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106-529: Richard Hooker (25 March 1554 – 2 November 1600) was an English priest in the Church of England and an influential theologian . He was one of the most important English theologians of the sixteenth century. His defence of the role of redeemed reason informed the theology of the seventeenth-century Caroline Divines and later provided many members of the Church of England with a theological method which combined

212-510: A prophet . Job is presented as a good and prosperous family man who is suddenly beset with horrendous disasters that take away all he holds dear—a scenario intended to test Job's faith in God . Struggling mightily to understand this situation, Job reflects on his despair but consistently remains devout. The Hebrew Book of Job is part of Ketuvim ("Writings") of the Hebrew Bible . Not much

318-466: A quorum . Priesthood denotes elements of both power and authority. The priesthood includes the power Jesus gave his apostles to perform miracles such as the casting out of devils and the healing of sick ( Luke 9:1). Latter Day Saints believe that the Biblical miracles performed by prophets and apostles were performed by the power of the priesthood, including the miracles of Jesus, who holds all of

424-414: A theocracy , a society is governed by its priesthood. The word "priest", is ultimately derived from Latin via Greek presbyter , the term for "elder", especially elders of Jewish or Christian communities in late antiquity . The Latin presbyter ultimately represents Greek πρεσβύτερος presbúteros , the regular Latin word for "priest" being sacerdos , corresponding to ἱερεύς hiereús . It

530-504: A "person authorized to perform the sacred rituals." For example, clergy in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy are priests , as with certain synods of Lutheranism and Anglicanism , though other branches of Protestant Christianity , such as Methodists and Baptists, use minister and pastor . The terms priest and priestess are sufficiently generic that they may be used in an anthropological sense to describe

636-412: A birth, and at consecrations , teaching the wisdom and dogma of the faith at any regular worship service, and mediating and easing the experience of grief and death at funerals – maintaining a spiritual connection to the afterlife in faiths where such a concept exists. Administering religious building grounds and office affairs and papers, including any religious library or collection of sacred texts ,

742-616: A bishop. The Church of Sweden has a threefold ministry of bishop, priest, and deacon and those ordained to the presbyterate are referred to as priests. In the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , ordained presbyters are referred to by various publications, including Finnish ones, as pastors, or priests. In the United States, denominations like the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod use

848-650: A certain kami . Additionally, kannushi are aided by another priest class, miko ( 巫女 , "shrine maidens") , for many rites. The maidens may either be family members in training, apprentices, or local volunteers. Saiin were female relatives of the Japanese emperor (termed saiō ) who served as High Priestesses in Kamo Shrine . Saiō also served at Ise Shrine . Saiin priestesses usually were elected from royalty. In principle, Saiin remained unmarried, but there were exceptions. Some Saiin became consorts of

954-681: A chief, one that presides; proe, before, and sto, to stand, or sisto.]" https://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/priest In historical polytheism , a priest administers the sacrifice to a deity, often in highly elaborate ritual . In the Ancient Near East , the priesthood also acted on behalf of the deities in managing their property. Priestesses in antiquity often performed sacred prostitution , and in Ancient Greece, some priestesses such as Pythia , priestess at Delphi , acted as oracles . In ancient Egyptian religion ,

1060-469: A distinguished London merchant who became Master of the Merchant Taylors' Company . It was at this time, according to his first biographer Walton, that Hooker made the "fatal mistake" of marrying his landlady's daughter, Jean Churchman. As Walton put it: "There is a wheel within a wheel; a secret sacred wheel of Providence (most visible in marriages), guided by His hand that allows not the race to

1166-780: A few priestly and Levitical functions, such as the pidyon haben (redemption of a first-born son) ceremony and the Priestly Blessing , have been retained. Especially in Orthodox Judaism, kohanim remain subject to a number of restrictions concerning matters related to marriage and ritual purity . Orthodox Judaism regard the kohanim as being held in reserve for a future restored Temple . Kohanim do not perform roles of propitiation, sacrifice, or sacrament in any branch of Rabbinical Judaism or in Karaite Judaism . The principal religious function of any kohanim

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1272-544: A historically factual figure. According to a minority view, Job never existed. In this view, Job was a literary creation by a prophet who used this form of writing to convey a divine message. On the other hand, the Talmud (in Tractate Baba Batra 15a–16b) goes to great lengths trying to ascertain when Job actually lived, citing many opinions and interpretations by the leading sages. Job is further mentioned in

1378-520: A lengthy period of time. However, it clearly states that Job never lost faith in God and forever called to God in prayer, asking Him to remove his affliction: And [mention] Job, when he called to his Lord, "Indeed, adversity has touched me, and you are the Most Merciful of the merciful." — Quran, sura 21 (The Prophets), ayah 83 [1] A clear majority of rabbis saw Job as having in fact existed as

1484-405: A male only hereditary Taoist priesthood until more recent times (p. 550,551). The Shinto priest is called a kannushi ( 神主 , lit. "Master of the kami ") , originally pronounced kamunushi , sometimes referred to as a shinshoku ( 神職 ) . A kannushi is the person responsible for the maintenance of a Shinto shrine, or jinja , purificatory rites, and for leading worship and veneration of

1590-521: A minority of provinces (10 out of the 38 worldwide) retain an all-male priesthood. Most Continuing Anglican churches do not ordain women to the priesthood. As Anglicanism represents a broad range of theological opinion, its presbyterate includes priests who consider themselves no different in any respect from those of the Roman Catholic Church, and a minority who prefer to use the title presbyter in order to distance themselves from

1696-421: A necessary expression of thanksgiving for unmerited justification by a merciful God. Hooker defended his belief in the doctrine of justification by faith , but argued that even those who did not understand or accept this could be saved by God. Hooker also expresses in this work the classic ordo salutis that recognises the distinction between justification and sanctification as two forms of righteousness while at

