerCoaster Tycoon 3D was released on 16 October 2012. It was developed by n-Space for the Nintendo 3DS . While using many assets and engine content from Rollercoaster Tycoon 3 , this game reverted to an isometric view and, due to the limitations of the Nintendo 3DS, removed features such as additional scenery and pools. RollerCoaster Tycoon 4 Mobile

8174-421: The default file system is HFS+ , which it inherited from the classic Mac OS. Operating system designer Linus Torvalds had criticized HFS+, saying it is "probably the worst file system ever", whose design is "actively corrupting user data". He criticized the case insensitivity of file names, a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode . The Darwin subsystem in macOS manages

8296-481: The default file system for SSD boot drives. Its successor, macOS 10.14 Mojave , was released in 2018, adding a dark mode option and a dynamic wallpaper setting . It was succeeded by macOS 10.15 Catalina in 2019, which replaces iTunes with separate apps for different types of media, and introduces the Catalyst system for porting iOS apps. In 2020, Apple announced macOS 11 Big Sur at that year's WWDC. This

8418-530: The display to warmer colors at night, and two Continuity features: Universal Clipboard, which syncs a user's clipboard across their Apple devices, and Auto Unlock, which can unlock a user's Mac with their Apple Watch. macOS Sierra also adds support for the Apple File System (APFS), Apple's successor to the dated HFS+ file system. macOS 10.13 High Sierra , released in 2017, included performance improvements, Metal 2 and HEVC support, and made APFS

8540-448: The early releases in retrospect as "dog-slow, feature poor" and Aqua as "unbearably slow and a huge resource hog". Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X. Siracusa's review of version 10.3, Panther , noted "It's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases." Version 10.4, Tiger , reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering

8662-449: The early titles Theme Park and RollerCoaster Tycoon , which not only give the player the ability to manage the park but plan out and test the rides. Other niche business simulations include PC Building Simulator , which lets the player manage a small business dedicated towards building custom PCs and troubleshooting computer errors. These games also may deal at a somewhat larger scale involving managing business elements across

8784-480: The file system, which includes the Unix permissions layer. In 2003 and 2005, two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes. More recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called

8906-444: The first Intel Macs were released with a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger . A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards. While Apple's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called " iPhone OS " and then iOS . The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on

9028-604: The game than other simulation genres. They may also feature combat against hostile entities of the remote environment, typically not a feature of other subgenres, and often require the player to consider fortifications, so this genre may be named "base building games" The colony management genre has fewer titles compared to the other subgenres due to the niche market. Notable titles include Dwarf Fortress , Rimworld (which takes inspiration from Dwarf Fortress ), Oxygen Not Included , Frostpunk , and Surviving Mars . Business simulation games, also known as tycoon games, are

9150-521: The games' results based on the team's composition set by the player. MacOS macOS , originally Mac OS X , previously shortened as OS X , is an operating system developed and marketed by Apple since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers . Within the market of desktop and laptop computers, it is the second most widely used desktop OS , after Microsoft Windows and ahead of all Linux distributions, including ChromeOS and SteamOS . As of 2024 ,

9272-529: The genre. Other games in the genre range from city-building games like Caesar (since 1992), The Settlers (since 1993), the Anno series (since 1998), mixed business/politics/building games like Tropico (since 2001), pure business simulation games like Capitalism , and niche simulations like Theme Park . CMSs are often called "simulation games" for short. Although games can simulate many activities from vehicles to sports , players usually deduce

9394-424: The geography of the park and other nearby attractions. There are also stationary rides, such as Ferris wheels, merry-go-rounds, and bumper cars, most of which only contain single ride 'piece' and are very limited in terms of variation. Rides are ranked on scales of excitement, intensity, and nausea , all which influence which park guests will ride those attractions and how they will behave afterward. The player can set

9516-410: The head of OS X development, Scott Forstall , and design was changed towards a more minimal direction. Apple's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, text-only buttons and a minimal, 'flat' interface, was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, OS X 10.9 Mavericks , was something of a transitional release, with some of

9638-488: The introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks." Bruce Tognazzini (who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface. Third-party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked

