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66-769: The Declaration was "approved," "accepted," or "adopted" by the Orthodox Yearly Meetings of Indiana , Western, New England, New York, Baltimore, North Carolina, Iowa, and Canada. Among Orthodox Friends in North America, only Ohio and Philadelphia yearly meetings did not so act. The Friends United Meeting General Board reaffirmed the declaration as a statement of faith in February 2007. The Declaration appears in most Books of Discipline (Manuals of Faith and Practice) of Evangelical, Holiness and Friends United Meeting yearly meetings. In present-day Quakerdom,

132-514: A graduate or professional degree. 20.4% had no degree. 53.2% of Muncie residents were employed, working a mean of 34.0 hours per week. The median gross rent in Muncie was $ 714 and the homeownership rate was 50.0%. 4,491 housing units were vacant at an average density of 162.7 per square mile (62.8/km ). From its early days as a regional trading center for the surrounding agricultural community to its first wave of industrial development brought on by

198-839: A new board was appointed by Ball State's Board of Trustees. In 2021, following the Fall of Kabul and the U.S. withdrawal from the War in Afghanistan , several Afghan refugees arrived in Camp Atterbury , near Edinburgh, Indiana . Munsonian members of the nationwide organization, Afghan Women's and Kids' Education and Necessities (AWAKEN) formed the Muncie Afghan Refugee Resettlement Committee (MARRC) to help Afghan refugees resettle in Muncie. Afghan refugees began arriving in Muncie soon after. As

264-514: A new city hall, a new public library, and a new high school. The city's gasworks also began operations in the late 1870s. The Muncie Star was founded in 1899 and the Muncie Evening Press was founded in 1905. A new public library , which was a Carnegie library project, was dedicated on January 1, 1904, and served as the main branch of the city's public library system. The forerunner to Ball State University also arrived at

330-491: A new life. The black population in Muncie grew from 3.7% in 1890 to 5.6% in 1920 to 13.2% in 2013. Muncie's Riverside and Normal City neighborhoods had imposed sundown town rules by 1904, meaning "that unknown negroes who are found on the streets after nightfall are liable to be severely dealt with." In 1920, the city had the fifth-largest black population in Indiana, with 2,054 black residents. Two major parades were held by

396-557: A third major study that resulted in two books by Theodore Caplow, Middletown Families (1982) and All Faithful People (1983). Caplow returned to Muncie in 1998 to begin another study, Middletown IV, which became part of a Public Broadcasting Service documentary titled " The First Measured Century ", released in December 2000. The Ball State Center for Middletown Studies continues to survey and analyze social change in Muncie. A database of Middletown surveys conducted between 1978 and 1997

462-733: A two-year or four-year college degree, which is below the national average. The first decade of the 21st century saw a cultural shift toward local businesses and economic empowerment, boosted by the Muncie Downtown Development Partnership and the residents, patrons, and business owners of the downtown community. In 2007, Muncie was rated the most affordable college town in America by real estate company Coldwell Banker . In 2015, Forbes ranked Muncie 27th among small places for business and careers and 18th for cost of doing business. First Merchants Corporation

528-476: Is an incorporated city and the seat of Delaware County, Indiana , United States. Previously known as Buckongahelas Town, named after the prominent Delaware Chief, it is located in East Central Indiana , about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Indianapolis . At the 2020 United States Census , the city's population was 65,195, down from 70,085 in the 2010 Census. It is the principal city of

594-662: Is available online from the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA). Due to the extensive information collected from the Middletown studies during the twentieth century, Muncie is said to be one of the most studied cities of its size in the United States. In addition to being called a "typical American city", as the result of the Middletown studies , Muncie is known as Magic City or Magic Muncie, as well as

660-606: Is based in Muncie, and the first Scotty's Brewhouse location opened in the city in 1996. As of July 2022 (compare to October 2014), the largest employers in the city were: The David Owsley Museum of Art collection, which includes over 11,000 works, has been in the Fine Arts Building on the Ball State University campus since 1935. The Horizon Convention Center, located downtown, offers 47,000 square feet (4,400 m ) of exhibition space and houses

