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18-526: Rāhiri's significance for Ngāpuhi is that all the chiefly lines of descent in Ngāpuhi trace descent through him. As the saying goes: Rāhiri lived some time in the period 1475–1585, based on whakapapa (genealogical) calculations. He traced descent from Kupe of the Matawhaorua canoe and Nukutawhiti of the enlarged and renamed Ngātokimatawhaorua canoe. He was the son of Tauramoko and Te Hauangiangi, and

36-502: Is a fundamental principle in Māori culture . Reciting one's whakapapa proclaims one's Māori identity , places oneself in a wider context, and links oneself to land and tribal groupings and their mana . Experts in whakapapa can trace and recite a lineage not only through the many generations in a linear sense, but also between such generations in a lateral sense. Raymond Firth, an acclaimed New Zealand economist and anthropologist during

54-408: Is further defined as "a basis for the organisation of knowledge in the respect of the creation and development of all things". Hence, whakapapa also implies a deep connection to land and the roots of one's ancestry. In order to trace one's whakapapa it is essential to identify the location where one's ancestral heritage began; "you can’t trace it back any further". "Whakapapa links all people back to

72-510: Is now called the Hawke's Bay region). According to Atholl Anderson , "[the] intensely pactical value of whakapapa that guaranteed their general accuracy". Ethnographer Walter Ong said of European dismissiveness of the accuracy of oral history like whakapapa: "Oral cultures must invest great energy in saying over and over again what has been learnt arduously over the ages". Many physiological terms are also genealogical in 'nature'. For example,

90-474: Is of great concern to Māori. While whakapapa information may be disclosed to a kaimatai hinengaro in confidence, this information may be stored in databases that could be accessed by others. While most health professions are embracing technological advances of data storage, this may be an area of further investigation so that confidential information pertaining to a client's whakapapa cannot be disclosed to others. Additionally, it may be beneficial to find out if

108-476: Is translated as the 'Sneeze of Life'. In effect, the orator (whose 'sneeze' reminds us of a newborn clearing his or her airways to take the first breath of life) is announcing that 'his' speech has now begun, and that his 'airways' are clear enough to give a suitable oration. Whakapapa is defined as the "genealogical descent of all living things from God to the present time. "Since all living things including rocks and mountains are believed to possess whakapapa, it

126-537: The basis of the flight and landing place of the kite, Tuhoronuku. Uenuku and Kaharau further consolidated connection through marriage of children. Rāhiri had other wives, two being Moetonga and Paru, descendants of these wives respectively settling the west and east coasts within Ngāpuhi-controlled territories, creating hapū in those places. Whakapapa Whakapapa ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈfakapapa] , ['ɸa-] ), or genealogy ,

144-429: The client is comfortable with whakapapa information being stored in ways that have the potential to be disclosed to others. To combat such issues, a Māori Code of Ethics has been suggested. A Māori Code of Ethics may prevent "the mismanagement or manipulation of either the information or the informants". Although this rule was not rigorously applied in the past, people today have to prove whakapapa to become members of

162-486: The client's health and well-being. Whakapapa is also believed to determine an individual's intrinsic tapu . "Sharing whakapapa enables the identification of obligations...and gaining trust of participants". Additionally, since whakapapa is believed to be "inextricably linked to the physical gene ", concepts of tapu would still apply. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that appropriate cultural protocols are adhered to. Misuse of such private and privileged information

180-483: The early 20th century, asserted that there are four different levels of Māori kinship terminology that are as follows: Some scholars have attributed this type of genealogical activity as being tantamount to ancestor worship. Most Māori would probably attribute this to ancestor reverence. Tribes and sub-tribes are mostly named after an ancestor (either male or female): for example, Ngāti Kahungunu means 'descendants of Kahungunu' (a famous chief who lived mostly in what

198-399: The international Māori All Blacks rugby union team , New Zealand Māori rugby league team and New Zealand Māori cricket team to qualify. Wh%C4%81nau Whānau ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈɸaːnaʉ] ) is the Māori language word for the basic extended family group. Within Māori society the whānau encompasses three or four generations and forms the political unit below

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216-635: The land and sea and sky and outer universe, therefore, the obligations of whanaungatanga extend to the physical world and all being in it". While some family and community health organisations may require details of whakapapa as part of client assessment, it is generally better if whakapapa is disclosed voluntarily by whānau , if they are comfortable with this. Usually details of a client's whakapapa are not required since sufficient information can be obtained through their iwi identification. Cases where whakapapa may be required include adoption cases or situations where whakapapa information may be of benefit to

234-527: The levels of hapū (subtribe), iwi (tribe or nation) and waka (migration canoe). These steps are emphasised in Māori genealogy as a person's whakapapa . In pre-contact Māori tribal organisation the whānau historically comprised a family spanning three to four generations, and would number around 20 to 30 people. It formed the smallest partition of the Māori society. The kaumātua (tribal elders), senior adults ( pākeke ) such as parents, uncles and aunts, and

252-564: The loss of a parent was less likely to be devastating to a child's upbringing. In the case of orphaned children, the child would be taken in by the process of whāngai adoption . This form of adoption is still practised and has some legal codification in New Zealand. Contemporary conceptions offer whānau in one of two ways: As a descent construct, whānau has been variably described as 'extended family', 'extended family or community', or simply 'family'. This article related to

270-422: The sons and daughters together with their partners and children. Large whānau lived in their own compound in the pā . Whānau also had their own gardening plots and their own fishing and hunting spots. The whānau was economically self-sufficient . In warfare, it supported and was necessarily supported by the iwi (tribe) or hapū (sub-tribe). The whānau would look after children and grandchildren collectively, so

288-422: The terms 'iwi', 'hapu', and 'whānau' (as noted above) can also be translated in order as 'bones', 'pregnant', and 'give birth'. The prize winning Māori author, Keri Hulme , named her best known novel as The Bone People : a title linked directly to the dual meaning of the word 'iwi as both 'bone' and 'tribal people'. Most formal orations (or whaikōrero ) begin with the "nasal" expression - Tihei Mauriora ! This

306-471: Was born at Whiria pā, near Opononi in the Hokianga . His first wife was Ahuaiti from Pouerua . From this union came the first-born son, Uenuku. Uenuku was also known as Uenuku-kuare (Uenuku who was not blessed upon birth due to the ignorance of those accompanying his mother): while still a young boy, together with his mother Ahuaiti, he was cast out by Rāhiri and it was only when he was a young man that he

324-410: Was reconciled with his father Rāhiri. Ahuaiti had allegedly given her visiting brothers some of Rāhiri's best fern root, contrary to his instructions to her. This was the reason for her exile. Rāhiri's second wife was Whakaruru and from this union came Kaharau who, together with Uenuku founded the military might of Ngāpuhi. Upon reconciliation, the then territories of Ngāpuhi were divided up by Rāhiri on

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