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71-565: General Register Office or General Registry Office ( GRO ) is the name given to the civil registry in the United Kingdom , many other Commonwealth nations and Ireland . The GRO is the government agency responsible for the recording of vital records such as births , deaths , and marriages (or BDM ), which may also include adoptions, stillbirths, civil unions, etc., and historically, sometimes included records relating to deeds and other property transactions. The director of

142-520: A register . The act was repealed on the restitution of the monarchy in 1660, with the duty reverting to the established churches, until the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1836 which affected England and Wales. The General Register Office for England and Wales was set up and the civil registration of births , marriages , and deaths in England and Wales became mandatory on 1 July 1837. Initially

213-475: A General Register Office is often titled Registrar General or Registrar-General . The Australian states and territories have similar registries for birth, death and marriage, although their histories differ. These agencies are usually subordinate to the state Attorney-General Department or Department of Justice. The Australian Bureau of Statistics is responsible for collating the statistics based on these records. ACT : Until 1930, records were registered in

284-616: A Registrar General responsible for collecting and storing records of births, marriages and deaths in their respective regions. The Hong Kong Government established a Registrar General in 1845, four years after the British acquired Hong Kong in 1841. The post was renamed the Secretariat for Chinese Affairs in 1913, and then Home Affairs in 1949. On 1 April 1949, the Land Office merged with various other functions, which included

355-401: A died person. Acts of civil status replaced Metricheskiye knigi (Parish registers) in 1918. All registers before 1918 are open for everyone. Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by register office called Body of registration of acts of civil status (орган записи актов гражданского состояния - organ zapisi aktov grazhdanskogo sostoyaniya or орган ЗАГС – organ ZAGS for short) or

426-629: A function of the Colonial Secretary's Office (1828−1924), the administration of BDM registration has gone through a number of changes. Since 1999 The Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages has been the responsible entity. The Registrar General of Canada title belongs to a government minister with entirely different and unrelated functions – such as registration of all letters patent, commissions, instruments, proclamations, and certain other documents. Each province and territory in Canada has

497-577: A person entered and left a municipality. In 1940, the Dutch government did not want to mandate citizen's identification, but during World War II the German occupying government mandated it so they could assess who was to be sent to Germany as forced labor and to select Jewish citizens from the general population. When the war was over, mandatory identification was done away with. In the 1990s all local registries were automated, and starting on 1 October 1994

568-683: A public notary, always a layman, and were kept in the local royal administration's archives. In fact, as the church kept parish registers since the Middle Ages (the oldest one in France is Givry 's, of 1303), these registers were used to meet the ordinance's dispositions. The national registration was fully laicized in 1792 during the French Revolution by order of the French Republic. These records have been continued through

639-731: A reprint today. He was a member of the board of the Australian Mining Company, which had a mine at Tungkillo , but was forced to resign in July 1851, for (unspecified) "acts on his part which the directors felt themselves unable to sanction", to be replaced by William Forster. He was appointed one of the "Non-official Nominees" for the Legislative Council in February 1851 and resigned in December 1851, and

710-422: A vital record. In Burkina Faso, since 2015, a centralized civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) system is being implemented by the non-governmental organization iCivil Africa. This "new tech start up has set themselves a massive task: to register all newborn babies digitally". Belgium maintains a National Register ( Registre National / Rijksregister ) of citizens and resident foreigners. The register

781-425: Is a type of civil register primarily concerned with the current residence. Civil registration is faced with many challenges, both on the demand side and supply side, especially in low-income countries. The demand-side challenges include a lack of awareness of the need for and importance of registration of vital events, and the situation is not helped by the many existing barriers to registration. For example, in 2009,

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852-548: Is administered centrally by the Ministry of the Interior ( SPF Intérieur / FOD Binnenlandse Zaken ) and locally by Belgian municipalities and embassies . Citizens and resident foreigners are issued with a National Register Number ( numéro de registre national / rijksregisternummer ), which features on their identity card . France was the first country to create a national registration. In 1539, King Francis I ordered in

923-485: Is also a welcome departure from the present mechanism of relying on surveys for estimations of birth registration rates and projections of the numbers of births each year." In South Africa, vital records are contained in the National Population Register, which is maintained by the national Department of Home Affairs . Any Home Affairs office can record a vital event or issue a certified copy of