726-528: Is said to be one of the most studied United States cities of its size. The area was first settled in the 1790s by the Lenape (Delaware) people, who were forced west from their tribal lands in the Mid-Atlantic region (all of New Jersey , southeastern New York , eastern Pennsylvania , and northern Delaware ) to new lands in present-day Ohio and eastern Indiana . The Lenape founded several towns along

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792-593: The Central Yearly Meeting of Friends due to opposition to modernist theology. In 2013, after several years of tension over the issues of homosexuality and the authority of the yearly meeting, IYM released eighteen of its congregations. Fifteen of these congregations ultimately formed the New Association of Friends . Forty-five congregations and two Latino church plants remained in IYM, affirming

858-799: The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway ) reached Muncie in 1903. The Chicago, Indiana, and Eastern Railroad (acquired by a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad system) and the Chicago and Southeastern (sometimes called the Central Indiana Railroad) also served the city. In addition to the railroads, Muncie's roads connected to nearby towns and an electric interurban system, which arrived in the early 1900s, linked it to smaller towns and larger cities, including Indianapolis and Fort Wayne, Indiana , and Dayton, Ohio . With

924-654: The Indiana gas boom in the mid-1880s, Muncie has retained its ties to an industrial economy, and to a lesser extent its agricultural roots. In addition, the arrival of the forerunner to Ball State in the early twentieth century contributed to Muncie's development as an educational center, while Ball Memorial Hospital, established in 1929, led to the city's reputation as a healthcare center for east-central Indiana. Muncie's major industrial development included glass manufacturing, iron and steel mills, and automobile manufacturing and auto parts factories. Among its early major employers

990-480: The Ku Klux Klan in 1922 and 1924, with the mayor and police chief attending the 1924 parade. The first black police officer in Muncie was hired in 1899, and the city's first black police chief took his position in 1995. The first black teacher in the city was hired in 1952, and the first black principal was appointed in 1956. According to Hurley Goodall , the first serious black political candidate in Muncie

1056-568: The White River , including Munsee Town, near the site of present-day Muncie. Contrary to popular legend, the city's early name of Munsee Town is derived from the "Munsee" clan of Lenape people, the white settlers' name for a group of Native Americans whose village was once situated along the White River. There is no evidence that a mythological Chief Munsee ever existed. ("Munsee" means a member of or one of their languages . ) In 1818,

1122-533: The census of 2000, there were 67,430 people, 27,322 households, and 14,589 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,788.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,076.5/km ). There were 30,205 housing units at an average density of 1,248.9 per square mile (482.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 83.72% White , 12.97% African American , 0.27% Native American , 0.79% Asian , 0.09% Pacific Islander , 0.67% from other races , and 1.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of

1188-551: The 1920s, Robert and Helen Lynd led a team of sociologists in a study of a typical middle-American community. The Lynds chose Muncie as the locale for their field research, although they never specifically identified it as " Middletown " the fictional name of the town in their study. Muncie received national attention after the publication of their book, Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture (1929). The Lynds returned to Muncie to re-observe

1254-636: The 1950s and 1960s, Muncie has continued as an education center in the state and emerged as a regional health center. As enrollment at Ball State increased, new buildings were erected on the college's campus. Ball Memorial Hospital also expanded its facilities. However, by the 1960s, industrial trends had shifted. Beginning in the 1970s several manufacturing plants closed or moved elsewhere, while others adapted to industrial changes and remained in Muncie. Ball Corporation, for example, closed its Muncie glass manufacturing facilities in 1962 and its corporate headquarters relocated to Broomfield, Colorado in 1998. Muncie

1320-628: The 19th and 20th centuries. In the nineteenth century, this gave the yearly meeting a reputation for being both moderate and evangelical. As such, it was IYM that led the call for more centralization among Orthodox Gurneyite Friends, leading to the calling of the Friends Conference of 1887 and the Richmond Declaration . In 1924, some Friends from the Indiana Yearly Meeting and Western Yearly Meeting formed

