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68-624: The Government is the public authority of executive power that functions on the basis of the vote of confidence granted by Parliament, ensuring the achievement of the country's domestic and foreign policy and that exercises the general leadership of public administration. The Government is appointed by the President of Romania on the basis of the vote of confidence granted to the Government by the Parliament of Romania . The current government

136-580: A plebiscite (i.e. referendum) in 1864, perfected and enlarged the principle of national representation. Under the political regime established by the Paris Convention, the legislative power faced an obvious process of modernization, and the legislative power as National Representation, which operated in accordance with the organization and operation mode of parliaments in Western Europe at that time. The historical process of formation of

204-500: A decade of post-communist transition, the Chamber of Deputies and Senate debated and adopted numerous laws and regulations aimed at reforming the entire society on a democratic basis, guaranteeing respect of fundamental human rights, promoting reform and privatization , consolidating free market economic institutions and those of a state ruled by law, which led to Romania's integration into such notable international institutions as

272-407: A law proposal (relating to its competences), it is passed on to the other one, which can approve or reject. If it makes amendments, the bill is sent back to the deciding chamber, the decision of which is final. In 2009, a referendum was held to consult the population about turning the parliament into a unicameral body and reducing the number of representatives to 300. Although the referendum passed,

340-482: A list and a program, they can ask for the Parliament's vote of confidence . The Parliament debates upon the matter in joint sitting , and can only reject proposals twice in a span of 60 days. If Parliament fails to approve a candidate within this time period, the President gains the right to dissolve it then. Should the Parliament grant its vote of confidence, the proposed political platform becomes official, and

408-520: A rule of authoritarian monarchy. Under the royal dictatorship, the parliament became merely a decorative body, deprived of its main attributes. Carol II abdicated in September 1940, and the succeeding National Legionary State suspended the parliament. The National Legionary State as such lasted less than five months, but it was succeeded by Ion Antonescu 's military dictatorship, and the parliament still remained suspended. After 23 August 1944, under

476-452: A simple motion with regards to the subject matter of an interpellation. In extreme cases, the Parliament may vote a motion of censure , withdrawing its confidence and forcing the Government to resign. Through a special habilitation law, the Government may be enabled to issue ordinances ( ordonanțe ), which have the same legal force as ordinary laws. Ordinances are a form of legislative delegation , and may require approval in Parliament if

544-467: Is approved by Government Decision. There are eighteen ministries in the Romanian government: Prefectures The Government meetings are convened and are led by the prime minister . The Government meets weekly or whenever necessary to debate domestic and foreign policy issues or aspects of general leadership of public administration. The Government meeting's agenda includes: The government agenda

612-504: Is divided into two parts and may also contain additional lists, with the approval of the Prime Minister. The Government adopts decisions and ordinances (simple or emergency ordinances). Decisions are issued to organize the laws enforcement and ordinances are issued under a special enabling law, within the limits and conditions specified therein. The decision-making circuit of draft public policy documents and draft legislative acts

680-426: Is established by organic law . Current legislation establishes the positions of deputy prime minister ( viceprim-ministru ), state minister ( ministru de stat ) and ministers delegated with special tasks ( miniștri delegați cu însărcinări speciale ). "State minister" is a senior position, the holder of which coordinates the activity of various ministries under the direction of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister

748-487: Is led by Marcel Ciolacu , the incumbent leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD). The procedure of investing a new Government is initiated by the President, who designates a candidate to the office of Prime Minister after consulting the party which holds a majority of seats in the Parliament. If no such majority exists, the President consults all the parties represented in Parliament. Once nominated,

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816-467: Is shown by: Prior to the modifications of the Constitution in 2003, the two houses had identical attributes. A text of a law had to be approved by both houses. If the text differed, a special commission ( comisie de mediere ) was formed by deputies and senators, that "negotiated" between the two houses the form of the future law. The report of this commission had to be approved in a joint session of