994-802: Is called hojeok in South Korea and koseki in Japan , Familienbuch in Germany , hukou in China , hộ khẩu in Vietnam and (formerly) propiska in the Soviet Union . Often, official recognition of certain events or status may be granted only when such event or status is registered in the family registry—for example, in Japan, a marriage is legally effective when and only when such filing

1065-610: Is called or a postmortem is held. Marriages are registered at the time of the ceremony by either The official registers are not directly accessible by the general public. Instead, indexes are made available which can be used to find the relevant register entry and then request a certified copy of the details. The General Register Office —now merged into His Majesty's Passport Office —has overall responsibility for registration administration. Civil registration came into force in Scotland on 1 January 1855. A significant difference from

1136-533: Is not related to this system. In Spain, the first civil registers were created in 1841 in the big and medium-size cities of the country. The current Civil Register was established on January 1, 1871 in all municipalities and in 1873 it was created and special Civil Register for the Royal Family, which still exits today. Both of this registers record names, surnames, births, deaths, marriages, divorces and other relevant data, and both of them are supervised by

1207-680: Is recorded into the household register (known as a koseki ). In other cases, the family register serves as a centralized repository for family legal events, such as births, deaths, marriages, and expatriations, as with the Familienbuch in use in Germany and the livret de famille  [ fr ] in France, although it is not the sole source of official recognition for such events. Use of government-sanctioned or administered family registers, while common in many European nations and in countries which use continental-style civil law (where

1278-706: The World Health Statistics Quarterly of the World Health Organization estimated that only about 1% of the estimated deaths in low-income groups are reported and just about 9% in lower-middle-income groups. The registration systems in many cases are very difficult, causing potential barriers to accessing the registration. Furthermore, in certain societies, due to stigmatisation based on cultural and religious settings, single mothers may fear questions of paternity during notification through chief or community agents. On

1349-558: The hojeok (similar to the Japanese household registry, written using identical Chinese characters ) was repealed in 2005, in favor of a personal registry system. The systems of household registers in China, Korea and Japan date back to the Tang dynasty or Heian period or earlier, both since the seventh century. In Namibia , civil registration mandate lies with the government through

1420-527: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women , Article 16 of which requires countries to establish compulsory civil registration of marriages. Most countries have a legal requirement for relevant authority to be notified of certain life events, such as births, marriages and deaths. The first country to establish a nationwide population register was France in 1539, using

1491-711: The Ministry of Justice , through the Directorate-General for the Registries and Notaries. In Sweden, the civil registry is maintained by the Swedish Tax Agency ( Skatteverket ); up into the 1990s the Church of Sweden was responsible. Recording of births and deaths was stipulated in the early 17th century, formal national censuses have been made since the mid-18th century, and Sweden has one of

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1562-534: The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts , as part of a wider legislation regarding the policing of church benefices , to keep vital records registers in the various church local institutions (mainly parishes ). The ordinance orderer the creation of at least a register of baptisms , as a proof of one's date of birth, and a register of burials of churchmen, as a proof of one's date of death. Though both registers were kept by religious authorities, they were authenticated by

1633-678: The Portuguese Constitution of 1911 ) and is officially called Institute of Registries and Notaries ( Portuguese : Instituto dos Registos e Notariado ) and exists in its current form since 2007. On April 20, 1911, the "Law of Separation of the Church of the State" radicalized the secular state and determined that all parish registers (baptisms, marriages, and deaths) prior to 1911 should be civilly effective and transferred from parishes to newly established Civil Registry Offices. This

1704-816: The Scottish National Health Service Central Register . On 1 April 2011 it was merged with the National Archives of Scotland to form National Records of Scotland . All the former department's functions continue as part of the new body. The General Register Office (Northern Ireland), or GRONI, is responsible for the civil registration of births, deaths, marriages, civil partnerships and adoptions, as well as administering marriage and civil partnership law in Northern Ireland . Civil registry The United Nations General Assembly in 1979 adopted