9760-546: The kind of simulation from the title of the game. Economics play a primary role in construction and management simulations, because they allow players to build things while operating within economic constraints. Some games may challenge the player to explore or recognize patterns, but the majority of the game challenges are economic in that they focus upon growth. These games are based in a setting where an economy can be built and managed, usually some kind of community, institution, or empire. The player's role seldom corresponds to

9882-460: The latest graphics. The player in a CMS is usually omnipresent, and does not have an avatar. As such, the player is usually given an isometric perspective of the world, or a free-roaming camera from an aerial viewpoint for modern 3D games. The game world often contains units and people who respond to the players' actions, but are seldom given direct orders. The Sumerian Game (1964), a text-based early mainframe game designed by Mabel Addis ,

10004-415: The limited amount of money provided. Most scenarios require that the goals be achieved by a specific in-game date, or else the scenario is not 'complete'. Completion of scenarios is a prerequisite for unlocking further scenarios in the first RollerCoaster Tycoon game. In RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 , all the scenarios are available for play and the player can complete them in any order they choose. The player

10126-572: The major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua , a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or widget is drawn on-screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology. ColorSync , a technology introduced many years before, was improved and built into the core drawing engine, to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals. Also, drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide

10248-597: The major version number, similarly to classic Mac OS and iOS, but is still named after places within California. The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT , a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, before being launched in 1989. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel , which

10370-801: The menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold almost all of its Mac models with high-resolution Retina displays , and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows. The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts. In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto

10492-438: The most notable online business simulations are Virtonomics and IndustryPlayer . A subset of life simulation games incorporate elements of business simulation games, but which the player-character has an active role in the game's world and often tasked with activities similar to real-life functions in a business as to keep the business going. These life simulation games deemphasize the business and management elements though

10614-833: The most recent release of macOS is macOS 15 Sequoia , the 21st major version of macOS. Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS , the primary Macintosh operating system from 1984 to 2001. Its underlying architecture came from NeXT 's NeXTSTEP , as a result of Apple's acquisition of NeXT , which also brought Steve Jobs back to Apple. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0 , was released on March 24, 2001. All macOS releases are UNIX 03 certified. The derivatives of macOS are Apple's other operating systems: iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , tvOS , and audioOS . macOS has supported three major processor architectures: originally PowerPC -based Macs in 1999; Intel Core-based Macs from 2006 ; and self-designed 64-bit Arm Apple M series Macs since 2020 . A prominent part of macOS's original brand identity

10736-476: The operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware. As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are available for purchase, some technology-capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers. These are referred to as Hackintoshes , a portmanteau of the words "hack" and "Macintosh". This violates Apple's EULA (and

10858-459: The original game and both expansions. In April 2014, an open-source project, known as OpenRCT2 , was launched to enhance the gameplay of RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, including fixing bugs and allowing the game to run natively on macOS, Linux and modern Windows. The game is completely rewritten in the C++ programming language , but still relies on assets from the original game. OpenRCT2 reduces limitations in

10980-510: The original game, Corkscrew Follies , and Loopy Landscapes ; and RollerCoaster Tycoon Deluxe in 2003, which contained the content in Gold plus more designs for the different customizable rides. A port for the Xbox was released on 23 March 2003, handled by Frontier Developments and published by Infogrames Interactive . This version featured both expansion packs as well. RollerCoaster Tycoon 2

11102-445: The original, and adds other completely new features such as multiplayer . RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 was released on 2 November 2004, in North America. Although the core features of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 are based on the previous games, Chris Sawyer , the developer of the first two games, acted only as a consultant. The game was developed by Frontier Developments instead, and published and advertised by Atari Interactive featuring

11224-580: The player as an evil overlord managing and expanding their base of henchmen from forces of good with limited resources and economies, for example. Active development of Internet technologies and the growth of the Internet audience in recent years gave a powerful impetus to the development of the industry of online games, and in particular, online business simulations. There are many varieties of online business simulations—browser-based and downloadable, single-player and multiplayer, real-time and turn-based. Among