884-545: Is structured in two phases: a) preparatory meeting of the Government meeting which ensures the coordination of the process of elaboration, consultation and approval for public policy documents and legislative acts at inter-ministerial level; b) government meeting marking the end of decision-making process through the adoption / approval or rejection of such draft laws. Parliament of Romania Opposition (51) Supported by (17) Opposition (125) The Parliament of Romania ( Romanian : Parlamentul României )

952-534: Is the leader of Government and coordinates its activity. The working apparatus of the Government consists of the Prime-Minister's office, the General Secretariat of the Government and other departments and structures established through Government Decisions. The Prime Minister's office itself consists of the Prime Minister's Cabinet, the body of his state-secretaries and state-counselors, and

1020-613: Is the national bicameral legislature of Romania , consisting of the Chamber of Deputies ( Camera Deputaților ) and the Senate ( Senat ). It meets at the Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest , the capital. Prior to the modification of the Constitution in 2003, the two houses had identical attributes. A text of a law had to be approved by both houses. If the text differed, a special commission ( Romanian : comisie de mediere )

1088-400: The Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate are elected for the entire duration of that house's term. Under special circumstances the presidents of the houses can be revoked. The political stance of the presidents of the assembly prior to the development of a modern party system is shown by: The political stance of the presidents of the assembly after the development of a modern party system

1156-693: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 2004 and the European Union (EU) three years later in 2007. Last election of the President of the Chamber of Deputies: November 2021 The 1866 , 1923 , and 1938 Constitution of Romania state that the assembly presidents are elected at the beginning of each session. This tradition was kept in the early years of the People's Republic. In modern times, both presidents of

1224-569: The Paris Convention of 1858 remained the governing document following the election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor ( ruling prince ) over the united countries (1859), but was replaced by Cuza's own organic law, entitled Statutul dezvoltător al Convenţiei de la Paris ("Statute expanding the Paris Convention"), in 1864. Although the newly minted state was nominally still a vassal of the Ottoman Empire , it only acknowledged

1292-777: The Senate (14) : – Committee for Economic Policy, Reform, and Privatization; – Committee for Budget, Finance, and, Banks, Committee for Industries and Services, Committee for Agriculture, Forestry, Food Industry and Specific Services; – Committee for Human Rights, Cults and National Minorities Issues; – Committee for Public Administration Territorial Planning and Ecological Balance; – Committee for Labour and Social Protection, Committee for Health and Family; – Committee for Education, Science, Youth, and Sport; – Committee for Culture, Arts, Mass Information Means; – Committee for Legal Matters, Discipline, and Immunities; – Committee for Defense Public Order, and National Security; – Committee for Foreign Policy; – Committee for

1360-476: The Senate as the upper house and the Chamber as the lower house . Committees of the Chamber of Deputies (15): – The committee for legal affairs, appointments, discipline, immunities and validations; – Committee on Budget, finance, banking and capital market; – The commission for economy, industry and services; – Committee on Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development; – The Committee on Foreign Affairs; – Committee on public administration,

1428-531: The Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920) were read, the formal beginning of Greater Romania , the enlarged interwar Kingdom of Romania (which also included the entire historical region of Bukovina as per the Treaty of Saint-German-en-Laye from 1919). In February 1938, amid the rather chaotic European political atmosphere which eventually led to World War II , King Carol II , who always tended to favour his own personal rule over parliamentary democracy , imposed

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1496-550: The collapse of the Communist regime in 1989, much of the 1965 document was suspended, though portions remained in effect until the present document was adopted in 1991. The 1991 Constitution was composed by a committee of parliamentarians and constitutional law specialists; was approved by Parliament , meeting as a Constituent Assembly, by a vote of 414 to 95 on 21 November 1991, being published in Monitorul Oficial

