Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectrum . In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of color as generalized from visible light to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum.
89-663: RAVE (RAdial Velocity Experiment) is a multi-fiber spectroscopic astronomical survey of stars in the Milky Way using the 1.2-metre UK Schmidt Telescope of the Australian Astronomical Observatory (AAO). The RAVE collaboration consists of researchers from over 20 institutions around the world and is coordinated by the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP). As a southern hemisphere survey covering 20,000 square degrees of
178-518: A prism . Current applications of spectroscopy include biomedical spectroscopy in the areas of tissue analysis and medical imaging . Matter waves and acoustic waves can also be considered forms of radiative energy, and recently gravitational waves have been associated with a spectral signature in the context of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). Spectroscopy
267-786: A $ 1 million grant from the New South Wales government to build the incubator. The university has also committed about $ 7 million to the incubator with financial support of the big businesses and the New South Wales government. It was officially opened by Prince Andrew, Duke of York on 25 September 2017. Macquarie University is ranked 133rd in the QS rankings, 178th in the Times Higher (THE) rankings, 192nd by US News, and 201–300th bracket in ARWU. This contributes to Macquarie being
356-732: A ' crest ') was assumed through a 1967 amendment of the Macquarie University Act, 1964 (Confirmed by Letters patent of the College of Arms , 16 August 1969), and the Grant of arms reads: The escutcheon (in green taken from the tartan of Clan MacQuarrie ) displays the Macquarie Lighthouse tower, the first major public building in the colony when completed in 1816, as well as the Sirius star (in gold), which
445-695: A Rare Book Collection, a Palaeontology Collection and the Brunner Collection of Egyptological materials. Macquarie University operated two libraries during the transition. The old library in building C7A (which has since been repurposed as a student support and study space) closed in July 2011, and the new library in building C3C became fully operational on 1 August 2011. The new library was Australia's first university library to possess an Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS). The ASRS consists of an environmentally controlled vault with metal bins storing
534-401: A different frequency. The importance of spectroscopy is centered around the fact that every element in the periodic table has a unique light spectrum described by the frequencies of light it emits or absorbs consistently appearing in the same part of the electromagnetic spectrum when that light is diffracted. This opened up an entire field of study with anything that contains atoms. Spectroscopy
623-410: A great experiment'. An additional topic considered in this book is the science reform movement of the late 1970s that resulted in the introduction of a named science degree, thus facilitating the subsequent inclusion of other named degrees in addition to the traditional BA. An alternative view on this topic is given by theoretical physicist John Ward . In 1973 the student union ( MUSC ) worked with
712-426: A more precise and quantitative scientific technique. Since then, spectroscopy has played and continues to play a significant role in chemistry, physics, and astronomy. Per Fraknoi and Morrison, "Later, in 1815, German physicist Joseph Fraunhofer also examined the solar spectrum, and found about 600 such dark lines (missing colors), are now known as Fraunhofer lines, or Absorption lines." In quantum mechanical systems,
801-440: A prism; a key moment in the development of modern optics . Therefore, it was originally the study of visible light that we call color that later under the studies of James Clerk Maxwell came to include the entire electromagnetic spectrum . Although color is involved in spectroscopy, it is not equated with the color of elements or objects that involve the absorption and reflection of certain electromagnetic waves to give objects
890-592: A public Atomic Spectra Database that is continually updated with precise measurements. The broadening of the field of spectroscopy is due to the fact that any part of the electromagnetic spectrum may be used to analyze a sample from the infrared to the ultraviolet telling scientists different properties about the very same sample. For instance in chemical analysis, the most common types of spectroscopy include atomic spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance . In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
979-557: A relatively research intensive university. The demographics of the location it is situated in, is known by Sydney locals as the bible-belt. Which Include The Hills Shire , The Hornsby Shire , Ku-ring-gai Council , and Ryde Council , then extending to the Northern Beaches of Sydney through Chatswood/Willoughby . Before the development of the campus, most of the site was cultivated with peach orchards, market gardens and poultry farms. The university's first architect-planner
