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34-547: In the German secondary school system, Realschule is ranked between Hauptschule (lowest) and Gymnasium (highest). After completing the Realschule , good students are allowed to attend a professional Gymnasium or a general-education Gymnasium. They can also attend a Berufsschule or do an apprenticeship . In most states of Germany, students start the Realschule at the age of ten or eleven and typically finish school at

68-481: A high school (abbreviated as HS or H.S. ), can also be called senior high school . In some countries there are two phases to secondary education (ISCED 2) and (ISCED 3), here the junior high school , intermediate school, lower secondary school, or middle school occurs between the primary school (ISCED 1) and high school. Kolleg A Kolleg (German [ˈkɔleːɡ] from Latin collegium ) in Germany

102-615: A different education system and priorities. Schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the predicted roll of the school and the area needed. According to standards used in the United Kingdom, a general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55 m , or more generously 62 m . A general art room for 30 students needs to be 83 m , but 104 m for 3D textile work. A drama studio or

136-628: A greater variety of classes, or sponsoring a greater number of extra-curricular activities . (Some of these benefits can also be achieved through smaller but specialized schools, such as a dedicated special school for students with disabilities or a magnet school for students with a particular subject-matter interest.) In terms of structure, organization, and relationships, larger schools tend to be more hierarchical and bureaucratic , with fewer and weaker personal connections and more rigidly defined, unvarying roles for all staff. Teachers find that large schools result in more information to process in

170-511: A second foreign language, usually French . The new subject becomes the student's fifth main subject, after German, maths, science and English; and it is also possible to learn other foreign languages in free workshops. Other subjects are geography , social sciences , economics , history , religious education, and physical education. After the 8th grade a student has to choose between arts and music . High school diplomas obtained in Canada or

204-422: A secondary school may have a canteen, serving a set of foods to students, and storage where the equipment of a school is kept. Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establishing building costs. Future design plans are audited to ensure that these standards are met but not exceeded. Government ministries continue to press for

238-561: A single basketball court could serve a school with 200 students just as well as a school with 500 students, so construction and maintenance costs, on a per-student basis, can be lower for larger schools. However, cost savings from larger schools have generally not materialized, as larger schools require more administrative support staff, and rural areas see the potential savings offset by increased transportation costs. Larger schools can also support more specialization, such as splitting students into advanced, average, and basic tracks , offering

272-491: A small minority attended gymnasium in those times. Secondary school A secondary school or high school is an institution that provides secondary education . Some secondary schools provide both lower secondary education (ages 11 to 14) and upper secondary education (ages 14 to 18), i.e., both levels 2 and 3 of the ISCED scale, but these can also be provided in separate schools. There may be other variations in

306-417: A specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m . Examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary (practical specialism). and 1,850 place secondary school. The ideal size for a typical comprehensive high school is large enough to offer a variety of classes, but small enough that students develop a sense of community. Research has suggested that academic achievement

340-519: A very early age. For instance, in some German states, a decision is made in the sixth or even the fourth grade about whether a child is to continue in the Gymnasium, the Realschule , or the Hauptschule . Only the Gymnasium is a university-preparatory school , so critics argue that a decision is made as early as the fourth grade about whether a child will be allowed to attend college. The system

374-629: A wider range of possible major subjects at a German university if they did well on the SAT or ACT . Those who scored higher than 1300 on the SAT or higher than 28 on the ACT may apply for any subject at a German university. Gymnasia and Realgymnasia are the classical higher or secondary schools of Germany . Starting in 2010/2011, Realschulen were formally abolished in Berlin and merged with Hauptschulen and

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408-593: Is a school that exists in the German State of the Saarland . It is not to be confused with the Realschule . While the Realschule is a selective school , the Erweiterte Realschule is a school that does not select its students on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. It streams students by perceived ability after 7th grade. The " Realschule Plus " is a non-selective school that exists in

442-472: Is a three-year school of adult education , preparing students for the exams leading to the general university entrance qualification, the Abitur (Allgemeine Hochschulreife) . Different from the otherwise similar German evening school, Abendgymnasium , Kolleg classes are in the daytime. Both are state-run schools and do not charge tuition fees. Kolleg students can be eligible for financial aid as regulated in

476-550: Is best when there are about 150 to 250 students in each grade level, and that above a total school size of 2,000 for a secondary school, academic achievement and the sense of school community decline substantially. Arguments in favor of smaller schools include having a shared experience of school (e.g., everyone takes the same classes, because the school is too small to offer alternatives), higher average academic achievement, and lower inequality . Arguments in favor of larger schools tend to focus on economy of scale . For example,

510-530: Is considered so onerous outside Germany that the OECD even sent a special envoy to Germany to condemn current German practice. Specifically, the Brazilian expert found that German schools separate children according to social class , with children of academics and professionals more often being sent on to a Gymnasium, and working-class children being sent to a Realschule or a Hauptschule . According to critics,

544-626: The Czech lands , in the school year 1917/1918 there existed 43 Czech-language reálka , namely 30 in Bohemia and 13 in Moravia. There existed also German-language Realschulen . After World War I, many Realschulen became transformed to Realgymnasien . Realschulen were abolished in 1948 in Czechoslovakia. The Realgymnasium was a compromise type between the Realschule and Gymnasium . In

578-481: The ISCED 2014 education scale, levels 2 and 3 correspond to secondary education which are as follows: Within the English-speaking world, there are three widely used systems to describe the age of the child. The first is the 'equivalent ages'; then countries that base their education systems on the 'English model' use one of two methods to identify the year group, while countries that base their systems on