1386-496: The AWAKEN organization wanted to continue work directly in Afghanistan, the temporary MARRC organization was closed. However, the presence of 130 Afghan refugees in Muncie in late 2022 compelled continued work in medical advocacy, employment, legal aid, and financial and reading education. A new organization, Refugee Alliance of Delaware County (RADC), was formed to welcome any refugees in Muncie and help them in establishing and building

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1452-542: The Delaware County seat and platted in 1827. On January 13, 1845, Indiana's governor signed legislation passed by the Indiana General Assembly to shorten the town's name to Muncie. Soon, a network of roads connected Muncie to nearby towns, adjacent counties, and to other parts of Indiana. The Indianapolis and Bellefontaine Railroad , the first to arrive in Muncie in 1852, provided the town and

1518-510: The Friendly City. During World War II, the city's manufacturers once again turned their efforts to wartime production. Ball State and Muncie's airport also trained pilots for the U.S. Navy . The postwar era was another period of expansion for Muncie, with continued growth and development of industries, construction of new homes, schools, and businesses. A population boom brought further development, especially from 1946 to 1965. Since

1584-623: The Indiana State Normal School, Eastern Division, the forerunner to Ball State University, opened in 1918. It was named Ball Teachers College in 1922, Ball State Teachers College in 1929, and Ball State University in 1965. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, in tandem with the gas boom, Muncie developed an active cultural arts community, which included music and art clubs, women's clubs, self-improvements clubs, and other social clubs. Hoosier artist J. Ottis Adams , who came to Muncie in 1876, later formed an art school in

1650-564: The Muncie Metropolitan Statistical Area , which encompasses all of Delaware County. The city is also included in the Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie, IN Combined Statistical Area . The Lenape ( Delaware ) people, led by Buckongahelas arrived in the area in the 1790s, founding several villages, including one known as Munsee Town, along the White River . The trading post , renamed Muncietown,

1716-585: The Muncie Children's Museum. The city also has a large group of independent art galleries. Three of the city's largest performing arts centers belong to Ball State University: the 3,581-seat Emens Auditorium , the 600-seat Sursa Performance Hall, and the 410-seat University Theatre. Downtown performing arts spaces include the Muncie Civic Theatre and Canan Commons, an outdoor amphitheater and greenspace that opened in 2011. In addition,

1782-544: The Richmond Declaration did not represent all branches of Friends and lamented that it had been used to expel ministers such as Joel Bean ; in Fager's view, the confession does not represent what he sees as authentic Friends theology. Quaker author Bill Samuel rebutted Fager's claims, stating that the Richmond Declaration of Faith is consistent with early Quaker thought, inclusive of Robert Barclay 's Apology for

1848-645: The True Christian Divinity ; Samuel stated that Fager read "an awful lot between the lines" to make negative claims about the Richmond Declaration of Faith. Though it was primarily written by a British Friend, Joseph Bevan Braithwaite , the London Yearly Meeting did not adopt the Richmond Declaration in 1888, after progressive younger members characterized by "theological and social drift" opposed its adoption in an extensive debate that "lasted for over five hours". Supported by many of

1914-408: The U.S. headquarters for Brevini Wind, an Italian-based company that manufactures gearboxes for wind turbines. In 2011, locomotive maker Progress Rail (a subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc ) opened in a former Westinghouse facility that had been vacant since 1998. The local economy is a controversial topic among Munsonians. While many older unemployed or underemployed residents strongly identify with

1980-410: The age of 18. The poverty rate for the town was 17.3% higher than that of the state. 18.6% of the population was disabled and 8.7% had no healthcare coverage. 34.3% of the population had attained a high school or equivalent degree, 19.7% had attended college but received no degree, 8.9% had attained an Associate's degree or higher, 14.0% had attained a Bachelor's degree or higher, and 11.6% had