11346-699: The player is challenged to make products in a cost-effective manner by establishing production lines to compete with other virtual competitors, such as in Big Pharma and Good Company . Other factory simulators are based on open-world survival games, with the goal to build enough parts from raw materials found in the world while fending off hostiles to be able to escape or achieve a very large-scale production target, such as in Factorio , Satisfactory , and Dyson Sphere Program . Other examples of this genre are Mindustry that combines factory simulation with

11468-607: The player often still needs to make decisions on purchases and how they manage their time in game to be successful. Examples of such games include The Sims series, the Story of Seasons series, the Animal Crossing series, and Stardew Valley . Factory simulation or optimization games typically involve the efficient conversion of resources into products through a combination of a labor workforce and automated systems. Some of these are closer to business simulations, where

11590-610: The preferred language for software development on Apple platforms. Apple's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs. This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved. To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the Carbon Application Programming Interface (API)

11712-425: The prices for park admission rides and guest amenities, although care must be taken so that guests will not think prices are too high. The player is also responsible for hiring park staff to maintain the rides, keep the park clean, enforce security, and entertain guests. Players may also invest in 'research', which unlocks new rides and improvements as time goes on, though it costs money to continue research. Research in

11834-646: The procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused. He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge. The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design: the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks. Apple provides its own software development tools, most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode . Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C , C++ , Objective-C , and Swift . For

11956-440: The real-life rollercoaster industry. The franchise has also spawned a board game and a pinball machine by Stern , both released in 2002, and a series of gamebooks released in 2002 and 2003. In 2010, it was reported that Sony Pictures Animation had acquired the rights to develop a film adaptation of the series. Construction and management simulation game SimCity (1989) represents an early example of success in

12078-591: The real-world roller coaster and theme park industry. The rest of the series contains three other main games, expansion packs , a number of ports, and a mobile installment. A refresh of the series, RollerCoaster Tycoon World , was released in November 2016, and followed up by RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures for Nintendo Switch in 2018 and PC in 2019. Licensing for the series is currently held by Atari Interactive , who renewed their deal with Chris Sawyer on 11 October 2022, for ten more years. RollerCoaster Tycoon

12200-473: The release of Leopard onwards and announced that Carbon applications would not run at 64-bit. A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards, especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult, uneconomic or not necessary. This included Microsoft Office up to Office 2016 , and Photoshop up to CS5. Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through

12322-471: The same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard . However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development. In 2007, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs. It

12444-560: The screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called Quartz Extreme , a component of Quartz . Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices. As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features. Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for

12566-425: The skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged. The next version, OS X 10.10 Yosemite , adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse. From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS and Mac OS X releases prior to 10.4 Tiger . It also steadily cut

12688-472: The underlying command-line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture. PowerPC-only software is supported with Apple's official binary translation software, Rosetta , though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel. PowerPC binaries suffer

12810-401: Was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS , while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten to run natively on Mac OS X. The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems . This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers, since

12932-496: Was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS , though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility . Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API ; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance. The consumer version of Mac OS X

13054-477: Was also released on Microsoft Windows via the Epic Games Store on 19 March 2019. In 2023, Atari released an updated version with new content and features, titled RollerCoaster Tycoon Adventures Deluxe . Deluxe is available for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 5 , Xbox Series X and Series S , and Nintendo Switch . RollerCoaster Tycoon Puzzle (originally known as RollerCoaster Tycoon Story )

13176-531: Was an economic simulation game based on the ancient Sumerian city-state of Lagash . It was adapted into The Sumer Game , a later version of which was called Hamurabi , a relatively simple text-only game originally written for the DEC PDP-8 in which the player controlled the economy of a city-state. Utopia was released in 1982 for the Intellivision , and is credited as the game that spawned

13298-527: Was announced that the API would be available for third-party developers to use from 2019. With macOS Catalina in 2019, the application layer was made available to third-party developers as Mac Catalyst . List of macOS versions, the supported systems on which they run, and their RAM requirements Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple. This includes

13420-402: Was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements. In 2016, with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra , the name was changed from OS X to macOS with the purpose of aligning it with the branding of Apple's other primary operating systems: iOS , watchOS , and tvOS . macOS Sierra added Siri , iCloud Drive , picture-in-picture support, a Night Shift mode that switches

