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53-563: Repparfjorden is a fjord in Hammerfest Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway . It has a length of about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi), and cuts into Porsangerhalvøya from the west, southeast of the island of Kvaløya . As of 2015, the municipal and national authorities have made plans to dump up to two million tons of waste into the fjord annually for fifteen years. The material is waste from planned copper mines that

106-437: A bit longer, conversely the polar night lasts from 23 November to 19 January (59 days). The weather data is from Hammerfest Airport about 80 m elevation and 2 km from the town. Hammerfest town is at sea level, thus the town itself might be slightly warmer. During the summer, massive reindeer herds migrate from their winter pastures in the inner parts of Finnmark to the coast. Among the islands inhabited by reindeer during

159-523: A magnetite ore mine in Fredfjorden and discharge the toxins into the fjord. Fredfjorden, like Repparfjorden, is designated as a "national salmon fjord" for wild salmon and, as such, should be legally protected. Previous experiences with subsurface tailing deposits harmed ecosystems and the local economy. The conflict between Nussir and the Sámi Parliament , with other stakeholders such as

212-534: A museum displaying the history of Arctic hunting. The newspaper Hammerfestingen is published in Hammerfest. American author Bill Bryson begins his European travels in 1990, documented in his book Neither Here Nor There , with a visit to Hammerfest in order to see the Northern Lights, calling it "an agreeable enough town in a thank-you-God-for-not-making-me-live-here sort of way". Hammerfest

265-416: A new Maasø Municipality . This left Hammerfest by og landdistrikt with 2,024 residents. On 1 January 1852, the rural district outside of the town (population: 1,256) was separated from the town to form the new Hammerfest landdistrikt Municipality. This left the town of Hammerfest with 1,125 residents. (The rural Hammerfest landdistrikt was later divided into two municipalities: Sørøysund Municipality in

318-560: A stark contrast to the economic downhill and negative population growth most other municipalities in Finnmark are experiencing. After the opening of natural gas production on Melkøya there have been some problems with significant smoke and soot pollution in the initial production phases. Snøhvit is Europe's first export facility for liquefied natural gas. Hammerfest offers sport and commercial fishing , both sea and freshwater , as well as scuba diving . The northernmost glacier on

371-652: A suite of (open and free) data and tools named the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) to improve the science for policy support to the European Commission Directorate Generals and Services and as support to the United Nations system. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states , microstates and urban dependencies . In fact, 95% of the world's population

424-452: Is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by total land area , sometimes including seas and oceans, as appropriate. Low densities may cause an extinction vortex and further reduce fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it. Examples of the causes of reduced fertility in low population densities are: Population density is

477-445: Is concentrated on just 10% of the world's land. These territories have a relatively small area and a high urbanization level, with an economically specialized city population drawing also on rural resources outside the area, illustrating the difference between high population density and overpopulation . Deserts have very limited potential for growing crops as there is not enough rain to support them. Thus, their population density

530-472: Is connected to the main road network by Norwegian national road 94 which branches off from European route E6 at Skaidi in the neighbouring municipality of Kvalsund. The town is a port of call for the Hurtigruten ship route. Hammerfest also has Finnmark's third largest airport, Hammerfest Airport , opened 30 July 1974. Before the opening of the airport, the only air link to Hammerfest was by seaplane ,

583-516: Is done because it is the cheapest possible method, despite the fact that's it is damaging to the marine ecosystem. Norway is one of just four nations in the world that allows the mining sector to dump tailings in fjords, the others being Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Turkey. "The mine in Kvalsund, where tens of millions of tons of waste will be dumped in the Repparfjord, will be a disaster for

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636-773: Is generally low. However, some cities in the Middle East, such as Dubai , have been increasing in population and infrastructure growth at a fast pace. Cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Very densely populated cities are mostly in Asia (particularly Southeast Asia ); Africa's Lagos , Kinshasa , and Cairo ; South America's Bogotá , Lima , and São Paulo ; and Mexico City and Saint Petersburg also fall into this category. City population and especially area are, however, heavily dependent on

689-571: Is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Vestre Finnmark District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal . The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Hammerfest is made up of 35 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show

742-528: Is mostly composed of excess rock with traces of copper and nickel. Despite the large amounts of waste, Nussir claims to be the supplier of "one of the World's cleanest copper ores" and "environmentally friendly," according to their website. Nussir is supported by the Norwegian government, which boasts a 98% renewable energy grid, due to copper, which is Nussir's main export. Copper is a super-conductive metal which

795-541: Is powering Norway's electric-dependent future. A copper mine in Arctic Norway threatens to contaminate a fjord used by Sámi fishermen and disrupt Native reindeer calving areas. Nonetheless, not everyone is opposed to it. According to Nussir's environmental impact report, the mining tailings will have a "little adverse impact" on the coastal habitat. According to the report, the coagulation process will cause high concentrations of dangerous materials to accumulate around

