Misplaced Pages

#785214

18-530: The landscape of the reserve is arid, with extensive ridged sand dunes some 15–20 m (49–66 ft) in height and 8–10 m (26–33 ft) in length in many areas, large areas of sand dune and valley-like depressions. Black saxaul ( Haloxylon aphyllum ), rare to most part of Central Asia covers more than 1,470 km (570 sq mi), approximately 4.5% of the territory of the reserve. The soils have sandy subsoils, but some "21 trees, 104 grasses, 8 mushrooms, 1 moss, 68 soil algae and 197 fungi" grow within

36-399: A large shrub to a small tree, 2–8 metres ( 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 –26 feet), rarely 12 m (39 ft) tall. It has a brown trunk up to 25 centimetres (10 inches) in diameter. The wood is heavy and coarse and the bark is spongy and water-soaked. The branches of the current year are green; older branches are brown, or gray to white. The leaves are reduced to very small cusp-like scales, so that

54-435: A stout rugged stem and light grey bark, growing up to 4.5–5 metres in height. It lacks large foliage-type leaves; in fact, its leaves have retrogressed as succulent branches. The plant is found in sandhills , deserts and sand ridges, where it often forms pure stands, with an average density up to 400-500 trees a hectare. The white saxaul is a hardy tree that can grow in nutritionally poor soil and can tolerate drought. The tree

72-532: Is 1.5 mm ( 1 ⁄ 16  in) in diameter. The fruiting period is October to November. The species was first published in 1829 by Carl Anton von Meyer as Anabasis ammodendron C.A.Meyer . In 1851 Alexander Bunge combined it to genus Haloxylon as Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Meyer) Bunge . Synonyms are: Arthrophytum ammodendron (C.A.Meyer) Litw ., Arthrophytum haloxylon Litw ., Haloxylon pachycladum M.Pop ., and Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Iljin. . A related saxaul species

90-646: Is Haloxylon persicum (or white saxaul). The saxaul is distributed in the lowlands of Central Asia – including southern Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , western Uzbekistan , Iran , west Afghanistan , Mongolia and China , namely Xinjiang and Gansu . It also occurs incidentally in the west of Kirghizstan and Tajikistan . It is a psammophyte , and grows in sandy deserts, on sand dunes, and in steppe up to 1,600 m (5,200 ft) above sea level. In Central Asia it often forms 'saxaul forests', in Iran it usually grows more scattered. It also grows in

108-600: Is a traditional Turkmen firewood. It was heavily harvested in some provinces in Turkmenistan as it was used for fuel to fight the 2008 Central Asia energy crisis . In the Gobi desert, the saxaul is often the only kind of tree found. It used to be, and in some place still is, the only kind of wood that nomads can use for heating and cooking. When the Russian Imperial Navy brought the first steamships into

126-526: Is in leaf all year, and flowers in May–June. The plant's extensive root system is useful for stabilising sandy soils. The wood is durable and heavy and is used in general carpentry. As it burns well and gives a good heat it is used as a fuel. It is called " ghada " in Arabic and was frequently mentioned in classical Arabic poetry . Turcmenigena varentzovi (saxaul longhorn beetle, Varentsov's longhorn beetle)

144-537: Is part of an Important Bird Area (IBA) and since 1979 has been an under the monitoring of UNESCO but "the site is under the administration of the Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan". The reserve "supports the most complete assemblage of bird species typical of the sand desert of the Karakum" and "has an important population of Goitered Gazelle ( Gazella subgutturosa ) which is listed as Vulnerable (VU) in

162-498: The IUCN Red List ". Repetek Biosphere State Reserve has a desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWk ), with cool winters and very hot summers. Rainfall is generally light and erratic, and occurs mainly in the winter and autumn months. On 28 July 1983, Repetek Biosphere State Reserve recorded a temperature of 50.1 °C (122.2 °F), which is the highest temperature to have ever been recorded in Turkmenistan and

180-459: The biosphere reserve since 1982 to 1991 consists of about 250 papers (30% on landscape structure and geography, 20% on botany and 50% on zoology). The Institute of Deserts, Flora and Fauna of the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan was established in 1962 to study ways of reclaiming desert land for economic use in the reserve. A museum is present at the site. The Repetek Biosphere State Reserve

198-513: The desert'. Saxaul is planted on a large scale in the afforestation of arid areas in China. Being highly drought-resistant, it has played an important role in the establishment of shelter belts and the fixation of sand dunes as a counter to desertification . The thick bark of the saxaul tree stores water. Quantities of the bark may be pressed for drinking water, making saxaul an important source of water in arid regions where it grows. Saxaul

SECTION 10

#1732787024786

216-480: The former Soviet Union , and higher than the record high temperatures ever recorded for Europe or South America. Haloxylon aphyllum Haloxylon ammodendron , variously called the saxaul (Russian: саксау́л , romanized : saksaúl ), black saxaul , also spelled sacsaoul or saksaul is a plant belonging to the family Amaranthaceae . "Saksaul" is a common Turkic word that entered Russian through Kazakh . The saxaul ranges in size from

234-558: The hard and resinous wood was difficult to cut, and knotty and crooked saxaul logs could not be stored space-efficiently in the ships' holds. Therefore, starting from 1852, the Aral Flotilla switched to coal as its main fuel, despite the remarkable costs of shipping it by caravan from Orenburg . The Uzbek government has also planted the trees in the Aral Desert to help prevent the spread of toxic salts left behind when

252-506: The land-locked Aral Sea , the local Governor-General Vasily Perovsky ordered the commander of Fort Aralsk to collect "as large as possible supply" of saxaul wood ( Anabasis saxaul , in the source) for use by the new steamships on their maiden navigation of 1851. Unfortunately for the Russian Naval budget (but probably quite fortunately for the saxaul itself), saxaul wood turned out to be not particularly suitable for steamships, as

270-437: The plant appears nearly leafless. The inflorescences consist of short lateral shoots borne on stems of the previous year. The flowers are bisexual or male, very small, as long as or shorter than the bracteoles . The flowering period is from March to April. In fruit, the perianth segments develop spreading pale brown or white wings. The diameter of the winged fruit is about 8 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 8  in). The seed

288-734: The reserve. The Repetek sandy desert scientific station was organized in 1912 by the decision of the Russian Geographical Society , and the reserve was established in 1928 on the base of the scientific station. During the Soviet period the reserve belongs to the Institute of Deserts of the Turkmen SSR Academy of Sciences. The list of scientific publications concerning with the Repetek sandy desert station and

306-511: The sandy parts of Saudi Arabia . Turcmenigena varentzovi (saxaul longhorn beetle, Varentsov's longhorn beetle) is a pest of the black saxaul tree in Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . Dark cone-like galls are often found on the plants. A parasitic plant, Cistanche deserticola , that grows on the roots of the saxaul is prized in Chinese medicine as the ' ginseng of

324-587: The sea dried up, which have caused numerous health problems for people living on the perimeter of the desert. Haloxylon persicum Haloxylon persicum , the white saxaul , is a small tree belonging to the family Amaranthaceae . Its range is Western Asia , including the Palestine region , Egypt , Sinai , South Iraq , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Oman , UAE , Afghanistan , and Pakistan , to Central Asia ( Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan , etc.), and China ( Xinjiang etc.). The Haloxylon persicum has

#785214