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#17327755919721068-549: A resonance between two different quantum states. The explanation of these series, and the spectral patterns associated with them, were one of the experimental enigmas that drove the development and acceptance of quantum mechanics. The hydrogen spectral series in particular was first successfully explained by the Rutherford–Bohr quantum model of the hydrogen atom. In some cases spectral lines are well separated and distinguishable, but spectral lines can also overlap and appear to be
1157-521: A sculpture park, an observatory, a sport and aquatic centre and the private Macquarie University Hospital . The campus has its own postcode, 2109. Macquarie became the first university in Australia to own and operate a private medical facility in 2010 when it opened a $ 300 million hospital on its campus. The hospital is the first and only private not-for-profit teaching hospital on an Australian university campus. The Macquarie University Hospital
1246-567: A senior medical executive having held a range of positions in university, healthcare and consulting organisations. He also served as a pediatrician at the Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, and as Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. There have been five vice-chancellors in the university's history. The university currently comprises 35 departments within four faculties: Macquarie University's coat of arms (often erroneously referred to as
1335-411: A sense of color to our eyes. Rather spectroscopy involves the splitting of light by a prism, diffraction grating, or similar instrument, to give off a particular discrete line pattern called a "spectrum" unique to each different type of element. Most elements are first put into a gaseous phase to allow the spectra to be examined although today other methods can be used on different phases. Each element that
1424-538: A single transition if the density of energy states is high enough. Named series of lines include the principal , sharp , diffuse and fundamental series . Macquarie University Macquarie University ( / m ə ˈ k w ɒr i / mə- KWORR -ee ) is a public research university in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia. Founded in 1964 by the New South Wales Government , it
1513-473: A small team of AAO observers, with other observers making occasional visits from RAVE participating institutions. RAVE is an observational program in the field of Near Field Cosmology which exploits our position inside the Milky Way to study its formation and evolution in greater detail than is possible for other galaxies . RAVE focuses on obtaining stellar radial velocities to study the motions of stars in
1602-404: A southern hemisphere, wide-field, intermediate-depth, intermediate spectral resolution survey with limited wavelength coverage. Conversely, SEGUE is a northern hemisphere survey with selected angular coverage, deep exposures, low-resolution but large wavelength coverage. Most of the stars observed by RAVE are between 1,500 light-years (0.46 kpc ) and 13,000 light-years (4.0 kpc) from
1691-423: A spectrum of the system response vs. photon frequency will peak at the resonant frequency or energy. Particles such as electrons and neutrons have a comparable relationship, the de Broglie relations , between their kinetic energy and their wavelength and frequency and therefore can also excite resonant interactions. Spectra of atoms and molecules often consist of a series of spectral lines, each one representing
1780-488: A third university in the metropolitan area'. After much debate a future campus location was selected in what was then a semi-rural part of North Ryde , and it was decided that the future university be named after Lachlan Macquarie , an important early governor of the colony of New South Wales. Macquarie University was formally established in 1964 with the passage of the Macquarie University Act 1964 by
1869-475: A wide area of the sky. For the majority of RAVE stars proper motion data is also available. Combining the proper motions with distances derived using the photometric parallax method , the transverse velocity of these stars can be calculated. With the observed radial velocities the full 6D phase space information for the stars is then obtainable. RAVE is complementary to the SDSS project's SEGUE program as it
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#17327755919721958-431: Is a branch of science concerned with the spectra of electromagnetic radiation as a function of its wavelength or frequency measured by spectrographic equipment, and other techniques, in order to obtain information concerning the structure and properties of matter. Spectral measurement devices are referred to as spectrometers , spectrophotometers , spectrographs or spectral analyzers . Most spectroscopic analysis in