1775-715: The Scottish Parliament ). In Mexico , vital records (birth, death and marriage certificates) are registered in the Registro Civil, as called in Spanish. Each state has its own registration form. Until the 1960s, birth certificates were written by hand, in a styled, cursive calligraphy (almost unreadable for the new generations) and typically issued on security paper. After the 1960s, they were issued typed by machine. Norman Campbell (politician) Major E. S. Norman Campbell (c. 1804 – 6 January 1859)

1846-665: The 2008 implementation of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 , the General Register Office became a part of the Identity & Passport Service (as of 2020 HM Passport Office – which in 2014 lost its executive agency status and became a division within the Home Office ). Since 2020 the post has been held by Myrtle Lloyd, who is also Chief Operating Officer of HM Passport Office, and sits on

1917-631: The English system is the greater detail required for a registration. This means that if a certified copy of an entry is requested, it will contain much more information. The General Register Office for Scotland has overall responsibility for registration administration and drafting legislative changes in this area (as well as census data). They are governed by the Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965 and subsequent legislation (responsibility for which has now been devolved to

1988-582: The French. In 1811, this registration was introduced throughout the country. The Dutch differentiate between the basisregistratie personen , an ongoing database of citizens' information, and the burgerlijke stand , which is a collection (at the municipal level) of documents evidencing certain events taking place in a given municipality, such as birth, marriage, civil union , and death. Beginning on 1 January 1850, municipalities were obliged to keep citizen's records in book form (Dutch: bevolkingsregister). Early in

2059-644: The Governor to appoint a Registrar General and establish an office in Sydney to register all births, deaths and marriages in the colony. District registrars recorded the details. The Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages is now an agency within the NSW Department of Customer Service. About 90% of births in the state are now registered online. Northern Territory : In the Northern Territory,

2130-467: The Institute of Registries and Notaries ( Portuguese : Instituto dos Registos e Notariado ). In general, there is a civil registry office in each Portuguese province , and in the cities of Lisbon , Porto , Vila Nova de Gaia and Setubal there are eleven, four, two and two conservatories respectively. In small and medium-sized municipalities, conservatories also accumulate other functions besides

2201-621: The Land Services Group at Netley , where there are alphabetical indices of records from 1842 to the present, for land that does not fall under the Torrens title. These records include those of early landowners and pioneer settlers. Tasmania : The Registrar of Births, Deaths, and Marriages was established in 1838, which was the first of all Australian colonies to take over this function from the churches. It went through various administrative and name changes until 1989, when it became

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2272-903: The Marriage Registry, to form the Registrar General's Department. In May 1993, the Registrar General's Department was disestablished and the Land Registry formed. The Births and Deaths General Register Office is now responsible for recording births and deaths, as part of the Immigration Department. The Central Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act of 1886 provided for voluntary registration throughout British India . Twenty years after independence , Registration of Births and Death Act (RBD Act) of 1969 made registration mandatory. The Registrar General, India (RGI) coordinates registration activities across

2343-559: The Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration, which has offices in all fourteen region of the country. Although some vital events (e.g., marriages) are recorded by various agencies (e.g., church and courts), vital records are contained in the National Population Register, which is maintained by the Department of Civil Registration within the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration. In Namibia, civil registration and identity management systems are integrated and managed by one department. Over

2414-585: The New South Wales Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages. Since December 2014, an agency known as Access Canberra, a "one-stop shop for ACT Government customer and regulatory services", part of the Chief Minister, Treasury and Economic Development Directorate, is responsible for BDM registrations. NSW : In New South Wales , compulsory civil registration began in 1856. The Act for Registering Births, Deaths and Marriages 1856 allowed

2485-719: The Palace of Marriages (Дворец бракосочетаний) for civil marriage ceremonies. The system is decentralized. Each Russian federal subject has its own regional body as a part of regional government. The Unified state register of acts of civil status (EGR ZAGS, Единый государственный реестр записей актов гражданского состояния –ЕГР ЗАГС) maintained by the Federal Tax Service of Russia began operations since October 1, 2018. The system of resident registration in Russia (and former propiska ) maintained by centralized federal body

2556-546: The Registrar of Births, Deaths, and Marriages, under the Department of Justice. Victoria : The Registrar-General's Department was created on 18 January 1853, with the proclamation of the Registration (Births, Deaths and Marriages) Act. From 1 July that year, all residents of the colony of Victoria had to register births and deaths with their local District Registrar. Norman Campbell was the first permanent appointee to