1564-620: The public administration " , elaborates strategies to implement the government platform, exercises legislative initiative , negotiates international treaties , represents the Romanian state both internally and externally, names prefects and presents information and documents to the Chambers of Parliament as requested. The Government answers exclusively to Parliament , both through compulsory information of Parliament and through questions, interpellations and inquiry committees. A Chamber of Parliament ( Chamber of Deputies or Senate ) may carry

1632-473: The separation of powers and the rulers' responsibility before representative bodies. Thanks to the documents issued by the provisional revolutionary power , Romania returned to a bicameral parliamentary system, represented politically as such both by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. All these stipulations can be found in the country's new Constitution , approved by referendum in 1991. During more than

1700-626: The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the exercise of parliamentary control over the activity of the Romanian Intelligent Service; – The Joint Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the exercise of parliamentary control over the activity of the Foreign Intelligent Service; – The Parliamentary Committee for the control of the implementation of the Law no.42/1990 for honoring

1768-464: The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate regarding the Bordei Park; – The parliamentary inquiry committee for investigations and clarifying the spending way of the money obtained as a 2% quota from the privatization value, destined to the building of social housing, as established by the article 44, 2nd paragraph of the Law 10/2001 regarding the judiciary regime of the buildings abusively acquired by

1836-633: The European Parliament; – The Joint Special Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the control of the budget execution of the Court of Accounts during the year 2003; – The Joint Special Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for establishing the antenna times for the election of the Romanian Members of the European Parliament; – The Joint Special Standing Committee of Parliament for

1904-481: The Government, headed by a Secretary of State, assisted by two Secretaries of State, appointed, or removed from office by the Prime Minister's decision, and funded through the budget of the Secretariat -General of the Government. Organized as structures with or without legal personality, under Prime Minister's authority, headed by State Secretaries or others with similar rank, whose establishment and / or operation

1972-467: The Investigation of Abuses, Corrupt Practices, and for Petitions; – Committee for Standing Orders; – Committee for information technologies and communications; – Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men. Joint committees  : Standing committees : – The Committee on European Affairs; – The former Committee for European Integration; – The Joint Standing Committee of

2040-566: The Minister for Liaison with Parliament, who has the capacity as tertiary credit authorizing officer. The department comprises one or more Secretaries of State, appointed and removed from office by Prime Minister's decision. A structure with legal personality, funded through the budget of the General Secretariat of the Government, headed by the Minister for Infrastructure Projects of National Interest and Foreign Investment, who has

2108-586: The Parliament of Romania in the modern age strongly boosted the affirmation of national sovereignty , subsequently leading to the Union of the two Romanian Principalities (i.e. Wallachia and Moldavia) in 1859. Under the dome of the Romanian Parliament, on 9 May 1877, the Declaration of Independence of Romania was read, and, in 1920, the documents of union with Transylvania and Bessarabia under

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2176-476: The Parliament. This French procedure proved to be extremely long and inefficient with respect to the expectations of the Romanians towards democracy. After the 2003 referendum , a law still has to be approved by both houses, but in some matters one is "superior" to the other, being called "decision chamber" ( "cameră decizională" ). This eliminates the process of "negotiation" between the two houses, and keeps

2244-502: The Prime Minister Chancellery; The Secretariat (administrative office) is a public institution with legal personality, subordinated to the Prime Minister, headed by a general secretary with the rank of Minister, assisted by a Deputy Secretary-General with the rank of Secretary of State, and, where appropriate, by one or more many Secretaries of State, appointed, or removed from office by Prime Minister's Decision,

2312-466: The Prime Minister controls the activity of public institutions subordinated to local public administration authorities, while observing the legal provisions on the general regime of local autonomy and the organization and functioning of local public administration authorities; A structure without legal personality, subordinated to the Prime Minister and under the coordination of the General - Secretary of