2047-440: Is a fundamental exploratory tool in the fields of astronomy , chemistry , materials science , and physics , allowing the composition, physical structure and electronic structure of matter to be investigated at the atomic, molecular and macro scale, and over astronomical distances . Historically, spectroscopy originated as the study of the wavelength dependence of the absorption by gas phase matter of visible light dispersed by
2136-518: Is available from the RAVE web server or from the VizieR catalog. The RAVE 4th Data Release , includes the radial velocities, stellar parameters (temperatures, gravities, metallicities), individual abundances and photometric parallaxes/distances as well as supplementary photometry and astrometry for roughly 500 000 stars. Spectroscopic Spectroscopy, primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum,
2225-429: Is diffracted by a prism-like instrument displays either an absorption spectrum or an emission spectrum depending upon whether the element is being cooled or heated. Until recently all spectroscopy involved the study of line spectra and most spectroscopy still does. Vibrational spectroscopy is the branch of spectroscopy that studies the spectra. However, the latest developments in spectroscopy can sometimes dispense with
2314-456: Is north of the main campus area towards the university sports grounds. It comprises 183 beds, 13 operating theatres, 2 cardiac and vascular angiography suites. The hospital is co-located with the university's Australian School of Advanced Medicine . The university hosts a number of high-technology companies on its campus. Primarily designed to encourage interaction between the university and industry, commercialisation of its campus has also given
2403-409: Is the key to understanding the atomic properties of all matter. As such spectroscopy opened up many new sub-fields of science yet undiscovered. The idea that each atomic element has its unique spectral signature enabled spectroscopy to be used in a broad number of fields each with a specific goal achieved by different spectroscopic procedures. The National Institute of Standards and Technology maintains
2492-590: Is the largest park of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere. All museums and galleries are open to the public and offer educational programs for students at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. The Macquarie University Incubator is a space to research and develop ideas that can be commercialised. It was established in 2017 as a part of the Macquarie Park Innovation District (MPID) project. Macquarie University received
2581-639: The Bologna Accord . The idea of founding a third university in Sydney was flagged in the early 1960s when the New South Wales Government formed a committee of enquiry into higher education to deal with a perceived emergency in university enrolments in New South Wales . During this enquiry, the Senate of the University of Sydney put in a submission which highlighted 'the immediate need to establish
2670-486: The Builders Labourers Federation (BLF) to organise one of the first "pink bans". Similar in tactic to the green ban , the pink ban was recommended when one of the residential colleges at Macquarie University, Robert Menzies College, ordered a student to lead a celibate life and undertake therapy and confession to cure himself of his homosexuality. The BLF decided to stop all construction work at
2759-495: The radiant energy interacts with specific types of matter. Atomic spectroscopy was the first application of spectroscopy. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy involve visible and ultraviolet light. These absorptions and emissions, often referred to as atomic spectral lines, are due to electronic transitions of outer shell electrons as they rise and fall from one electron orbit to another. Atoms also have distinct x-ray spectra that are attributable to
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2848-459: The 10th ranked Australian university overall in the world ranking systems. Macquarie University rankings within Australia include being placed at number 8 on the ERA scale (2012) and being a 4 1/2 Star AEN rated university. Macquarie also has a student survey satisfaction rating of 77.4% for business, 90.3% for health, 91.4% for arts, and 93.8% for science. Macquarie is ranked in the top 40 universities in
2937-754: The Asia-Pacific region and within Australia's top 10 universities according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities , the Times Higher Education Rankings and the QS World University Rankings . Internationally, Macquarie was ranked 239th in the world (9th in Australia) in the Academic Ranking of World Universities of 2014. Macquarie was the highest-ranked university in Australia under
3026-657: The Macquarie Lighthouse, a popular symbol of the university within the university community and maintained the Sirus Star. The university positions itself as being research intensive. In 2012, 85% of Macquarie's broad fields of research was rated 'at or above world standard' in the Excellence in Research for Australia 2012 National report. The university is within the top 3 universities in Australia for