2627-594: The Registrar-General is responsible for both Births, Deaths and Marriages and the Land Titles Office. Queensland : Queensland started compulsory registration of life events in 1856, under the Registrar General. Today, births, deaths and marriages are administered by a unit within the Department of Justice. South Australia : In South Australia , the local equivalent of the GRO is commonly known as

2698-538: The Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages, within the state Attorney-General's Department . "General Law Title" or the "Old System Title" was the English land law adopted at the time of foundation of South Australia as a colony in December 1836. The General Registry Office (GRO) holds deeds and records of land transactions from 1837 until the implementation of Real Property Act in 1858 (known as Torrens title ). After this, all new land transactions were conducted under

2769-491: The civil registry, such as land registration ( Portuguese : registo predial ), commercial (legal entities, Portuguese : registo comercial ) and vehicles ( Portuguese : registo de automóveis ). In Lisbon, the Central Registry Office ( Portuguese : Conservatória dos Registos Centrais ) is located, it was created in 1949 and is responsible for registrations involving Portuguese citizens abroad and for

2840-456: The country, although state governments are responsible for the collection of data. The General Register Office ( Oifig An Ard-Chláraitheora ) is the central civil repository for records relating to births, deaths, marriages, civil partnerships and adoptions in Republic of Ireland . It is part of the Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection. The Registrar General is responsible for

2911-736: The creation of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys by merging the GRO and the Government Social Survey Department, the GRO became just one division of the new office, headed by a Deputy Registrar General. With the creation of the Office for National Statistics in 1996, the post of Registrar General was merged with that of Head of the Government Statistical Service , who became the National Statistician . Following

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2982-637: The entries made by the registrars over the years are issued on a daily basis either for genealogical research or for modern legal purposes such as supporting passport applications or ensuring eligibility for the appropriate junior sports leagues. On 1 December 2007 registrars and superintendent registrars became employees of their local authority for the first time following the enactment of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 . Births in England and Wales must be registered within 42 days, whilst deaths must be registered within five days unless an inquest

3053-652: The executive management board of the Home Office. The GROS was a non-ministerial directorate of the Scottish Government that administered the registration of births, deaths, marriages, divorces and adoptions in Scotland from 1854 to 2011. It was also responsible for the statutes relating to the formalities of marriage and conduct of civil marriage in Scotland. It administered the census of Scotland's population every ten years. It also kept

3124-626: The family or household is legally viewed as the fundamental unit of a nation), is nonetheless rare in English-speaking countries (for example, the closest equivalent in the United Kingdom is the electoral roll , which is organised by address, but it is limited in the amount of information recorded). Although the United States for example assigns most citizens and residents a Social Security number intended to be unique to

3195-510: The globe over the years. With the advent of enhanced and information and communication technology, civil registration has been moving from a paper-intensive, manual-based civil registration to more automated and digitalised systems. Some of the innovations implemented in civil registration include the use of e-birth notification systems, whereby the health officials are able to notify the national population registration system with new births. This system improves registration process by timely feeding

3266-440: The individual registration card was replaced with a digital list containing a person's information as collected by the gemeentelijke basisadministratie van persoonsgegevens (in 2015 replaced with the 'basisregistratie personen'), kept and maintained at the municipal level. Municipalities exchange information through a closed network at the end of each day to a nationwide database, which can be consulted by officials online. Though it

3337-654: The legal documents that are derived from civil registration are birth certificates , death certificates , and marriage certificates . A family register is a type of civil register which is more concerned with events within the family unit and is common in Continental European and Asian countries, such as Germany ( Familienbuch ), France, Spain, China ( Hukou ), Japan ( Koseki ), and North and South Korea ( Hoju ). Additionally, in some countries, immigration , emigration , and any change of residence may require notification. A register of residents

3408-535: The legal preliminaries to marriage, conducts civil marriage ceremonies and retains in his or her custody all completed birth, death and marriage registers for the district. The office of the superintendent registrar is the district register office , often referred to (informally) in the media as the "registry office". Today, both officers may also conduct statutory civil partnership preliminaries and ceremonies, citizenship ceremonies and other non-statutory ceremonies such as naming or renewal of vows. Certified copies of