2380-507: The Prime Minister's Registry. A structure without legal personality, subordinated directly to the Prime Minister, funded through the budget of the Secretariat - General of the Government, led by the Head of Chancellery, with the rank of Minister, appointed and removed from office by Prime Minister's decision, one or more Secretaries of state and State Advisors, appointed, or removed from office by Prime Minister's decision, perform their activity in

2448-718: The Revision of the Constitution was established. However, the reform project stalled as the Social Liberal Union dissolved in early 2014 and Băsescu ended his term later that year. Băsescu's successor, Klaus Iohannis , expressed support for a second revision of the Constitution, as did Prime Minister Victor Ponta , who stated that such a revision should be a political priority in 2015, as there are no elections scheduled in Romania that year. On 18 January 2015,

2516-554: The Secretary-General of the Government is the main credit authorizing officer for the apparatus of Government and public institutions and bodies of the central public administration, subordinated or coordinated by the Government, the Prime Minister and the Secretariat-General of the Government A structure with legal personality, funded through the budget of the General Secretariat of the Government, headed by

2584-410: The Senate for the relation with UNESCO. Special committees : – The Joint Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the elaboration of the legislative proposal regarding the election of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, of the President of Romania, of the authorities of the public local administration, financing of the elections campaign, and the election of the members of

2652-464: The Treaty on European Union, having the power to control the obtaining, unfolding or use of EU funds and related co-financing funds; A structure without legal personality, under the Prime Minister's authority, headed by a Secretary of State , appointed and removed from office by Prime Minister's Decision, and funded through the budget of the General Secretariat of the Government; it controls and monitors

2720-422: The activity of Ministries and their decentralized public services, public institutions under Government's authority, specialized bodies of the central public administration subordinated to the Government, offices, departments, commissions, autonomous companies, national companies and societies, trading companies and financial -banking institutions with state majority capital or entirely owned by state; Control Body of

2788-546: The antenna times for the national referendum regarding the introduction of the uninominal election of the members of the Parliament of Romania. Inquiry committees : – The parliamentary inquiry committee for investigations and clarifying the status of the bank accounts of Nicolae Ceaușescu; – The parliamentary inquiry committee for investigations and clarifying the activity of ICE Dunărea; – The parliamentary inquiry committee for investigations regarding interception of communications; – The parliamentary inquiry committee of

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2856-402: The candidate establishes a list of members and a government platform; this is to be done in 10 days. The 10-day interval is not a strict deadline, rather it represents the time period deemed optimal to establish a competent legal Government. The expiry of this interval allows the President to revoke the candidate and designate a new one, though this is not mandatory. Once the candidate has formed

2924-410: The capacity as secondary credit authorizing officer. The department comprises one or more Secretaries of State, appointed and removed from office by Prime Minister's decision. A structure with legal personality, in the apparatus of the Government, under the Prime Minister's coordination, financed from the state budget through the budget of the General Secretariat of the Government, headed by a Chief with

2992-442: The competences of the institution as a public authority within the executive power, its role being that of ensuring the balanced functioning and development of the national economic and social system, along with its connection to the global economic system while promoting the national interests of Romania. The role of the Government is sanctioned by the Constitution and by relevant laws. The Government exercises "general leadership of

3060-399: The composition and programme of the Government and can dismiss it following a motion of censure. The constitution provides for fundamental civic rights and freedoms, and creates the office of Romanian Ombudsman to ensure these are respected. The 1991 Constitution was first amended in 2003 . Articles were introduced on "Integration into the European Union " and " NATO Accession", bringing

3128-399: The constitution and the proper functioning of state institutions, and is the guarantor of the state's independence, unity and integrity. Parliament is "the supreme representative organ of the Romanian people and the sole lawmaking authority"; it is bicameral ( Chamber of Deputies and Senate ) and elected for four years. After the prime minister is named by the president, Parliament validates

3196-567: The fields of activity. To achieve the goals stipulated in the Government Program, the Romanian Government performs the functions of strategizing, regulating, administering, representing and exercising the state authority. The Government approves the strategies, policies and public administration programs, these being methods of accomplishing the goals stipulated in the Government Program, as well as methods of satisfying