3115-423: The Milky Way's thin and thick disk and stellar halo . The vast majority of stars in our Galaxy have no velocity measurements, and particularly no time-consuming radial velocity measurements. RAVE utilizes fiber optics to perform multiple, simultaneous spectroscopy on up to 150 stars in a single observation. In this way it can obtain a representative sample of the nearby stars in our Galaxy which are all around, over
3204-524: The New South Wales parliament. The initial concept of the campus was to create a new high technology corridor, similar to the area surrounding Stanford University in Palo Alto, California , the goal being to provide for interaction between industry and the new university. The academic core was designed in the Brutalist style and developed by the renowned town planner Walter Abraham who also oversaw
3293-646: The Sun and so RAVE surveys halfway to the Galactic Center and halfway to the edge of the Galaxy's disk. Since the end of the 6dF Galaxy Survey in 2004, the UK Schmidt telescope at Siding Spring has been dedicated to the RAVE survey. This followed the first year of the pilot phase of the survey (April 2003 - April 2004), where RAVE observed around the full moon period. RAVE exploits the wide field-of-view of
3382-416: The UK Schmidt (6 degrees on the sky) as well as the capabilities of the UK Schmidt's 6dF instrument. The multi-object spectrograph 6dF (6 degree Field) utilizes interchangeable field plates with robot -positional optical fibers, with 150 fibers each. Each fiber is attached to a `button' which is positioned by the robot (to a precision of 10 micrometres) in order to capture the light from one target star. Once
3471-526: The actions of Yerbury in a letter to university auditors. Yerbury strongly denied any wrongdoing and claimed the artworks were hers. During 2007, Macquarie University restructured its student organisation after an audit raised questions about management of hundreds of thousands of dollars in funds by student organisations At the centre of the investigation was Victor Ma, president of the Macquarie University Students' Council, who
3560-513: The age of 50 and was ranked 18th in the world (prior to its golden jubilee in 2014), according to the QS World University Rankings. The 2022 QS Graduate Employability Rankings ranked Macquarie graduates 9th most employable in Australia, and 98th in the world. Macquarie University was ranked among the top 50 universities in the world for linguistics (43rd), psychology (48th) and earth and marine sciences (48th), and
3649-471: The analogous resonance is a coupling of two quantum mechanical stationary states of one system, such as an atom , via an oscillatory source of energy such as a photon . The coupling of the two states is strongest when the energy of the source matches the energy difference between the two states. The energy E of a photon is related to its frequency ν by E = hν where h is the Planck constant , and so
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3738-719: The approving of examination results and the completion of requirements for the award of degrees. At the same time, it makes recommendations to the Council concerning all changes to degree rules, and all proposals for new awards. While the Academic Senate is an independent body, it is required to make recommendations to the university Council in relation to matters outside its delegated authority. Macquarie's current vice-chancellor, Bruce Dowton , took over from Schwartz in September 2012. Prior to his appointment Dowton served as
3827-803: The architect-planners office. The first vice-chancellor of Macquarie University, Alexander George Mitchell, was selected by the University Council which met for the first time on 17 June 1964. Members of the first university council included: Colonel Sir Edward Ford OBE, David Paver Mellor , Rae Else-Mitchell QC and Sir Walter Scott . The university first opened to students on 6 March 1967 with more students than anticipated. The Australian Universities Commission had allowed for 510 effective full-time students (EFTS) but Macquarie had 956 enrolments and 622 EFTS. Between 1968 and 1969, enrolment at Macquarie increased dramatically with an extra 1200 EFTS, with 100 new academic staff employed. 1969 also saw
3916-428: The atomic nuclei and are studied by both infrared and Raman spectroscopy . Electronic excitations are studied using visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy as well as fluorescence spectroscopy . Studies in molecular spectroscopy led to the development of the first maser and contributed to the subsequent development of the laser . The combination of atoms or molecules into crystals or other extended forms leads to
4005-439: The chemical composition and physical properties of astronomical objects (such as their temperature , density of elements in a star, velocity , black holes and more). An important use for spectroscopy is in biochemistry. Molecular samples may be analyzed for species identification and energy content. The underlying premise of spectroscopy is that light is made of different wavelengths and that each wavelength corresponds to