2046-452: The area's native tribes ceded their lands to the federal government under the terms of the Treaty of St. Mary's and agreed to move farther west by 1821. New settlers began to arrive in what became Delaware County, Indiana , c.  1820 , shortly before the area's public lands were formally opened for purchase. The small trading village of Munsee Town, renamed Muncietown, was selected as

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2112-488: The arrival of the auto manufacturing and the related auto parts industry after the turn of the twentieth century, Muncie's industrial and commercial development increased as the population grew. During World War I, local manufacturers joined others around the county in converting their factories to production of war materiel . In the 1920s Muncie continued its rise as an automobile-manufacturing center, primarily due to its heavy industry and skilled labor force. During this time,

2178-404: The average family size was 2.86. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 19.8% under the age of 18, 24.6% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males. The median income for a household in

2244-447: The city was $ 26,613, and the median income for a family was $ 36,398. Males had a median income of $ 30,445 versus $ 21,872 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 15,814. About 14.3% of families and 23.1% of the population were below the poverty line , including 24.2% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2010, there were 70,085 people, 27,722 households, and 13,928 families residing in

2310-538: The city with fellow artist William Forsyth . Although their school closed with a year or two, other art groups were established, most notably the Art Students' League (1892) and the Muncie Art Association (1905). By the early twentieth century several railroads served Muncie, which helped to establish the city as a transportation hub. The Cincinnati, Richmond and Muncie Railroad (later known as

2376-617: The city's economic development. As in many mid-sized cities in the Rust Belt , deindustrialization , which began in the 1960s, impacted Muncie's economy. Several manufacturing plants closed or moved elsewhere. From 2001 to 2011, Muncie lost thousands of jobs as the city continued transitioning from a blue-collar workforce to a white-collar service economy primarily based on health care, education, and retail. Muncie has attracted some new manufacturers, while older factories have been converted to other industrial uses. In 2009, Muncie became

2442-731: The city's gas-boom period was the Ball Brothers Glass Manufacturing Company, which was renamed the Ball Corporation in 1969. The Ball brothers , who were searching for a new site for their glass manufacturing business that was closer to an abundant natural-gas supply, built a new glass-making foundry in Muncie, beginning its glass production on March 1, 1888. In 1889 the company relocated its metal manufacturing operations to Muncie. In addition to several other glass factories, Muncie attracted iron and steel mills. Kitselman Steel & Wire Company

2508-423: The city. The population density was 2,576.7 inhabitants per square mile (994.9/km ). There were 31,958 housing units at an average density of 1,174.9 per square mile (453.6/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 84.0% White , 10.9% African American , 0.3% Native American , 1.2% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 0.8% from other races , and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of

2574-469: The city. The population density was 2,577.0 inhabitants per square mile (995.0/km ). There were 31,183 housing units at an average density of 1,129.8 per square mile (436.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 78.0% White , 11.6% African American , 0.3% Native American or Alaskan Native , 1.5% Asian , 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander , 2.1% from other races and 6.5% were from two or more races. Hispanic and Latino of any race were 4.2% of

2640-435: The commercial trading center for local farmers. The Indiana gas boom of the 1880s ushered in a new era of prosperity to Muncie. Abundant supplies of natural gas attracted new businesses, industries, and additional residents to the city. Although agriculture continued to be an economic factor in the region, industry dominated the city's development for the next 100 years. One of the major manufacturers that arrived early in

2706-520: The community also became a center of Ku Klux Klan activity. Muncie's Klan membership was estimated at 3,500 in the early 1920s. Scandals within the Klan's leadership, divisions among its members, and some violent confrontations with their opponents damaged the organization's reputation. Increasing hostility toward the Klan's political activities, beliefs, and values also divided the Muncie community, before its popularity and membership significantly declined by

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2772-705: The community during the Depression , which resulted in a sequel, Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (1937). The Lynds' Middletown study, which was funded by the Rockefeler Institute of Social and Religious Research, was intended to study "the interwoven trends that are the life of a small American city." The Lynds were only the first to conduct a series of studies in Muncie. The National Science Foundation funded