3264-457: The full list of Government must be confirmed by the President. The Government is then sworn in and begins its term. The Government is organized and functions in accordance with the Constitution, based on Government Program approved by Parliament. The Government Program is a political-administrative document that sets out the principles, guidelines and steps needed to be taken that the Government intends to implement during its term in office in all

3332-466: The habilitation law states so. In extraordinary situations, in which regulation cannot be postponed, the Government may issue emergency ordinances ( ordonanțe de urgență ), which do not require habilitation laws but must be subjected to approval in Parliament before coming into force. The Constitution of Romania provides for two basic types of members, namely ministers ( miniștri ) and the Prime Minister ( prim-ministrul ). The statute of additional members

3400-623: The king's National Renaissance Front as the sole legal party. This document was, in turn, cancelled in 1940 by the National Legionary State government under Ion Antonescu and the Iron Guard . Antonescu broke his alliance with the Guard in 1941, and ruled by decree until his overthrow in 1944. The 1923 constitution was reinstated pending the adoption of a new constitution ( see Romania during World War II ). The monarchy

3468-525: The martyr heroes and granting rights to their successors, to the persons wounded in, and to the fighters for the victory of the Revolution of December 1990; – The Joint Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate for the statute of the Senator and Deputy, and organizing and functioning of the joint sessions of the Chambers; – The Joint Standing Committee of the Chamber of Deputies and

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3536-700: The pressure of Soviet and other communist forces, the parliament was re-organized as a single legislative body , the Assembly of Deputies , changed under the 1948 constitution, into the Great National Assembly , a merely formal body, totally subordinate to the power of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 opened the road for Romanians to restore authentic pluralistic representative democracy , respecting human rights , and observing

3604-635: The privilege of parliamentary immunity to political declarations, extends the president's term to five years, explicitly "guarantees" rather than "protects" the right to private property and removes the constitutional obligation for conscription (which ended in 2006). The revised document was adopted by referendum on 18–19 October 2003; turnout was slightly above the 50%+1 threshold needed for it to be valid, with 55.7% of 17,842,103 eligible voters showing up. The opposition and NGOs alleged serious irregularities. 89.70% voted yes and 8.81%, no. It came into force ten days later. The issue of constitutional reform

3672-483: The rank of Secretary of State, appointed by Prime Minister's decision for a period of 5 years, tertiary credit authorizing officer; DLAF is the institution of contact with European Anti-fraud Office - OLAF and provides supports or coordinates, as appropriate, the fulfillment by Romania of its obligations with respect to the protection of the financial interests of the European Union, in accordance with Art. 325 of

3740-542: The respective Assemblies of Moldavia and Wallachia under Imperial Russian occupation in 1831–1832, was the first organic law resembling a constitution ever awarded to the Danubian Principalities . It remained in place until 1858, when the Crimean War removed the two countries from Russian influence and confirmed the rule by several European powers first established by the Treaty of Paris ;

3808-569: The results are not binding, a referendum explicitly mentioning the modification of the constitution being required to achieve this. The parliamentary history of Romania starts in May 1831 in Wallachia , where a constitutional document was adopted, more specifically Regulamentul Organic ("The Organic Statute" or "The Organic Regulation"); less than a year later, in January 1832, this same statute

3876-512: The rights and obligations of citizens, and its mode of passing laws. It stands as the basis of the legitimacy of the Romanian government. Adopted on 21 November 1991, it was approved on 8 December 1991 in a national referendum and promulgated on the same day. The constitution was amended once by a referendum on 18 October 2003. The new text took effect on 29 October 2003. The Constitution of 1991, as revised in 2003, contains 156 articles, divided into 8 titles: Regulamentul Organic , voted by