3479-599: The legal requirements of a country. Civil registration is carried out primarily for the purpose of establishing the legal documents required by law. These records are also a main source of vital statistics. Complete coverage, accuracy and timeliness of civil registration are essential to ensure the quality of vital statistics." Vital events that are typically recorded on the register include live birth , death , foetal death , name , change of name , marriage , divorce , annulment of marriage , judicial separation of marriage , adoption , legitimization and recognition. Among

3550-404: The like, in contrast to the German and Japanese family register systems. Establishment of a more comprehensive personal information repository (along the lines of the Japanese or former German systems) has been criticized by civil liberties advocates as subject to governmental or criminal abuse, while proponents cite the benefits of simplified access to vital information. In South Korea, use of

3621-426: The longest and most comprehensive suites of civil records of any country. In the United Kingdom , civil registration was first introduced, in England and Wales, via the 1653 marriage act, which transferred the statutory duty of recording marriages, births and burials, established in 1538, from the established churches, to the civil authorities, with a justice of peace, rather than the parish priest required to maintain

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3692-543: The management of any procedure that concerns Portuguese citizenship . Civil registries were introduced in 1806–1812 during the Russian occupation, and they followed the Tsarist model of keeping them with church records. By the "Communal Law" ( Legea comunală ) of 31 March 1864 subsequent record keeping became the responsibility of the mayor in each dwelling, who was allowed to delegate it to one of his helpers. An effort by

3763-457: The management of the system of registration in Ireland, while the Health Service Executive (HSE) is responsible for the day to day delivery of the Civil Registration Service. Record-keeping started in 1864, and many records are available online. The Registrar General's Department of Sri Lanka is responsible for registration of birth, marriages and deaths as well as and legal documents pertaining to properties (land and title registration). The post

3834-516: The new system, using a land title . The role of the GRO included property transactions (mortgages, conveyances, leases, land grants, indentures, wills, probate), as well as deeds for a number of other actions (such as Deed Poll name changes). The documents called "memorials" represent those original deeds registered and held by the GRO, whereas the certified copies held by the GRO were known as "deposits" or "enrolments". The General Registry Office and Old Systems land records are (as of July 2019) held at

3905-495: The onus lay on registrars to discover and record events, so parents only had to supply information if and when asked. In 1875, the Births & Deaths Act 1874 came into force, whereby those present at a birth or death were required to report the event. Subsequent legislation introduced similar systems in Ireland (all of which was then part of the United Kingdom) on 1 April 1845 for Protestant marriages and on 1 January 1864 for all birth, marriage and death events. Civil registration

3976-533: The position of Registrar-General. After his death, the position of Registrar-General devolved to statistician William Henry Archer (1825 – 29 April 1909), who had acted in that position before Campbell's appointment and was seen as the driving force behind the department. The current incarnation of the department is Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages Victoria (BDM). Western Australia  : Civil registration of births, deaths and marriages has been compulsory in Western Australia since 1841. From its beginnings as

4047-411: The present and are kept at the departmental archives. The Civil Registration includes birth, marriage, divorce, and death records. In the Netherlands , maintaining the civil registry ("basisregistratie personen") is the duty of the municipalities. Before the French Rule , the Netherlands did not have a central registration of its population, which was introduced in some parts of the country in 1796 by

4118-454: The recipient and information regarding birth, death and work history (in the form of contributions to the Social Security system) is collected, the U.S. Social Security Administration has long been intentionally restricted in the scope of information collected and maintained regarding individuals where not directly related to Social Security benefits—as such, no information is centrally collected regarding marriage, citizenship status, parentage, or

4189-424: The registers of the Catholic Church . Sweden followed in 1631, on the basis of a register drawn up by the Church of Sweden on behalf of the Swedish king . The United Nations defines civil registration as "the continuous, permanent, compulsory and universal recording of the occurrence and characteristics of vital events pertaining to the population as provided through decree or regulation in accordance with

4260-428: The resignation from his various positions and departure from South Australia was accorded the briefest of mentions in the Press; the appointment of this no doubt talented and well-mannered "outsider" as Victorian Registrar-General (which despite protestations by supporters may have been a boondoggle ); his unexplained presence (and death) in Hobart, where a funeral was held at his residence, 2 Fitzroy Place, followed by