2838-632: The end of the decade. Muncie residents also made it through the challenges of the Great Depression , with the Ball brothers continuing their role as major benefactors to the community by donating funds for construction of new facilities at Ball State and Ball Memorial Hospital . (The hospital, which opened in 1929, later affiliated with Indiana University Health . ) The Works Progress Administration (WPA) also provided jobs such as road grading, city sewer improvements, and bridge construction. In

2904-425: The gas boom ended in Indiana c.  1910 , Muncie was well established as an industrial town and a commercial center for east-central Indiana, especially with several railroad lines connecting it to larger cities and the arrival of automobile industry manufacturing after 1900. Numerous civic developments also occurred as a result of the city's growth during the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s, when Muncie citizens built

2970-497: The manufacturing identity of the city, newer residents identify with the city's shift towards educational and health services. Contention is greatest among residents living in the once-industrialized sections of the city's south side, as much of the economic growth over that last few decades has taken place on Muncie's north side. The city also struggles to retain college graduates. Despite Ball State's presence, only 32.2 percent of Delaware County's working-age adults (ages 25–64) hold

3036-472: The older, longstanding members in the London Yearly Meeting, Braithwaite saw the Richmond Declaration of Faith as being a bulwark against "unsound and dangerous doctrine" in times when Friends were "in a state of discipline and warfare". Indiana Yearly Meeting Indiana Yearly Meeting is a Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends , or Quakers . Indiana Yearly Meeting (IYM)

3102-411: The population. There were 26,692 households, of which 16.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.6% were married couples living together, 35.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 26.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 8.5% were non-families. 61.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size

3168-408: The population. There were 27,322 households, out of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.6% were non-families. 34.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and

3234-441: The population. There were 27,722 households, of which 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.5% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.8% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

3300-462: The religious education of Quaker adolescents. It also established White's Institute (first a home for Native Americans , then an orphanage, and later a home for delinquent youths) in 1850, Quaker Haven Camp in 1926, and Friends Fellowship Community (a retirement home) in 1964. While many Quaker yearly meetings have suffered serious divisions in their history, Indiana Yearly Meeting suffered no serious fractures and only three minor divisions during

3366-504: The state house until Carl Kizer Jr.'s appointment to the board in 1993. The school board became majority black for the first time after the 2008 election. According to the 2010 census, Muncie has a total area of 27.392 square miles (70.94 km ), of which 27.2 square miles (70.45 km ),or 99.3%, is land and 0.192 square miles (0.50 km ),or 0.7%, is water. Muncie has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa ), experiencing four distinct seasons. As of

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3432-418: The surrounding area with access to larger markets for its agricultural production, as well as a faster means of transporting people and goods into and out of the area. Muncie incorporated as a town on December 6, 1854, and became an incorporated city in 1865. John Brady was elected as the city's first mayor. Muncie's early utility companies also date to the mid-1860s, including the city's waterworks , which

3498-416: The traditional doctrinal statements of the yearly meeting and its statements on social issues, which tend to be biblically conservative and reach to the earliest days of Friends (Quakers). IYM has also accepted congregations that formerly belonged to Western Yearly Meeting. The congregations left Western Yearly Meeting over that body's growing liberalism. IYM’s active membership in 1912 was 20,000. In 2012, it

3564-457: The turn of the twentieth century. Eastern Indiana Normal School opened in 1899, but it closed after two years. Several subsequent efforts to establish a private college in Muncie during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries also failed, but one proved to be very successful. After the Ball brothers bought the school property and its vacant buildings and donated them to the State of Indiana,

3630-456: The vast majority are Evangelical Friends, thus making the Richmond Declaration of Faith representative of much of Quaker doctrine. The Richmond Declaration of Faith includes "assertions about God, Christ, the Bible, resurrection and atonement, and other Christian basics", as well as "core Quaker beliefs about simplicity, oaths, peace, and sacraments." Chuck Fager , a Liberal Quaker, claimed that