4094-477: The college until the university and the college Master made statements committing to a non-discriminatory university environment. MUSC was successful in engaging with the BLF again in 1974 when a woman at Macquarie University had her NSW Department of Education scholarship cancelled on the basis that she was a lesbian and therefore unfit to be a teacher. After over a decade of service, the first vice chancellor Mitchell
4183-444: The creation of additional energetic states. These states are numerous and therefore have a high density of states. This high density often makes the spectra weaker and less distinct, i.e., broader. For instance, blackbody radiation is due to the thermal motions of atoms and molecules within a material. Acoustic and mechanical responses are due to collective motions as well. Pure crystals, though, can have distinct spectral transitions, and
4272-527: The creation of unique types of energetic states and therefore unique spectra of the transitions between these states. Molecular spectra can be obtained due to electron spin states ( electron paramagnetic resonance ), molecular rotations , molecular vibration , and electronic states. Rotations are collective motions of the atomic nuclei and typically lead to spectra in the microwave and millimetre-wave spectral regions. Rotational spectroscopy and microwave spectroscopy are synonymous. Vibrations are relative motions of
4361-595: The crystal arrangement also has an effect on the observed molecular spectra. The regular lattice structure of crystals also scatters x-rays, electrons or neutrons allowing for crystallographic studies. Nuclei also have distinct energy states that are widely separated and lead to gamma ray spectra. Distinct nuclear spin states can have their energy separated by a magnetic field, and this allows for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Other types of spectroscopy are distinguished by specific applications or implementations: There are several applications of spectroscopy in
4450-463: The data is performed at Macquarie University in Australia and the results are sent to the University of Padova , Italy for data reduction . The reduced data is then sent to the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam in Germany for final extraction of the radial velocities and the other stellar parameters. Studies from RAVE either concentrate on peculiar stars and objects or overall trends for
4539-554: The development of quantum mechanics , because the first useful atomic models described the spectra of hydrogen, which include the Bohr model , the Schrödinger equation , and Matrix mechanics , all of which can produce the spectral lines of hydrogen , therefore providing the basis for discrete quantum jumps to match the discrete hydrogen spectrum. Also, Max Planck 's explanation of blackbody radiation involved spectroscopy because he
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#17327755919724628-496: The different components of our Galaxy, with a main focus of the structure and formation of the Milky Way. For example, RAVE is suited to searching for stellar streams , some of which are remnants of dwarf galaxies that merged with the Milky Way during galaxy formation . A search for a stellar stream from the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy - which is currently merging with the Milky Way - in
4717-414: The dispersion technique. In biochemical spectroscopy, information can be gathered about biological tissue by absorption and light scattering techniques. Light scattering spectroscopy is a type of reflectance spectroscopy that determines tissue structures by examining elastic scattering. In such a case, it is the tissue that acts as a diffraction or dispersion mechanism. Spectroscopic studies were central to
4806-425: The dissolution of Macquarie University Union Ltd, the outgoing student organisation was replaced with a new wholly owned subsidiary company of the university, known as U@MQ Ltd. The new student organisation originally lacked a true student representative union; however, following a complete review and authorisation from the university Council, a new student union known as Macquarie University Students Association (MUSRA)
4895-605: The establishment of the Macquarie Graduate School of Management (MGSM). Macquarie grew during the seventies and eighties with rapid expansion in courses offered, student numbers and development of the site. In 1972, the university established the Macquarie Law School , the third law school in Sydney. In their book Liberality of Opportunity , Bruce Mansfield and Mark Hutchinson describe the founding of Macquarie University as 'an act of faith and
4984-402: The excitation of inner shell electrons to excited states. Atoms of different elements have distinct spectra and therefore atomic spectroscopy allows for the identification and quantitation of a sample's elemental composition. After inventing the spectroscope, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered new elements by observing their emission spectra. Atomic absorption lines are observed in