4331-585: The state to gather the ancient historical records happened around 1926–1932 but in some cases as late as 1948–1952; a good number of these early records were lost in this process, sometimes literally by the truckload. The current name for the official building where marriages, births and deaths are recorded is called Starea Civilă (Civil Status). Vital records (births, deaths and marriages) are called Acts of civil state or Acts of civil status (акты гражданского состояния – akty grazhdankogo sostoyaniya ) in Russia. These records are available only for relatives of

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4402-545: The supply side, challenges often involve different, and often conflicting, legal frameworks various stakeholders (health institution, civil registry, statistics agency), and as a result, many countries with "burdensome procedures and non-standardized systems across a country, leading to confusion regarding what individuals need to do or present." Other challenges include accessibility of remote areas and also irregular migration caused by civil conflicts and porous borders. There have been new developments in civil registration across

4473-403: The system with information as soon as a birth occurs. Another innovation, such as that implemented by iCivil Africa in Burkina Faso , is the use of a mobile application to register newborns. A family register is a civil registry used in many countries to track information of a genealogical or family-centric legal interest. Other terms are household register and family album . The system

4544-474: The twentieth century this system was replaced by a card system that registered families. The move toward individual registration took place in 1939 with the introduction of the persoonskaart , a single card registering a single individual, kept in the municipality. Information gathered on this card included family name, first names, gender, position within the family, date and place of birth, marital status, address, and church affiliation, besides information on when

4615-417: The years, Namibia has transformed its civil registration processes, moving away from the manual system to an electronic system. In 2017, Namibia, which has at least 22 birth and registration offices based within the maternity wards of hospitals across the country, launched its e-birth notification system. This improvement is expected to "improve the quality of vital statistics produced in the country. The system

4686-403: Was a politician in the newly declared colony of South Australia , later served in the neighboring colony of Victoria in a number of senior Government positions. He served as an officer with H.M. 22nd Regiment (perhaps the 22nd Regiment of Foot ) and as a lieutenant in 1830 published a dictionary which served as a manual for young officers and whose revised edition of 1844 is still available as

4757-512: Was a previous struggle that had come since the formation of the Civil Registry Association in 1895, a Masonic organization presented by its mentors as "a strong anti-clerical and antireligious stronghold". On December 22, 1945, the Directorate-General for Registries and Notary ( Portuguese : Direcção-Geral dos Registos e do Notariado ) was created in the Ministry of Justice , to oversee civil, property , commercial and motor vehicle registration services and notary services, reformed in 2007 into

4828-483: Was created in 1864. The post of Registrar General was created by the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1836, and registration began in 1837. The Registrar General was soon given other responsibilities, such as the conduct of every census in England and Wales since 1841, and eventually came to be head of a primarily statistical organisation. In England and Wales, birth registration with the state began on 1 July 1837; however, only became compulsory in 1875. In 1970, with

4899-409: Was generally considered "un-Dutch," on 1 January 2005 mandatory identification (when asked by a mandated person) was reintroduced for everyone over 14; official identification is to be presented for all important transactions between citizens and government. The civil registry in Portugal is officially established by the "Civil Registry Code" of February 18, 1911 (a few months before the promulgation of

4970-434: Was introduced in Scotland on 1 January 1855. The administration of individual registration districts is the responsibility of registrars in the relevant local authority . There is also a national body for each jurisdiction . The local offices are generally responsible both for maintaining the original registers and for providing copies to the national body for central retention. A superintendent registrar facilitates

5041-731: Was succeeded by George Anstey . He resigned his appointments as Special Magistrate and Justice of the Peace for South Australia and as Trustee of the Savings Bank of South Australia. He moved to the neighbouring colony of Victoria , where he was appointed Registrar-General and Chairman of the Road Board, among other positions. (After his death, the position of Registrar-General devolved to William Henry Archer (1825 – 29 April 1909), who had acted in that position and had reasonably expected to have it made permanent before Campbell's elevation, but worked cheerfully as his assistant. ) He died in Hobart Town, Van Diemen's Land (today's Hobart, Tasmania ). The circumstances of his last years invite speculation:

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