13542-401: Was created. Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X, although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed. Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: the little-used original release of Mac OS X Server 1.0 , which also did not include the Aqua interface. Apple limited further development of Carbon from

13664-468: Was designed to be portable, to ease the transition from one platform to another. For example, NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k -based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple, and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project . Prior to macOS High Sierra, and on drives other than solid state drives (SSDs),

13786-544: Was developed and published by Frontier Developments for Microsoft Windows and was released worldwide on 17 November 2016. Frontier Developments had previously worked in the amusement park construction and management genre with the Xbox port of RollerCoaster Tycoon , RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 , Thrillville , Thrillville: Off the Rails , and Zoo Tycoon . Parkitect , released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux on 29 November 2018 after two years in early access ,

13908-413: Was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0 . Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface , but criticizing it for sluggish performance. With Apple's popularity at a low, the maker of FrameMaker , Adobe Inc. , declined to develop new versions of it for Mac OS X. Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described

14030-493: Was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University , with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from parts of FreeBSD and other BSD operating systems. Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. Throughout the 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through

14152-489: Was released for Microsoft Windows and MacOS X . A remastered version of the game titled RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 Complete Edition , developed and published by Frontier Foundry , was released for Windows , macOS , and Nintendo Switch , featuring widescreen support and revamped controls to accommodate for Switch features. RollerCoaster Tycoon World was developed by Nvizzio Creations for Atari Interactive and RCTO Productions and released on 16 November 2016. The installment

14274-644: Was released for Microsoft Windows on 22 March 1999. RollerCoaster Tycoon was later ported to the Xbox Video game console in 2003. The game was developed by Chris Sawyer and published by Hasbro Interactive under the MicroProse brand. RollerCoaster Tycoon received two expansion packs: Added Attractions (released in North America as Corkscrew Follies ) in 1999, and Loopy Landscapes in 2000. Two special editions were released: RollerCoaster Tycoon Gold / Totally RollerCoaster in 2002, which contained

14396-453: Was released on 10 April 2014. The game was initially available for iPhone , iPad and iPod touch devices. The game was later released for Android devices (OS 4.0.3 and higher) on 18 October 2014. The game was developed by On5 Games without Chris Sawyer's input (other than licensing). The game returns to the isometric view used in the first two games. The game is built on the freemium model with social media integration. This installment

14518-511: Was released on 15 October 2002. The game was developed by Chris Sawyer and published by Infogrames Interactive . RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 has two official expansion packs: Wacky Worlds and Time Twister , both released in 2003 and had no involvement from Chris Sawyer, instead being handled by Frontier Developments. The Combo Park Pack edition contains the original game and the Wacky Worlds expansion. The Triple Thrill Pack contains

14640-628: Was the first increment in the primary version number of macOS since the release of Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000; updates to macOS 11 were given 11.x numbers, matching the version numbering scheme used by Apple's other operating systems. Big Sur brought major changes to the user interface and was the first version to run on Apple Silicon , based on the ARM architecture. The numbering system started with Big Sur continued in 2021 with macOS 12 Monterey , 2022 with macOS 13 Ventura , 2023 with macOS 14 Sonoma , and 2024 with macOS 15 Sequoia . At macOS's core

14762-512: Was the use of Roman numeral X, pronounced "ten", as well as code naming each release after species of big cats , and later, places within California . Apple shortened the name to "OS X" in 2011 and then changed it to "macOS" in 2016 to align with the branding of Apple's other operating systems. After sixteen distinct versions of macOS 10, macOS Big Sur was presented as version 11 in 2020, and every subsequent version has also incremented

14884-486: Was universally panned amongst fans and critics alike. It was criticized due to Chris Sawyer's absence in the making of the game and the heavy use of microtransactions and wait times. Released in August 2015, RollerCoaster Tycoon 3: Mobile Edition is an iOS version of RollerCoaster Tycoon 3 developed and published by Frontier and is a faithful port of the original game (tutorial mode, original 18 scenarios for career, and

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