5073-443: The field plate is configured it matches the pattern of stars on the sky that it is observing. Three field plates are available, which means that one plate can be configured by the robot while another is being used in the telescope. From the telescope the light is sent down the optical fibers to the spectrograph unit to be dispersed through a diffraction grating and then recorded on a 1056 X 1027 CCD chip. An initial quality check of
5162-518: The fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, and astronomy. Taking advantage of the properties of absorbance and with astronomy emission , spectroscopy can be used to identify certain states of nature. The uses of spectroscopy in so many different fields and for so many different applications has caused specialty scientific subfields. Such examples include: The history of spectroscopy began with Isaac Newton 's optics experiments (1666–1672). According to Andrew Fraknoi and David Morrison , "In 1672, in
5251-497: The first Fair Trade accredited university in Australia. The beginning of 2009 also saw the introduction of a new logo for the university which retained the Sirius Star, present on both the old logo and the university crest, but now 'embedded in a stylised lotus flower'. In accordance with the university by-law, the crest continues to be used for formal purposes and is displayed on university testamurs. The by-law also prescribes
5340-493: The first paper that he submitted to the Royal Society , Isaac Newton described an experiment in which he permitted sunlight to pass through a small hole and then through a prism. Newton found that sunlight, which looks white to us, is actually made up of a mixture of all the colors of the rainbow." Newton applied the word "spectrum" to describe the rainbow of colors that combine to form white light and that are revealed when
5429-455: The head office of Australian Hearing . The Australian Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability is a research centre that promotes change for environmental sustainability , is affiliated with the university and is located on its campus. The library houses over 1.8 million items and uses the Library of Congress Classification System. It has several collections, including
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#17327755919725518-570: The institution an additional revenue stream. Tenants are selected based on their potential to collaborate with the university's researches or their ability to provide opportunities for its students and graduates. Cochlear has its headquarters in close proximity to the Australian Hearing Hub on the southern edge of campus. Other companies that have office space at the campus include Dow Corning , Goodman Fielder , Nortel , OPSM , and Siemens . The Macquarie University Observatory
5607-445: The items; robotic cranes retrieve an item on request and deliver it to the service desk for collection. The museums and collections of Macquarie University are extensive and include nine museums and galleries. Each collection focuses on various historical, scientific or artistic interests. The most visible collection on campus is the sculpture park, which is exhibited across the entire campus. At close to 100 sculptures on display, it
5696-476: The laboratory starts with a sample to be analyzed, then a light source is chosen from any desired range of the light spectrum, then the light goes through the sample to a dispersion array (diffraction grating instrument) and captured by a photodiode . For astronomical purposes, the telescope must be equipped with the light dispersion device. There are various versions of this basic setup that may be employed. Spectroscopy began with Isaac Newton splitting light with
5785-650: The laser designs adopted by researchers worldwide, in various major national programs, for atomic vapor laser isotope separation . Macquarie University's linguistics department developed the Macquarie Dictionary . The dictionary is regarded as the standard reference on Australian English . Macquarie University has a research partnership with the University of Hamburg in Germany and Fudan University in China. They offer dual and joint degree programs and engage in joint research. Access Macquarie Limited
5874-401: The next 20 years of planning and development for the university. A committee appointed to advise the state government on the establishment of the new university at North Ryde nominated Abraham as the architect-planner. The fledgling Macquarie University Council decided that planning for the campus would be done within the university, rather than by consultants, and this led to the establishment of
5963-552: The number of peer-reviewed publications produced per academic staff member. Researchers at Macquarie University, David Skellern and Neil Weste , and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation helped develop Wi-Fi . David Skellern has been a major donor to the university through the Skellern Family Trust. Macquarie physicists Frank Duarte and Jim Piper pioneered
6052-421: The right to display his arms. These arms, along with the new arms of the university, were formally unveiled on 31 May 1967 by the chancellor, Sir Garfield Barwick . The coat of arms and the motto are used in a very limited number of formal communications. Macquarie has had a number of logos in its history. In 2014, the university launched a new logo as part of its Shared Identity Project. The logo reintroduced
