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27-504: From the 1830s until the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, the Romanian transitional alphabet was in place, combining Cyrillic and Latin letters, and including some of the Latin letters with diacritics that remain in the modern Romanian alphabet. The Romanian Orthodox Church continued using the alphabet in its publications until 1881. The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is not the same as

54-566: A few great boyars opposed to Sturdza, younger liberal boyars , and representatives of the middle class and other urban classes, perhaps a thousand in all, met in the Hotel Petersburg to decide on a course of action. This meeting was the culmination of several weeks of small private gatherings and several public manifestos denouncing despotism, all occasioned by news of the events in Paris, Vienna and Berlin. Moderates prevailed, persuading

81-527: A group of young intellectuals , the movement was mostly limited to petitioning and constitutional projects, unlike the successful uprising taking place later that year in neighbouring Wallachia , and it was quickly suppressed. This was despite the fact that the Moldavian revolutionaries were more moderate and willing to compromise in their demands for reforms than their Wallachian counterparts, as Moldavian political and social life continued to be dominated by

108-406: A landed, conservative aristocracy, with the middle class still embryonic. In Moldavia the boyars , from whose lower ranks the revolutionaries would be drawn, had come into sharp conflict with Prince Mihail Sturdza , objecting to his authoritarianism and failure to consult them, with some desiring the throne for themselves. They denounced him to Saint Petersburg and Istanbul , forming plots in

135-681: A new statement of principles, Dorinţele partidei naţionale din Moldova ("The Wishes of the National Party in Moldavia"), published in August. More liberal than the 9 April petition, it called for an elected assembly with extensive powers, including the right to initiate legislation, and expanded the local autonomy of judeţe , cities and rural communes. Kogălniceanu also drafted a constitution, Proiectul de Constituţie , which rendered

162-650: A revolutionary government similar to that in Bucharest, but did not cross into Wallachia until 27 September. Military administration lasted until 1 May 1849, when the Convention of Balta Liman was signed with the Ottoman government and restored joint Russo-Turkish control over the Danubian Principalities . The powers installed Grigore Alexandru Ghica as the new prince of Moldavia in 1849; he

189-1255: Is how the Romanian Lord's Prayer looked in Cyrillic script. Transcriptional values correspond to the above table. Та́тъль но́стрꙋ ка́реле є҆́щй ꙟ҆ че́рюрй: сфн҃цѣ́скъсе нꙋ́меле тъ́ꙋ: Ві́е ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ та̀: Фі́е во́ѧ та̀, пре кꙋ́мь ꙟ҆ че́рю, шѝ пре пъмѫ́нть. Пѫ́йнѣ ноа́стръ, чѣ̀ де то́ате зи́леле, дъ́неѡ но́аѡ а҆́стъзй. Шѝ не ꙗ҆́ртъ но́аѡ даторі́йле ноа́стре, пре кꙋ́мь шѝ но́й є҆ртъ́мь дато́рничилѡрь но́щрй. Шѝ нꙋ́ не дꙋ́че пе но́й ꙟ҆ и҆спи́тъ. Чѝ не и҆з Б ъвѣще де че́ль ръ́ꙋ. Къ а҆та̀ ꙗ҆́сте ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ, шѝ Пꙋтѣ́рѣ, шѝ мъри́рѣ ꙟ҆ вѣ́чй, а҆ми́нь. Tatăl nostru, carele ești în ceriuri, sfințeascăse numele tău: Vie împărăția ta: Fie voia ta, pre cumi în ceriu, și pre pământi. Pâinea noastră, cea de toate zilele, dăneo noua astăzi. Și ne iartă noua datoriile noastre, pre cumi și noi iertămi datornicilori noștri. Și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită. Ci ne izbăveaște de celi rău. Că ata iaste împrăția, și Putearea, și mărirea în veaci, amini. Romanian transitional alphabet The Romanian transitional alphabet ( Romanian : Alfabetul român de tranziție ), also known as

216-596: Is the name used for the unsuccessful Romanian liberal and Romantic nationalist movement inspired by the Revolutions of 1848 in the principality of Moldavia . Initially seeking accommodation within the political framework defined by the Regulamentul Organic , it eventually rejected it as imposed by foreign powers (the Russian Empire ) and called for more thorough political reforms. Led by

243-792: The Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (which is based on the modern Russian alphabet ) that was used in the Moldavian SSR for most of the Soviet era and that is still used in Transnistria . The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was close to the contemporary version of the Early Cyrillic alphabet of the Church Slavonic liturgical language . g (elsewhere) c (elsewhere) ci (elsewhere) gi (elsewhere) Starting with

270-897: The Prut if changes were pondered in the Organic Statute system. The threat emboldened Sturdza to resist the liberals' demands. In April, after the Iaşi petitioners were scattered, Tsar Nicholas sent an aide, General Alexander Duhamel, to investigate the situation; in Iaşi he urged the prince to make a few modest concessions to defuse the situation, but the latter rejected any move toward "liberalism". Meeting in Cernăuţi , Bukovina, Moldavian liberals formed Comitetul Revoluţionar Moldovean (the Moldavian Revolutionary Committee) and commissioned Mihail Kogălniceanu to draw up

297-573: The Romanian Cyrillic for religious purposes until 1881, after the declaration of independence of Romania . The Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church  [ ro ] decided to replace the Cyrillic alphabet in that year under secular pressure. The Romanian transitional alphabet began to gain more popularity after 1840, when Latin letters were first introduced between Cyrillic ones and then replacing some of

