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44-486: It is located in the alpine valley of the same name in the Julian Alps , about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Udine , on the border with Slovenia and around 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the border with Austria . As of 1 January 2015, it had a population of 1,048 and an area of 119.0 square kilometres (45.9 sq mi). The municipality comprises

88-836: A mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps that stretch from northeastern Italy to Slovenia , where they rise to 2,864 m at Mount Triglav , the highest peak in Slovenia . A large part of the Julian Alps is included in Triglav National Park . The second highest peak of the range, the 2,755 m high Jôf di Montasio , lies in Italy . The Julian Alps cover an estimated 4,400 km (of which 1,542 km lies in Italy). They are located between

132-665: A common history, as well as similar cultural and linguistic features with the Slovenes from Venetian Slovenia. The Slovenes living in the Provinces of Trieste and Gorizia shared, until 1918, the same history with most other Slovenes : by the end of the 15th century, they were included in the Habsburg monarchy , and in the 19th century they actively participated in the Slovene national revival. Between 1849 and 1918, they were part of

176-724: A lower percentage in Tarvisio. Until 1918, the Canale Valley ( Kanalska dolina ) was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Since the Middle Ages, it was a part of the Duchy of Carinthia . The local Slovene speakers shared the same history, traditions and linguistic features with other Carinthian Slovenes . According to the last Austrian census of 1910, the valley had around 9,000 inhabitants, among whom around

220-713: A much smaller area, and are located mainly in Italy . Only the Kanin group lies in part in Slovenia. The main peaks by height are: Important passes of the Julian Alps are: Slovene minority in Italy Slovene minority in Italy ( Slovene : slovenska manjšina v Italiji , Italian : minoranza slovena in Italia ), also known as Slovenes in Italy ( Slovene : Slovenci v Italiji , Italian : sloveni in Italia )

264-518: A new border between Italy and Yugoslavia was drawn, dividing the Julian March between the two states. The border was artificial, insofar as it was not based on any significant historical or geographical divides. In many cases, the border separated families and ran through fields and estates. All these reasons contributed to the strong connection between the Slovenes who remained in Italy with their counterparts that were annexed to Yugoslavia. Until

308-445: A part of Venetian Slovenia . According to Italian and regional legislation, Resians are considered as part of the Slovene minority in Italy; however, there are strong local movements that oppose identification with Slovenes and Slovene language, and defend a separate Resian identity. Notable Slovenes, who were either born in what is today Italy, or who spent a considerable part of their lives in these area, include: Besides members of

352-565: A petition declaring that they are not Slovenes. In January 2009 the mayor of the Resia municipality, Sergio Barbarino, who is not a Resian, filed an official demand that Resia be included among the municipalities in which the Italian–Slovene bilingualism is applied. The subsequent mayor Sergio Chinese – himself a native of Resia – declared that "Resia and the Resians have nothing in common with

396-533: A revival of Slovene language in these villages after 1990, with a focus on the younger generations. The inhabitants of the Resia Valley ( Rezija ) in north-western Friuli speak a specific dialect of Slovene, known as Resian . Due to its specific phonetic features and archaic grammar, Resian is not mutually intelligible with standard Slovene and with most other Slovene dialects . Historically and culturally (as well as linguistically), Resia could be considered

440-569: A third were Slovene speakers, with the remainder German speakers. In 1918, after the end of World War I, the valley was occupied by the Italian Army, and in 1919 it was officially annexed to Italy. In the 1920s and 1930s, many Italians were settled in this area, which bordered both Austria and Yugoslavia . In 1939, the South Tyrol Option Agreement between Italy and Nazi Germany was also applied to ethnic Germans in

484-637: Is also renowned for its fables , which have been extensively collected, translated into standard Slovene and published in various Slovenian publications since the late 19th century. Since the 1990s, several cultural institutions have been set up to promote the historical and cultural heritage of the valley. The most important is the Cultural Association 'Resian Home' ( Te kultürski čirkolo "Rozajanski Dum" , Italian: Circolo culturale resiano "Rozajanski dum" , standard Slovene: Kulturno društvo "Rezijanski dom" ), founded in 1983 to foster and protect