6141-452: The sky, RAVE's primary aim is to derive the radial velocity of stars from the observed spectra. Additional information is also derived such as effective temperature , surface gravity , metallicity , photometric parallax and elemental abundance data for the stars. On April 5, 2013 RAVE concluded its phase of data taking. In an almost ten year observing campaign, a total of 574,630 spectra have been obtained on 483,330 individual stars by
6230-811: The solar spectrum and referred to as Fraunhofer lines after their discoverer. A comprehensive explanation of the hydrogen spectrum was an early success of quantum mechanics and explained the Lamb shift observed in the hydrogen spectrum, which further led to the development of quantum electrodynamics . Modern implementations of atomic spectroscopy for studying visible and ultraviolet transitions include flame emission spectroscopy , inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy , glow discharge spectroscopy , microwave induced plasma spectroscopy, and spark or arc emission spectroscopy. Techniques for studying x-ray spectra include X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence . The combination of atoms into molecules leads to
6319-545: The theory behind it is that frequency is analogous to resonance and its corresponding resonant frequency. Resonances by the frequency were first characterized in mechanical systems such as pendulums , which have a frequency of motion noted famously by Galileo . Spectroscopy is a sufficiently broad field that many sub-disciplines exist, each with numerous implementations of specific spectroscopic techniques. The various implementations and techniques can be classified in several ways. The types of spectroscopy are distinguished by
6408-418: The type of radiative energy involved in the interaction. In many applications, the spectrum is determined by measuring changes in the intensity or frequency of this energy. The types of radiative energy studied include: The types of spectroscopy also can be distinguished by the nature of the interaction between the energy and the material. These interactions include: Spectroscopic studies are designed so that
6497-695: The university absorbed the Institute of Early Childhood Studies of the Sydney College of Advanced Education , under the terms of the Higher Education (Amalgamation) Act 1989. Steven Schwartz replaced Di Yerbury as vice-chancellor at the beginning of 2006. Yerbury's departure was attended with much controversy, including a "bitter dispute" with Schwartz, disputed ownership of university artworks worth $ 13 million and Yerbury's salary package. In August 2006, Schwartz expressed concern about
6586-662: The university's arms on Lachlan Macquarie's family arms, but they decided to go for a more conceptual approach that represented Lachlan Macquarie as a builder and administrator. They did however identify that the arms used by Governor Macquarie had never been formally granted by the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland, and was successful in having a grant of arms issued for Macquarie by the Lord Lyon King of Arms , as well as
6675-607: The university's motto, taken from Chaucer: 'And gladly teche'. In 2013, the university became the first in Australia to fully align its degree system with the Bologna Accord . Macquarie University's main campus is about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north-west of the Sydney CBD and is set on 126 hectares of rolling lawns and natural bushland. Macquarie's location within the high-technology corridor of Sydney's north-west, in close proximity to Macquarie Park and its surrounding industries, has been crucial in its development as
6764-458: The university, and is empowered to make by-laws and rules relating to how the university is managed. Members of the Council include the university vice-chancellor, academic and non-academic staff, the vice president of the Academic Senate and a student representative. The Council is chaired by the chancellor of the university. The Academic Senate is the primary academic body of the university. It has certain powers delegated to it by Council, such as
6853-411: The vicinity of the sun yielded a null result , which helps constrain the shape of the Milky Way's dark halo . Another study of the highest velocity stars was used to constrain the local Galactic escape velocity and so the mass of the dark halo. RAVE is a precursor to ESA 's Gaia mission and studies with RAVE show the science potential of this upcoming survey of stars in the Milky Way. RAVE data
6942-508: The white light is passed through a prism. Fraknoi and Morrison state that "In 1802, William Hyde Wollaston built an improved spectrometer that included a lens to focus the Sun's spectrum on a screen. Upon use, Wollaston realized that the colors were not spread uniformly, but instead had missing patches of colors, which appeared as dark bands in the spectrum." During the early 1800s, Joseph von Fraunhofer made experimental advances with dispersive spectrometers that enabled spectroscopy to become