3696-462: Was English with 95.5% speaking it at home, 1.7% spoke Spanish at home, 1.4% spoke an Asian or Pacific Islander language at home, 1.3% spoke another Indo-European language at home, and 0.1% spoke some other language. 2.6% of the population were foreign born . The median household income in Muncie was $ 34,602, 38.4% less than the median average for the state of Indiana . 30.2% of the population were in poverty, including 32.6% of residents under

3762-438: Was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age in the city was 28.1 years. 17.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 27.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.4% were from 25 to 44; 20.2% were from 45 to 64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. As of the census of 2020, there were 65,194 people, 26,692 households and 6,179 families residing in

3828-532: Was 3,017 members; after the creation of the NAF it fell to 1,969. IYM has been headquartered in Muncie, Indiana , since 1965. Paid staff consists of a general superintendent, a director of youth and camping ministries, a ministerial advocate, and clerical staff. Yearly Meeting sessions are held at Quaker Haven Camp, near Syracuse, Indiana. Muncie, Indiana Muncie ( / ˈ m ʌ n s i / MUN -see )

3894-438: Was 3.09. Just over half (50.1%) of the population had never been married, 29.6% were married and not separated , 5.7% were widowed , 13.1% were divorced , and 1.6% were separated. The median age of the city was 28.8. 4.4% of residents were under the age of 5, 16.2% were under 18 years, 83.8% were age 18 or older, and 14.0% were age 65 or older. 5.8% of the population were veterans . The most common language spoken at home

3960-511: Was Wayne Brooks, who ran for the Republican nomination for mayor in 1934. Ray Armstrong was elected as the first black member of the city council in 1951, and Alice McIntosh was elected as the first black female member of the city council in 1983. Goodall was the first black person elected to the city's school board and later to represent the area in the state house. No other black person served on Muncie's school board after Goodall's election to

4026-490: Was also home to other manufacturing operations, including Warner Gear (a division of BorgWarner ), Delco Remy , General Motors , Ontario Corporation, A. E. Boyce Company, and Westinghouse Electric , among others. In 2017, the Muncie Community Schools system was declared a "distressed political subdivision", and put in direct control of the state government. In 2018, the school district was reformed and

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4092-655: Was established in 1821 and originally included all the Friends congregations west of the Scioto River, Ohio, as well as congregations in Indiana and Illinois. (IYM) met for most of its history in Richmond, Indiana. For much of its history, IYM was the largest Quaker yearly meeting in the world. IYM established Earlham College in 1847 as the Friends Boarding School , a boarding high school for

4158-525: Was established in 1865. After the American Civil War , two factors helped Muncie attract new commercial and industrial development: the arrival of additional railroads from the late 1890s to the early 1900s and the discovery of abundant supplies of natural gas in the area. Prior to the discovery of nearby natural-gas wells and the beginning of the gas boom in Muncie in 1886, the region was primarily an agricultural area, with Muncie serving as

4224-410: Was selected as the Delaware County seat and platted in 1827. Its name was officially shortened to Muncie in 1845 and incorporated as a city in 1865. Muncie developed as a manufacturing and industrial center, especially after the Indiana gas boom of the 1880s. It is home to Ball State University . As a result of the Middletown studies , sociological research that was first conducted in the 1920s, Muncie

4290-669: Was the Ball Corporation, established by the Ball brothers of Buffalo, New York , who opened a glass factory in Muncie in 1888. Other notable manufacturers in addition to the Ball Corporation with operations in Muncie have included BorgWarner , The Broderick Company (aformer division of Harsco ), Dayton-Walther Corporation, Delco Remy , General Motors , New Venture Gear , Hemingray Glass Company , Ontario Corporation, A. E. Boyce Company, Indiana Steel and Wire, and Westinghouse Electric . Changing industrial trends caused shifts in

4356-554: Was the largest employer in Indiana in 1900 with 11,000 employees; it later became Indiana Steel & Wire. Others included Republic Iron and Steel Company and the Midland Steel Company. (Midland became Inland Steel Company and later moved to Gary, Indiana .) Indiana Bridge Company was also a major employer. By the time the natural gas supply from the Trenton Gas Field had significantly declined and

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