A summit meeting (or just summit ) is an international meeting of heads of state or government , usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda . Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt , Winston Churchill , and Joseph Stalin during World War II . However, the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the Geneva Summit (1955) . During the Cold War , when American presidents joined with Soviet or Chinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a "summit". The post–Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of "summit" events. Nowadays, international summits are the most common expression for global governance .
13-682: The Reykjavík Summit was a summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev , held in Reykjavík , Iceland , on 11–12 October 1986. The talks collapsed at the last minute, but the progress that had been achieved eventually resulted in the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between the United States and
26-545: A decade. Gorbachev, however, citing a desire to strengthen the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty), added the condition that any SDI research be confined to laboratories for the ten-year period in question. Reagan argued that his proposed SDI research was allowed by any reasonable interpretation of the ABM treaty, and that he could not forget the pledge he made to Americans to investigate whether SDI
39-432: A solemn Gorbachev. Despite getting unexpectedly close to the potential elimination of all nuclear weapons, the meeting adjourned with no agreement; however, both sides discovered the extent of the concessions the other side was willing to make. Human rights became a subject of productive discussion for the first time. An agreement by Gorbachev to on-site inspections, a continuing American demand which had not been achieved in
52-487: Is an upcoming American historical political drama film written and directed by Michael Russell Gunn in his feature directorial debut. Set during the 1986 Reykjavík Summit , it stars Jeff Daniels , Jared Harris , and J. K. Simmons . The ensemble cast also includes Hope Davis , Branka Katić , Aya Cash , Guy Burnet , John Ross Bowie , Adrian Rawlins , and Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson . Writer and director Michael Russell Gunn spent several years conducting research for
65-605: The Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963 or the ABM and SALT I pacts of 1972, constituted a significant step forward. Despite its apparent failure, participants and observers have referred to the summit as an enormous breakthrough which eventually facilitated the INF Treaty ( Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ), signed at the Washington Summit on 8 December 1987. The Reykjavík Summit will be
78-567: The Soviet Union . Since 1986, Gorbachev had proposed banning all ballistic missiles , but Reagan wanted to continue research on the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which involved the militarization of outer space. Yet Soviet suspicion of SDI continued, and U.S.-Soviet relations were strained. At Reykjavík, Reagan sought to include discussion of human rights , emigration of Soviet Jews and dissidents, and
91-616: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . Gorbachev sought to limit the talks solely to arms control . The Soviets acceded to the " double-zero " proposal for eliminating INF weapons from Europe, as initially proposed by President Reagan in November 1981 (INF denoting "Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces" as distinct from ICBMs, or intercontinental ballistic missiles ). The Soviets also proposed to eliminate 50% of all strategic arms, including ICBMs , and agreed not to include British or French weapons in
104-408: The count. All this was proposed in exchange for an American pledge not to implement strategic defences for the next ten years, in accordance with SALT I . The Americans countered with a proposal to eliminate all ballistic missiles within ten years, but required the right to deploy strategic defences against remaining threats afterwards. Gorbachev then suggested eliminating all nuclear weapons within
117-486: The film employed over 100 supporting actors. Gunn was able to utilize Iceland's production rebate program to film on location. Filming began on 15 October 2024 in Reykjavík . The majority of filming will take place at Höfði , the actual site of the 1986 summit, which cost 6.3 million krónur to rent from the city of Reykjavík. Sæbraut , a local road in the city, was closed for filming purposes on 19 October and 26 October. Additional filming locations will include
130-479: The film. He interviewed former Secretary of State George Shultz before his death, and was given transcripts from the 1986 summit. Jeff Daniels , Jared Harris , and J. K. Simmons joined the cast on 5 August 2024. Hope Davis , Branka Katić , and Aya Cash joined the cast on 15 October 2024. Guy Burnet , John Ross Bowie , Adrian Rawlins , and Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson were announced as cast members on 29 October 2024. In addition to ten main actors,
143-426: The subject of an upcoming film, Reykjavik , directed by Michael Russell Gunn. It will star Jeff Daniels and Jared Harris as Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev , respectively. 64°08′47″N 21°54′24″W / 64.14639°N 21.90667°W / 64.14639; -21.90667 Summit (meeting) Reykjavik (film) Reykjavik
SECTION 10
#1732776290868156-408: Was still in its very early stages. The talks finally stalled, President Reagan asking if General Secretary Gorbachev would "turn down a historic opportunity because of a single word", referring to his insistence on laboratory testing. Gorbachev asserted that it was a matter of principle, and the summit concluded. A photograph taken of the two departing Hofdi House portrays a visibly-angered Reagan and
169-526: Was viable. He also promised to share SDI technology, a promise which Gorbachev said he doubted would be fulfilled, as the Americans would not even share oil-drilling technology. Some, including Reagan staffer Jack F. Matlock Jr. , attribute Reagan's refusal to compromise on SDI testing to a mistaken belief that the proposed restrictions would be detrimental to the program, whereas in reality, Matlock contends, they would have had little effect on research that
#867132