848-602: Is that the Nussir operation will destroy the ecosystems within the fjord, which many of the locals are heavily dependent on. This conflict is considered to be ongoing. Sámi Parliament is a cultural council in strong opposition to the decision to allow mining and dumping of waste in the Repparfjord. Their concerns are primarily that of preserving the way of life of the Sámi people. More specifically, they warn of "very extensive and negative consequences for fisheries, reindeer herders and

901-580: Is the 19th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Hammerfest is the 103rd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 11,338. The municipality's population density is 4.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (11/sq mi) and its population has increased by 0% over the previous 10-year period. The municipality encompasses parts of three large islands: Kvaløya , Sørøya , and Seiland . Other small islands such as Håja , Lille Kamøya and Kamøya are also located here. Most parts of

954-456: Is used. It is called Hámmerfeasta when it is spelled alone, but it is Hámmerfeastta suohkan when using the Sami language equivalent to "Hammerfest Municipality". Beside the official Hámmerfeasta , there are also two other common variants of the Sámi name: Hámmarfeasta and Hámmárfeasta . The coat of arms was granted on 16 December 1938, in preparation for the celebration of

1007-583: The Germans soon fortified the town of Hammerfest and used it as a major base. The importance of Hammerfest to the Germans increased dramatically after their invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. The occupiers installed three coastal batteries in and around Hammerfest, one with four 10.5 cm (4.1 in) guns on Melkøya island near the town, one with three 10.5 cm guns on a hill right outside

1060-723: The Hammerfest prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland . Many grave sites dating back to the Stone Age can be found here. This location was an important fishing and Arctic hunting settlement for a long time before Hammerfest was given market town rights by royal decree of Christian VII of Denmark–Norway in 1789. After their victory in the Norwegian Campaign of the Second World War ,

1113-421: The town of Hammerfest and the vast rural district surrounding it. The law at that time required that all towns should be separated from their rural districts, but because of low population and very few voters, this was impossible to carry out for Hammerfest in 1838. (This was also the case in the nearby towns of Vadsø and Vardø .) In 1839, the northern part of Hammerfest (population: 498) was separated to become

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1166-413: The 150th anniversary of the town's establishment in 1939. The official blazon is " Gules , a polar bear statant argent " ( Norwegian : En hvit isbjørn i rødt ). This means the arms have a red field (background) and the charge is a polar bear . The polar bear has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The polar bear

1219-630: The Norwegian Government's involvement, began in 2014. It is categorized as a mineral ores and building materials extraction conflict within Kvalsund Municipality (which became part of Hammerfest Municipality in 2020). The Norwegian Government and Nussir maintain that the mining is sustainable and necessary for environmental advances, yet the Sámi population and other environmental organizations fear destruction of marine and terrestrial environments. The Sámi also claim that

1272-681: The Norwegian mainland is a hiking destination. The town is a starting point for northern tours. There is a daily boat to the North Cape ( Norwegian : Nordkapp ). One chain of the Struve Geodetic Arc , now on the World Heritage List , is located at Fuglenes in Hammerfest. Hammerfest is also a centre of Sami culture. Hammerfest is home to the Royal and Ancient Polar Bear Society ( Norwegian : Isbjørnklubben );

1325-424: The animals. For hygienic reasons large sums of money have to be spent every year to clean up after the animals. In response to the complaints the town authorities built a 20-kilometre-long (12 mi), 1.2-metre-tall (4 ft) fence encircling the town to keep the animals out. However, as of the 2008 reindeer season, the fence had proven ineffective, with reindeer managing to pass through on road crossings, despite

1378-464: The authorities have approved. Northern Europe's mineral sector is expanding, with nations such as Sweden, Finland, and Norway all aiming to graze into a mineral exploration era. Nussir ASA is developing a copper mine in the Repparfjord, located in Finnmark in the far northwestern region of Norway. The mine's tailing will be poured into the fjord over 20 years, totaling 30 million metric tonnes of hazardous mining tailings. Nordic Mining intends to establish

1431-526: The autumn of 1944 after a Soviet offensive at the northern extremity of the Eastern Front pushed into eastern Finnmark. All of Finnmark including the town was looted and burned to the ground by the Germans when they retreated in 1945, the last of the town having been destroyed by the time the Germans finally left on 10 February 1945. Only the town's small funeral chapel, built in 1937, was left standing. The Museum of Reconstruction in Hammerfest tells