3944-471: The same day; and was approved by referendum on 8 December 1991, with 77.3% voting in favour. The 1991 Constitution contains 7 titles and 152 articles. Romania is defined as a "national, sovereign, independent, unitary and indivisible state". The form of government is a republic, headed by a president who serves a five-year term and who is eligible for a second term. The president represents the Romanian state in domestic and foreign relations, ensures obedience to

4012-426: The state in the period 6 March 1945 – 22 December 1989, republished. The figures in the table below denote only the seats in the Chamber of Deputies : The figures in the table below denote only the seats in the Chamber of Deputies : The figures in the table below denote only the seats in the Chamber of Deputies : The figures in the table below denote only the seats in the Chamber of Deputies : The figures in

4080-557: The suzerainty of the Sublime Porte in a formal way. The first constitution of the Romanian United Principalities was adopted 1 July 1866. It was retained after Romania became a kingdom in 1881. After the extension of national territory in 1918, a new constitution was approved 29 March 1923. It was repealed by King Carol II in 1938 and replaced with a corporatist/authoritarian document with

4148-426: The table below denote only the seats in the Chamber of Deputies : 44°25′38″N 26°05′15″E  /  44.42722°N 26.08750°E  / 44.42722; 26.08750 Constitution of Romania The current Constitution of Romania is the seventh permanent constitution in modern Romania 's history. It is the fundamental governing document of Romania that establishes the structure of its government,

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4216-570: The territory and environmental protection; – The commission for defense, public order and national security; – Commission for work, family and social protection; – Committee for Education, Science, Youth and Sports; – Committee on Public Health; – Committee for culture, art and media information in the table; – Commission on Human Rights, religious and minority; – The Committee on Equal Opportunities; – Commission for privatization and management of state assets; – Committee on research abuses, corruption and petitions. Committees of

4284-421: The total to 156 in 8 titles. These specified that both could take place by parliamentary vote alone, and that EU citizens living in Romania can vote and run in local elections. The revised constitution grants minorities the right to use their native language when dealing with local administration and the courts, improves the functioning of the legislative chambers (better specifying their attributes) and restricts

4352-528: The vice-president of the Parliamentary Commission, Valeria Schelean , requested the immediate convocation of the commission to begin working on amendments. On 6 and 7 October 2018 a referendum took place regarding the definition of the family as provided by Article 48 of the Constitution (that defines the family as being founded on the free-willed marriage "between spouses"), to prohibit same-sex marriage. The referendum failed as

4420-464: Was abolished in 1947. In March 1948, the first constitution of Communist Romania was adopted; it was heavily modeled on the Soviet constitution . Two other constitutions appeared during the Communist era, in 1952 and 1965 (the former "building socialism", the latter announcing the "socialism has won" and notably making the change from a people's republic to a socialist republic ). Following

4488-449: Was formed by deputies and senators, that "negotiated" between the two houses the form of the future law. The report of this commission had to be approved in a joint session of the Parliament. After the 2003 referendum , a law still has to be approved by both houses, but each house has designated matters it gets to deliberate before the other, in capacity of "deciding chamber" ( Romanian : cameră decizională ). If that first chamber adopts

4556-591: Was implemented in Moldavia as well. The organic regulation laid the foundations for the parliamentary institution in the Romanian Principalities . The Paris Convention of 19 August 1858 and, especially, Statutul Dezvoltător ("The Expanding Statute") of that convention (which introduced a bicameral parliament, by founding Corpul Ponderator , later renamed Senat ), adopted on the initiative of prince ( Domnitor ) Alexandru Ioan Cuza , by means of

4624-476: Was raised repeatedly in the early 2010s, especially after a major political crisis in the second half of 2012. The ruling coalition at the time, the Social Liberal Union , claimed that insufficient constitutional constraints led then-incumbent President Traian Băsescu to abuse his presidential powers, thus justifying new amendments. A public debate began in 2013 and a Parliamentary Commission for

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