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528-615: Is the name given to Italian citizens who belong to the autochthonous Slovene ethnic and linguistic minority living in the Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia . The vast majority of members of the Slovene ethnic minority live in the Provinces of Trieste , Gorizia , and Udine . Estimates of their number vary significantly; the official figures show 52,194 Slovenian speakers in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as per

572-589: The Julian March or Venezia Giulia (the present-day Provinces of Trieste and Gorizia ) became Italian citizens only with the Treaty of Rapallo of 1920. In the late 1920s and 1930s, many of them supported underground anti-Fascist groups, such as TIGR . During World War II large portions of the population took part in the Yugoslav partisan movement , and between 1945 and 1947, many of them actively supported

616-522: The Sava Valley and Canale Valley . They are divided into the Eastern and Western Julian Alps. The Julian Alps were known in antiquity as Alpes Iuliae , and also attested as Alpes Julianae c. AD 670, Alpis Julia c. 734, and Alpes Iulias in 1090. Like the municipium of Forum Julii (now Cividale del Friuli ) at the foot of the mountains, the range was named after Julius Caesar of

660-460: The Treaty of Osimo of 1975), and since 1991 between Italy and Slovenia . Since 1945, the Slovenes in Italy have enjoyed partial cultural autonomy , including an education system in Slovene . They have a wide net of cultural and civic associations. The Slovene language is co-official in many of the municipalities with presence of the Slovene minority, and visual bilingualism is applied in most of

704-511: The gens Julia , perhaps due to a road built by Julius Caesar and completed by Augustus . There are many peaks in the Eastern Julian Alps over 2,000 m high, and they are mainly parts of ridges. The most prominent peaks are visible by their height and size. There are high plateaus on the eastern border, such as Pokljuka , Mežakla , and Jelovica . The main peaks by height are the following: The Western Julian Alps cover

748-490: The provinces of Trieste , Gorizia and Udine . Slovene immigrants living in other parts of Italy are not considered as members of the minority. Slovenes live along the border with Slovenia . Their traditional area of settlement includes: Today the Slovene minority is present in 32 municipalities in the region: 6 in the Province of Trieste, 6 in the Province of Gorizia and 20 in the Province of Udine. In 16 of them, they are

792-475: The 1940s and 1960s, the Slovenes from the Provinces of Gorizia and Trieste established the infrastructure of minority organizations that now serve the needs of the whole minority. They have enjoyed a certain degree of cultural autonomy (the most important feature being the education system in Slovene) since 1945, and they have maintained strong relations with Slovenia, especially with the neighboring border areas of

836-482: The 1950s and 1960s, the Slovenes from the Provinces of Gorizia and Trieste frequently referred to themselves as Littoral Slovenes. Since the 1960s, this identification with the Slovenian Littoral has faded, but it can still be traced in the names of certain institutions, most notably in the title of the Slovene daily newspaper of Trieste, called Primorski dnevnik which means “The Littoral Daily”. Between

880-469: The 1971 census, but Slovenian estimates speak of 83,000 to 100,000 people. The Slovene minority in Italy enjoys legal protection of its collective rights, guaranteed by the Italian constitution and specific legislation, as well as by international treaties (especially the London Memorandum of 1954), and bilateral agreements initially stipulated first between Italy and Yugoslavia (especially

924-564: The Austrian administrative region known as Austrian Littoral , and were known as Littoral Slovenes ( Primorski Slovenci ). After 1918, they came under Italian administration and were included in the region known as the Julian March ( Venezia Giulia ). They shared the same fate as other Slovenes in the Julian March: they were subjected to Fascist Italianization , which gave rise to pro-Yugoslav irredentism . In 1947, after World War II,

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968-633: The Fella valley, which leads to the upper Friulian plain. This is the most usual way to access this isolated valley. To the south-east of the Resia Valley, there is a narrow mountain pass, called Carnizza ( Slovene : Karnica ), leading from Resia Valley to the upper Torre Valley ( Slovene : Terska dolina ). The same mountain pass also leads to the Učja Canyon (Uccea), which ends in the Soča valley near