1484-460: The current and historical composition of the council by political party . The mayors ( Norwegian : ordfører ) of Hammerfest: The construction of the large liquefied natural gas site on Melkøya (island) just off Hammerfest, which will process natural gas from Snøhvit , is the most expensive construction project in the history of Northern Norway. This project has resulted in an economic boom and new optimism in Hammerfest in recent years,

1537-547: The definition of "urban area" used: densities are almost invariably higher for the center only than when suburban settlements and intervening rural areas are included, as in the agglomeration or metropolitan area (the latter sometimes including neighboring cities). In comparison, based on a world population of 8 billion, the world's inhabitants, if conceptualized as a loose crowd occupying just under 1 m (10 sq ft) per person (cf. Jacobs Method ), would occupy an area of 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi)

1590-472: The discharge location on the bottom, affecting just a small portion of the fjord. According to Van der Meern, it would only take one unpredictable weather event, such as an inundated river or high winds, which are growing more frequent as the climate changes, to send the dangerous material to the surface, north to the Barents Sea, and beyond. Environmentalists, on the other hand, claim that dumping at sea

1643-428: The environment". The Sámi people make their living off of reindeer husbandry and fishing, and fear that the Nussir mining operation will destroy the ecosystem needed to cultivate their livelihood. A main concern of the Sámi people is the destruction of the salmon fjord. However, it is difficult to contest because of the Norwegian government's support of Nussir ASA. Nussir ASA is a mining company with financial holding in

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1696-465: The extraction of ores. The company seeks to extract 50,000 tonnes of copper ore annually. Nussir plans to extract the copper through two sub-surface mining deposits located at Nussir and Ulveryggen in Reppardfjord, the homeplace of the Sámi people. Nussir ASA legally has permission to dump two million tonnes of waste into Repparfjord each year. This waste is often referred to as tailings . The waste

1749-512: The first route established in 1936. Hammerfest is town twinned with the following foreign settlements: Denmark, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands have honorary consulates in Hammerfest. Population density Population density (in agriculture : standing stock or plant density ) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans , but sometimes to other living organisms too. It

1802-662: The fjord, the fish, and reindeer herding," says Gaute Eiterjord, director of Nature and Youth, one of the groups organized to direct actions and peaceful protests to against the mining plans. The government and the corporation do not listen to the community's right-bearers, nor do they consider reindeer pastoralism seriously. The projected negative effects will be borne by present consumers of natural resources, particularly Sámi reindeer herders and fishermen. 70°30′N 24°10′E  /  70.50°N 24.17°E  / 70.50; 24.17 Hammerfest Municipality The 2,693-square-kilometre (1,040 sq mi) municipality

1855-403: The mine will disrupt their traditional lifestyle and destroy the grazing grounds of their reindeer. Reindeer husbandry is the main source of sustenance and income for many Sámi and without it, the consequences will be detrimental to Sámi life and culture. The conflict is of medium intensity, with visible mobilization and street protests present. In 2021, the Sámi camped in tents for two months where

1908-433: The mountain meets the fjord. The camping was an act of civil disobedience and cultural celebration. Other forms of mobilization include blockades, boycotts, and development of NGOs. The conflict is considered to be ongoing. The ecological conflict is categorized as wetlands and coastal zones management issues. The Repparfjord is classified as a National Salmon Fjord because of its Atlantic salmon spawning grounds. The concern

1961-544: The municipality do not have a road connection with the rest of Norway; only Kvaløya island is connected to the mainland, via the Kvalsund Bridge . The town of Hammerfest is considered to be one of the northernmost city/towns in the world. For more information, see Hammerfest (town)#Northernmost city . A municipality called Hammerfest by og landdistrikt (Hammerfest town and district) was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law), which included

2014-686: The municipality. The Vargsundet strait separates the island Seiland from the mainland. Seiland National Park is partially located in the municipality on the island of Seiland. Seilandsjøkelen and Nordmannsjøkelen are both large glaciers that are located in the park. The Nordefjorden is a fjord that is part of the park. The highest point in the municipality is the 1,078-metre (3,537 ft) tall mountain Seilandstuva . Komagaksla and Hammaren are both mountains located in Hammerfest Municipality. Hasvik Municipality lies to

2067-432: The name comes from the word festr which means "rope" or "fastening" (for boats). On 1 January 2020 when the neighboring Hammerfest Municipality and Kvalsund Municipality were merged, the new municipality chose two parallel, bilingual, interchangeable names: Hammerfest kommune   ( Norwegian ) and Hámmerfeastta suohkan   ( Northern Sami ) . The Sami language name spelling changes depending on how it

2120-441: The north and Kvalsund Municipality in the south.) On 1 January 1992, Sørøysund Municipality (population: 2,341) was merged with the town of Hammerfest (population: 6,909) to form a new, larger municipality that was called Hammerfest Municipality. In 2017, the neighboring Hammerfest Municipality and Kvalsund Municipality voted to merge into one large municipality effective 1 January 2020, and that merger came into effect on