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324-583: The civil alphabet ( Romanian : alfabetul civil ), was a series of alphabets containing a mix of Cyrillic and Latin characters used for the Romanian language in the 19th century. It replaced the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet and was in turn replaced by the Romanian Latin alphabet . The transition process began in 1828 thanks to the grammars of Ion Heliade Rădulescu , although the Romanian Orthodox Church continued to use

351-405: The 1830s and ending with the official adoption of the Latin alphabet, there were no regulations for writing Romanian, and various alphabets using Cyrillic and Latin letters, besides the mid-transitional version in the table above, were used, sometimes two or more of them in a single book. The following table shows some of the many alphabets used in print. According to a document from the 1850s, this

378-581: The Cyrillic letters with Latin letters so that the readers of Romanian from Moldavia , Transylvania and Wallachia could become accustomed to them. The final turning point was completed under French influence, which arose due to the Wallachian and Moldavian revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War which ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1856 . The complete replacement of the Cyrillic alphabet by

405-411: The Cyrillic letters with efforts to transliterate it to the modern Latin alphabet underway. This writing system –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Romania -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Moldavian Revolution of 1848 Counterrevolutionary victory Revolutionaries The Moldavian Revolution of 1848

432-597: The Latin alphabet in the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia was formalized in 1862 by Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza . The Romanian transitional alphabet became one of the symbols of Romanian unity and the national-bourgeois revolution, a direct consequence of the Revolutions of 1848 that also affected Wallachia and Moldavia. A lot of texts written in the transitional alphabet exist in libraries across Romania and Republic of Moldova. Some are digitized but inaccessible to modern readers unfamiliar with

459-401: The corruption and arbitrariness of Sturdza's authoritarian regime. Rules were then outlined for electing a new, more representative assembly with increased powers, including the right to make proposals to the prince on all matters affecting the general welfare and to examine all government ordinances concerning public affairs and judicial administration before they were put into effect. They urged

486-503: The creation of a national bank "to facilitate commerce" and the abolition of all tariffs "harmful to agriculture and commerce", also making a general plea for an improvement in peasants' relations with landlords and the state. While committed to reform and good institutions, they did not intend to overturn the country's existing political and social structures. Sturdza received the petition-proclamation on 9 April and agreed to 33 of its 35 points, rejecting those that concerned dissolution of

513-413: The creation of electoral college, giving the upper classes predominant power. Like most of his colleagues, he felt obliged to remain mindful of his era's social and political realities by recognizing the boyars' continued leading role and limiting the participation of peasants due to their lack of education and experience. On 7 July Russian troops entered Moldavia in order to prevent the establishment of

540-400: The gathering to support a petition to the prince setting forth all their grievances and proposing suitable reforms. They also agreed to dissolve their assembly and all other associations right after delivering the petition. Such caution seems principally to have been inspired by fear that the urban lower classes and peasantry would push the protest movement to extremes. A committee chaired by

567-450: The general assembly and the formation of a national guard, also, it appears, objecting to the abolition of censorship. To his surprise, the movement leaders demanded acceptance of the entire petition. Sturdza withdrew to the army barracks and that evening took steps to crush the opposition. Several people were killed in brief fighting, and some 300 were arrested. Among those who fled, either to Transylvania or Bukovina , were Alecsandri and

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594-466: The general assembly, but as they were internally divided and lacked popular support, Sturdza remained unconcerned at these flare-ups. The peasantry was also aggrieved, and between 1846 and 1848 opposition to Sturdza intensified. The commercial and industrial associations of Iaşi (the capital city) in 1846 protested against the prince's plan to raise taxes again; in several rural areas small and middle-size landlords objected to paying additional taxes; and

621-499: The legislature the dominant branch of government, allowing it to vote taxes, draw up the annual state budget, stimulate agriculture, industry and commerce, reform laws, elect the prince, and choose the metropolitan and bishops of the Orthodox Church . Kogălniceanu, a future Prime Minister of Romania , proposed that all orders of society be represented in the assembly, without calling for universal suffrage. Instead he proposed

648-402: The poet Vasile Alecsandri drew up Petiţia-proclamaţie ("The Petition-Proclamation") addressed to the general population and to the prince. Their overall objective was to install a moderate liberal political regime and to stimulate economic development. Strict adherence to the law by officials as well as citizens was set down as a basic principle of government—unmistakably a reference to

675-657: The summer of 1847 saw sharp contests in several judeţe by liberal boyars for seats in the general assembly. Peasants in Moldavia and Wallachia refused to perform labour services, with violence and flight abroad increasing in autumn 1847 and the next spring. Eager for change, intellectuals were roused by the February revolution in Paris , where a number of them were studying. Moldavian revolutionaries arrived in Iaşi after violence had broken out in Wallachia. On 8 April 1848,

702-534: The young officer Alexandru Ioan Cuza , who would come to rule the United Principalities in the 1860s. Sturdza, now bent on permanently halting all dissent, made anyone even suspected of opposition subject to arrest, imposed strict censorship, and had students returning from France stopped at the border and interrogated before being allowed to proceed. The Moldavian movement and its Wallachian counterpart alarmed Russia, which in late March had warned Sturdza and Prince Gheorghe Bibescu that armies would be sent across

729-641: Was close to the reformers and in 1848 supported their liberal programme. The selection was mainly due to Ottoman grand vizier Reshid pasha, who was impressed with Ghica's moderate liberalism, which he believed would promote a stable administration after the preceding year's turbulence. Remaining sympathetic to the liberal agenda, he not only allowed a number of revolutionaries to return home, but brought many of them into his administration, including Kogălniceanu, Alecsandri and Ion Ionescu de la Brad . He introduced important administrative reforms and promoted economic development and education, but eventually lost sympathy from

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