1012-886: The Italian Act for the Protection of the Slovene Minority are to be fully applied in Resia. In August 2010, the municipal assembly of Resia asked for the removal of Resia from the list of municipalities, in which the Law for the Protection of the Slovene Linguistic Community is enforced. However, such removal is not possible according to the law. Resia is twinned with: Julian Alps The Julian Alps ( Slovene : Julijske Alpe , Italian : Alpi Giulie , Venetian : Alpe Jułie , Friulian : Alps Juliis , German : Julische Alpen ) are

1056-673: The Italian Parliament. Around 3,000 Slovenes live in the Canale Valley in the north-easternmost part of the Province of Udine . The valley is currently divided among three municipalities: Tarvisio ( Trbiž ), Malborghetto Valbruna ( Naborjet - Ovčja vas ), and Pontebba ( Tablja ). Most of the local Slovenes live in the first two, representing around half of the population in Malborghetto Valbruna and

1100-471: The Law on the Protection of the Slovene Linguistic Community is to be applied. Many bilingual signs have been erected in the valley since the early 2000s. The Resian people are known for their rich folkloric traditions, especially their music and dances. Many Slovenian folk and folk rock groups, such as Katalena and Terrafolk , have drawn their inspiration from the Resian folk tradition. Resian folklore

1144-473: The Resia Valley, a typical Alpine glacial valley , surrounded by high mountains of the Julian Alps , with a narrow opening towards the west. The valley is located on the western edge of a high mountain range of the Julian Alps. To the east, it is closed by the Kanin mountain group also of the Julian Alps, which separates it from the Soča valley in the Slovenian Littoral . To the west, the valley opens towards

1188-507: The Resian identity in the frame of the Slovene minority in Italy , and those who oppose this identification and refuse to be considered part of the Slovene people . While the majority of the Resian cultural associations are integrated in the network of the Slovene minority in Italy, there are also political movements rejecting the identification of Resians with Slovenes. The majority of the population does not consider itself Slovene. In 2004, 1,014 out of 1,285 (78.9%) inhabitants of Resia signed

1232-484: The Slovene minorities in Austria and Hungary, the term zamejski Slovenci or Zamejci (< za 'behind' + meja 'border' + ci , a suffix) tends to be used mostly for the Slovenes in Italy. This term is often used also by the Slovenes in Italy themselves, and it is considered a neutral and politically correct term. The Slovene minority in Italy lives in the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia , more precisely, in

1276-544: The Slovenes of Gorizia and Trieste, who remained under Austrian rule until after World War I . For long, the identity of the local Slovenes was mostly a linguistic and, to an extent, an ethnic one, but not a national one. The Slovenes of these areas lacked any form of collective minority or linguistic rights until the year 2000, when the Law for the Defense of the Slovene-Speaking Minority was passed by

1320-462: The Slovenes of the Julian March (the Provinces of Trieste and Gorizia), the Slovenes from Venetian Slovenia , and the Slovenes from the Canale Valley (in the Province of Udine). Each of these three groups has had a significantly different history, which resulted in different identities. The Slovenes in the Resia Valley are sometimes considered as a fourth group, due to their specific linguistic features and separate identity; nevertheless, they share

1364-455: The Slovenes" and that the Resian language "has nothing to do with Slovene". He requested that Resia be removed from the list of municipalities where Italian–Slovene bilingualism is applied. In February 2010, the new municipal administration of Resia replaced the bilingual Italian–Resian road signs with new ones, in which the Resian place names were written in the Italian orthography instead of

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1408-596: The Slovenian Littoral. In 1986 the Slovenian community founded the football club Kras Repen , which locates its fan base among the Slovenes in Italy. Venetian Slovenia ( Slovene : Beneška Slovenija or Benečija , Italian : Slavia Veneta ) is the traditional name for Slovene-speaking areas in the valleys of upper Natisone and Torre rivers in eastern Friuli (currently in the Province of Udine ). The history of these areas has been strongly linked to

1452-661: The Slovenian village of Žaga . For centuries, this narrow pass was the only way connecting the Resia Valley with Venetian Slovenia and the Slovene Lands . The inhabitants of Resia speak a unique dialect, known as the Resian . According to the dialectologist Tine Logar , Resian is a transitory dialect between the Carinthian and Littoral dialects of Slovene. Resian maintains several archaic features that have been lost in most other Slovene dialects . Due to its isolation,