2173-510: The number of people per unit of area, usually transcribed as "per square kilometer" or square mile, and which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this is calculated for a county , city , country , another territory or the entire world . The world's population is around 8,000,000,000 and the Earth 's total area (including land and water) is 510,000,000 km (200,000,000 sq mi). Therefore,

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2226-460: The planned date. Also on the same day, the new municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county. Previously, it had been part of the old Finnmark county. On 1 January 2024, the Troms og Finnmark county was divided and the municipality once again became part of Finnmark county. The municipality is named after the town of Hammerfest , which was established in 1789. The town

2279-508: The presence of electrified grates embedded in the ground. The problem continues – the mayor, Alf E. Jakobsen , joked during the local election in 2011 that he was contemplating a career as a reindeer herder if he lost the vote. Hammerfest Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services , senior citizen services, welfare and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality

2332-414: The same as Anchorage, Alaska , which is located at a latitude of 61° North. Hammerfest often experiences heavy snowfall in winter, and on some occasions, avalanches or risk of avalanches have forced some inhabitants to be evacuated from their exposed homes until the danger was over. The " midnight sun " is above the horizon from 14 May to 31 July (79 days), and the period with continuous daylight lasts

2385-635: The story of these events and the recovery of the region. The Soviet troops in eastern Finnmark were withdrawn in September 1945. Mines and munitions left over from the Second World War were found and destroyed as late as 2008. The island municipality encompasses parts of the mainland as well as three large islands: Kvaløya , Sørøya , and Seiland . Other small islands such as Lille Kamøya and Kamøya are also located here. The Sørøysundet , Kvalfjorden , and Repparfjorden are all located in

2438-399: The summer months is Kvaløya, the island on which Hammerfest town is located. For years many of the 2,500 to 3,000 reindeer in the area have been coming into the town itself, wandering in the streets and among the houses. Although popular with tourists, this has been less favourably received by the town's population, with people complaining of traffic disturbances and the dung and urine left by

2491-526: The town and a final battery with casemated 13 cm (5.1 in) pieces on the Rypklubben peninsula near Rypefjord . The main German U-boat base in Finnmark was in Hammerfest, serving as a central supply base for the vessels attacking the allied supply convoys to Russia . Luftwaffe seaplanes were based at an improvised naval air station in nearby Rypefjord. The garrison in Hammerfest

2544-423: The town was hit by explosive and incendiary devices, but little damage was done. On 29 August 1944 Soviet bombers launched a second airstrike, inflicting significantly more damage to buildings and infrastructure in downtown Hammerfest. Two ships were sunk in the harbour. The ships lost were the local transports Tanahorn and Brynilen . The population was forcibly evacuated by the occupying German troops in

2597-414: The west, Alta Municipality lies to the southwest, Porsanger Municipality lies to the southeast, and Måsøy Municipality lies to the northeast. The Barents Sea lies to the north. Hammerfest has a subarctic climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfc ). In spite of the extreme northern location, there is no permafrost , as the mean annual temperature is approximately 2.5 °C (36 °F), about

2650-599: The worldwide human population density is approximately 8,000,000,000 ÷ 510,000,000 = 16/km (41/sq mi). However, if only the Earth's land area of 150,000,000 km (58,000,000 sq mi) is taken into account, then human population density is 53/km (140/sq mi). This includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica . However, if Antarctica is excluded, then population density rises to over 58 per square kilometre (150/sq mi). The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) has developed

2703-596: Was also protected by around 4,000 mines and numerous anti-aircraft guns . During their long retreat following the Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation , the Germans no longer managed to transport troops by sea further east due to intensive Red Air Force raids. Thus Hammerfest became their main shipping port in Finnmark in the autumn of 1944. The town of Hammerfest was bombed twice by the Soviet Air Forces . The first time, on 14 February 1944,

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2756-406: Was chosen as a symbol for the fishing in the polar seas north of Norway. The polar bear itself is not native to mainland Norway. Because of its town status, the arms often have a mural crown above them. The arms were designed by Ole Valle and the design was updated by Arvid Steen in 2001. The Church of Norway has three parishes ( sokn ) within the municipality of Hammerfest. It is part of

2809-428: Was named after an old anchorage . The first element of the name is derived from the local Hamran ( Old Norse : Hamarr ). Hamran were a number of large rocks, good for mooring boats in the local harbour. The name comes from the word hamarr which means "stone", "steep cliff", or "rock face". The local Hamran were covered up in land reclaiming during the early years after World War II . The last element of

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