612-527: The United States are usually acknowledged as a Mittlere Reife (graduation from a Realschule ). In some cases however students may apply for certain subjects at a university. All students holding an American high school diploma may apply for the Studienkolleg , and after successfully graduating from this they may attend a German university. Those holding a high school diploma can choose from

646-521: The 'American K–12 model' refer to their year groups as 'grades'. The Irish model is structured similarly to the English model, but differs significantly in terms of labels. This terminology extends into the research literature. Below is a comparison of some countries: Schools exist within a strict legal framework where they may be answerable to their government through local authorities and their stakeholders. In England (but necessarily in other parts of

680-409: The 'minimum' space and cost standards to be reduced. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014. It said the floor area should be 1050 m (+ 350 m if there is a sixth form) + 6.3 m /pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7 m /pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m . A secondary school locally may be called

714-526: The Czech lands (1909 Vrchlabí, 1911 Bohumín), both of them German-language. The realskole existed in Norway between 1935 and 1970. It replaced the former middelskole , and was the level between folkeskole (primary school) and gymnasium . The majority historically left school after folkeskole , and the realskole was meant as preparation for the gymnasium , itself a preparation for university studies. Only

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748-755: The Czech lands, Realgymnasien were established between 1862 (the first one in Tábor) and 1913 (the last one in Jilemnice). In the Czech lands, in the school year 1917/1918 there existed 35 Czech-language Realgymnasien ; namely 24 in Bohemia, 10 in Moravia, and one in Czech Silesia. In 1908, the Reformrealgymnasium was created as a new type of school in Austria-Hungary. Up to 1918, just seven such schools were established, two of them in

782-520: The German Federal Training Assistance Act, Berufsausbildungsförderungsgesetz . As a rule, the minimum entrance requirements for students are: 19 years of age or older, a Mittlere Reife school leaving certificate, and a formal vocational training completed. However, there are exceptions to that rule, e.g., previous long-term work experience (at least three years) without formal qualification can be recognized as

816-910: The State of Rhineland-Palatinate . It offers general education classes (that resemble normal Realschule classes) as well as remedial classes. The Erweiterte Realschule and the Realschule Plus are not the school of first choice for many students and often are attended by students who have been turned down by or have been expelled from other schools. The first in the empire was established in Vienna, 1771. Systematically they were founded by Habsburg Monarchy after 1804: e.g. 1811 in Brno (German-language), 1815 in Brody ( Galicia ), 1817 in Lviv and Trieste etc. In

850-743: The United Kingdom) there are six general types of state-funded schools running in parallel to the private sector. The state takes an interest in safeguarding issues in all schools. All state-funded schools in England are legally required to have a website where they must publish details of their governance, finance, curriculum intent and staff and pupil protection policies to comply with The School Information (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2012 and 2016 . Ofsted monitors these. School building design does not happen in isolation. The building or school campus needs to accommodate: Each country will have

884-425: The age of 16–17. In some states, Realschulen have recently been replaced by Oberschulen or Sekundarschulen . In 2006 1.32 million German students attended a Realschule . At Realschule , a student gets an extended education and learns at least one foreign language, usually English . In the state of Baden-Württemberg , after the sixth grade, the student has to choose among technology , home economics , and

918-448: The ages of 11 and 16 or between 11 and 18; some UK private schools, i.e. public schools , admit pupils between the ages of 13 and 18. Secondary schools follow on from primary schools and prepare for vocational or tertiary education . In high and middle income countries, attendance is usually compulsory for students at least until age 16. The organisations, buildings, and terminology are more or less unique in each country. In

952-442: The education has to fulfill the needs of: students, teachers, non-teaching support staff, administrators and the community. It has to meet general government building guidelines, health requirements, minimal functional requirements for classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity and services, preparation and storage of textbooks and basic teaching aids. An optimum secondary school will meet the minimum conditions and will have: Also,

986-410: The larger environment (e.g., announcements about 100 programs instead of just 10) and that as individuals they form fewer relationships with teachers outside of their primary subject area. Smaller schools have less social isolation and more engagement. These effects cannot be entirely overcome through implementation of a house system or " school within a school " programs. The building providing

1020-624: The old Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin. According to the PISA examination the students attending a Realschule were outperformed by those attending a Gymnasium. However, they did better than those attending a Hauptschule or a Gesamtschule school. The German tripartite system of education has been widely criticized for separating children along class lines at

1054-466: The possibility to move up the social ladder. Also, proponents of the tripartite system fear that abolishing Gymnasia and Realschulen would lead to the growth of a private school sector. Proponents of the Realschule also hold the opinion that it aids students' personality development. According to a study those attending a Realschule became more altruistic and more likely to care for others over time. The "Erweiterte Realschule" (expanded Realschule )

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1088-628: The provision: for example, children in Australia, Hong Kong, and Spain change from the primary to secondary systems a year later at the age of 12, with the ISCED's first year of lower secondary being the last year of primary provision. In the United States , most local secondary education systems have separate middle schools and high schools . In the United Kingdom , most state schools and privately funded schools accommodate pupils between

1122-502: The system is widely considered within Germany to be socially useful in the sense that the upper class is able to reserve the best schools for itself without having to resort to private schools. Finally, no democratic society outside the German-speaking world has tripartite school systems that separate children largely according to background; this finding was the main complaint about Germany in the recent PISA study. Proponents of

1156-642: The tripartite system consider the arguments brought forward by the critics to be invalid. They point to the fact that not only Gymnasium, but also comprehensive schools and schools serving mature students such as the Kolleg or the Berufsoberschule offer the possibility for the Abitur . Also it is possible to attend college without holding the Abitur . They also hold the opinion that state-funded Realschulen and Gymnasiums offered many working-class children

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