1496-498: The annexation to Yugoslavia . In the aftermath of World War II, their integration in the Italian state was slow and difficult: much of the anti-Slav Fascist legislation (for example, the forced Italianization of family names) remained valid, and in the context of the Cold War , the Slovene minority was regarded by many political parties, as well as by segments of State institutions, as a potential Yugoslav Trojan Horse . After 1947,

1540-575: The area; as a consequence, most of the German-speaking population was resettled to neighboring Carinthia . New settlers from other parts of Italy gradually took their place, which significantly altered the ethnic composition of the valley. Nowadays, Slovene is still spoken in several villages in the valley, especially Valbruna ( Ovčja vas ), Camporosso in Valcanale ( Žabnice ), Ugovizza ( Ukve ), and San Leopoldo ( Lipalja vas ). There has been

1584-519: The dialect has also developed a specific phonetic system, unlike any other in the South Slavic language group. In 1994, the linguist Han Steenwijk published the orthography of the Resian, in 1999 the first part of its reference grammar, and in 2005 a small orthographic dictionary. The people of Resia have conflicting opinions on whether they consider themselves Slovenes although they maintain close cultural, economic and family connections with

1628-533: The history of Friuli. Unlike most other ethnic Slovene territories (including the areas of Gorizia and Trieste), this region was part of the Venetian Republic for around 350 years (hence the name of the region). During that period, they enjoyed a large degree of autonomy. The Slovenes in this area were annexed to Italy together with the rest of the Venetia region in 1866, that is, half a century before

1672-552: The latter do not. The Slovene language is officially recognized in the following 32 municipalities, even though in many of these muncicipalities the presence of the Slovene minority is very small, representing as little as 2% of the population in some areas: In the Province of Trieste: In the Province of Gorizia: In the Province of Udine: The Slovene minority in Italy is highly differentiated along geographic, cultural-historical, identity and linguistic lines. In cultural-historical terms, three separate groups can be differentiated:

1716-445: The local culture. In the 1990s, the 'Resian Cultural Centre' ( Ta Rozajanska Kultürska Hïša , Italian: Centro Culturale Resiano , standard Slovene: Rezijanski kulturni dom ) was established as the central cultural venue in the valley. Both associations are fully included in the network of cultural associations of the Slovene minority in Italy . The political and public sphere in the valley is highly divided between those who understand

1760-428: The majority of the population. In addition to these, since the early 1920s, the Slovenes have been immigrating to the industrial areas of the lower Isonzo valley, to the lowland areas around Monfalcone , known as Bisiacaria , and to larger Friulian cities (such as Udine , Pordenone , and others). The former are nowadays considered members of the Slovene minority and thus enjoy certain collective minority rights, while

1804-563: The non-urban settlements with traditional Slovene presence. However, the implementation of these rights largely depends on the local administrations; thus, the situation varies significantly from area to area. Both Italy and Slovenia promote Slovene culture in Friuli-Venezia Giulia through subsidies for Slovene associations and organizations. The denomination “Slovenes in Italy” is preferred to “Italian Slovenes” or “Slovene Italians” due to historical reasons and reasons of identity. The Slovenes of

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1848-442: The people of the historical region known as Slavia Friulana , where Slovene linguistic and cultural identity is much more rooted. The Resians call their dialect rozajanski , while they frequently refer to the dialect of Bovec , which is the first large Slovene settlement on the other side of the Kanin mountain range, as tabuški , meaning 'the one from Bovec '. Since 2007, the Resia has been included in those municipalities where

1892-490: The scholarly accepted New Resian orthography. The Slovenian Foreign Ministry denounced the incident and brought it to the attention of the international community as an evidence of the institutional subversion of minority rights in Italy. In March 2010, the Italian Ministry of Interior confirmed that Resia is to be considered part of the bilingual Italian-Slovene territory and that linguistic rights guaranteed by

1936-581: The term zamejski Slovenci (literally, 'Slovenes beyond the border') started to be used by the Yugoslav press and institutions, especially in Slovenia . Initially, this term referred to all Slovene minorities residing outside Yugoslavia (in addition to the Slovenes in Italy, also the Carinthian Slovenes and Hungarian Slovenes ). This is still the way the term is used by state institutions in Slovenia. However, because alternative terms exist for

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