7031-433: Was Walter Abraham , one of the first six administrators appointed to Macquarie University. As the site adapted from its former rural use to a busy collegiate environment, he implemented carefully designed planting programs across the campus. Abraham established a grid design comprising lots of 300 square feet (28 m ) running north–south, with the aim of creating a compact academic core. The measure of 300 feet (91 m)
7120-509: Was also the name of the flagship of the First Fleet . The motto chosen for the university, which following the rules of English heraldry does not form part of the original grant of arms, was And Gladly Teche , a phrase taken from the general prologue of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (circa 1400), and symbolises the university's commitment to both learning and teaching. The university's founders originally wanted to base
7209-487: Was comparing the wavelength of light using a photometer to the temperature of a Black Body . Spectroscopy is used in physical and analytical chemistry because atoms and molecules have unique spectra. As a result, these spectra can be used to detect, identify and quantify information about the atoms and molecules. Spectroscopy is also used in astronomy and remote sensing on Earth. Most research telescopes have spectrographs. The measured spectra are used to determine
7298-480: Was established in 1989 as the commercial arm of the university. It facilitates and supports the commercial needs of industry, business and government organisations seeking to utilise the academic expertise of the broader university community. Research centres, schools and institutes that are affiliated with the university: Macquarie University's Australian Hearing Hub is partnered with Cochlear . Cochlear Headquarters are on campus. The Australian Hearing Hub includes
7387-539: Was established in 2009. Within the first few hundred days of Schwartz's instatement as vice-chancellor, the 'Macquarie@50' strategic plan was launched, which positioned the university to enhance research, teaching, infrastructure and academic rankings by the university's 50th anniversary in 2014. Included in the university's plans for the future was the establishment of a sustainability office in order to more effectively manage environmental and social development at Macquarie. As part of this campaign, in 2009 Macquarie became
7476-403: Was originally constructed in 1978 as a research facility but since 1997 has been accessible to the public through its Public Observing Program. The university is governed by a 17-member Council. The University Council is the governing authority of the university under the Macquarie University Act 1989 . The Council takes primary responsibility for the control and management of the affairs of
7565-484: Was previously involved in a high-profile case of student election fixing at the University of Sydney . The university Council resolved to immediately remove Ma from his position. Vice-chancellor Schwartz cited an urgent need to reform Macquarie's main student bodies. However, Ma strongly denied any wrongdoing and labelled the controversy a case of 'character assassination'. The Federal Court ordered on 23 May 2007 that Macquarie University Union Ltd be wound up. Following
7654-402: Was ranked in the top 5 nationally for philosophy and earth and marine sciences, according to the 2014 QS World University Rankings. Macquarie ranked 67th in the world for Arts and Humanities (equal 5th in Australia), according to the 2015 Times Higher Education rankings by subject and 54th in the world for arts and humanities, according to the 2017 USNWR rankings by subject. Arts and Humanities
7743-541: Was seen as one minute's walk, and grid design reflected the aim of having a maximum walk of 10 minutes between any two parts of the university. The main east–west walkway that runs from the Macquarie University Research Park to the arts faculty buildings was named Wally's Walk in recognition of Abraham's contribution. Apart from its centres of learning, the campus features the Macquarie University Research Park, museums, art galleries,
7832-495: Was succeeded by Edwin C. Webb in December 1975. Webb was required to steer the university through one of its most difficult periods as the value of universities were debated and the governments introduced significant funding cuts. Webb left the university in 1986 and was succeeded by Di Yerbury , the first female vice-chancellor in Australia. Yerbury would go on to hold the position of vice-chancellor for nearly 20 years. In 1990
7921-487: Was the third university to be established in the Sydney metropolitan area. Established as a verdant university , Macquarie has five faculties, as well as the Macquarie University Hospital and the Macquarie Graduate School of Management , which are on the university's main campus in the suburb of Macquarie Park . The university is the first in Australia to fully align its degree system with
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