1802-662: A philosophy and theology congenial to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer and the traditional aspects of the Elizabethan Settlement". Quoting C. S. Lewis, Stephen Neill underlines its positive side in the following terms: hitherto, in England, "controversy had involved only tactics; Hooker added strategy. Long before the close fighting in Book III begins, the puritan position has been rendered desperate by

1908-545: A secondary sense to presbyters , began in the 6th century to be used of presbyters, and is today commonly used of presbyters, distinguishing them from bishops. Today, the term "priest" is used in the Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodoxy , Anglicanism , Oriental Orthodoxy , the Church of the East , and some branches of Lutheranism to refer to those who have been ordained to a ministerial position through receiving

2014-470: A son, whose name was Enan. And he himself had as father Zareh, from the sons of Esau. And his mother was Bosorra, so that it made him the fifth from Abraham. And these were the kings who were ruling in Edom, which territory also he himself ruled over: first, Bela, the son of Beor, and the name of his city was Dinhabah. And after Bela, Jobab, who was called Job. And after this, Husham, who was serving as leader from

2120-489: A temple. These rituals include bathing the murti s (the statues of the gods/goddesses), performing puja , a ritualistic offering of various items to the gods, the waving of a ghee or oil lamp also called an offering in light, known in Hinduism as aarti , before the murtis . Pujaris are often married. A purohita , on the other hand, performs rituals and saṃskāras (sacraments), yajnas (sacrifices) outside of

2226-426: Is kohen (singular כהן kohen , plural כּהנִים kohanim ), hence the family names Cohen , Cahn , Kahn , Kohn , Kogan , etc. Jewish families with these names belong to the tribe of Levi ( Levites – descended from Levi , the great-grandfather of Aaron) and in twenty-four instances are called by scripture as such. In Hebrew, the word for "priesthood" is kehunnah . The Hebrew word kohen comes from

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2332-403: Is also commonly a responsibility – for example, the modern term for clerical duties in a secular office refers originally to the duties of a cleric . The question of which religions have a "priest" depends on how the titles of leaders are used or translated into English. In some cases, leaders are more like those that other believers will often turn to for advice on spiritual matters, and less of

2438-623: Is considered a prophet in Islam . The narrative frame of Job's story in Islam is similar to the Hebrew Bible story but, in Islam, the emphasis is paid to Job remaining steadfast to God and there is no record of his despair, or mention of discussions with friends. Some Muslim commentators also spoke of Job as being the ancestor of the Romans . Muslim literature also comments on Job's time and place of prophecy, saying that he came after Joseph in

2544-704: Is known about Job based on the Masoretic Text . The characters in the Book of Job consist of Job, his wife , his three friends ( Bildad , Eliphaz , and Zophar ), a man named Elihu , God , and angels . It begins with an introduction to Job's character—he is described as a blessed man who lives righteously in the Land of Uz . The Lord's praise of Job prompts an angel with the title of " satan " ("Adversary") to suggest that Job served God simply because God protected him. God removes Job's protection and gives permission to

2650-716: Is known as Mghraret Ayub ("Job's Cave"). Two of the towers built in the Byzantine period to collect the water of the Heptapegon springs are named in Arabic Tannur Ayub ("Job's Kiln") and Hammam Ayyub ("Job's Bath"). Hammam Ayyub was initially called "the Leper's Bath", but the leper was later identified with Job; the nearby spring, now a waterfall, is known as Ain Ayub, "Job's Spring". The town of al-Shaykh Saad in

2756-547: Is largely the same as within the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity , except that canon law in almost every Anglican province restricts the administration of confirmation to the bishop , just as with ordination . Although Anglican priests who are members of religious orders must remain celibate (although there are exceptions, such as priests in the Anglican Order of Cistercians ),

2862-681: Is located outside the city of Urfa. The Tomb of Job is also said to be situated in Jabal Qarah outside the city of Salalah in southern Oman . Additionally, the Druze community also maintains a shrine for the Prophet Job in Niha village in the Chouf mountains of Lebanon . This shrine is said to be the place where Job was healed from his ailments after his wife carried his frail body up

2968-426: Is one of the "things indifferent" to God. He wrote that minor doctrinal issues were not issues that damned or saved the soul, but rather frameworks surrounding the moral and religious life of the believer. He contended there were good monarchies and bad ones, good democracies and bad ones, and good church hierarchies and bad ones: what mattered was the piety of the people. At the same time, Hooker argued that authority

3074-727: Is possible that the Latin word was loaned into Old English , and only from Old English reached other Germanic languages via the Anglo-Saxon mission to the continent, giving Old Icelandic prestr , Old Swedish präster , Old High German priast . Old High German also has the disyllabic priester, priestar , apparently derived from Latin independently via Old French presbtre . An alternative theory makes priest cognate with Old High German priast , prest , from Vulgar Latin * prevost "one put over others", from Latin praepositus "person placed in charge". That English should have only

3180-616: Is quoted by Izaak Walton , Hooker's biographer, as saying, "I observe there is in Mr. Hooker no affected language; but a grave, comprehensive, clear manifestation of reason, and that backed with the authority of the Scriptures, the fathers and schoolmen, and with all law both sacred and civil." Hooker's emphasis on Scripture, reason, and tradition considerably influenced the development of Anglicanism, as well as many political philosophers, including John Locke . Locke quotes Hooker numerous times in

3286-570: Is to perform the Priestly Blessing , although an individual kohen may also become a rabbi or other professional religious leader. The traditional Beta Israel community in Israel had little direct contact with other Jewish groups after the destruction of the temple and developed separately for almost two thousand years. While some Beta Israel now follow Rabbinical Jewish practices, the Ethiopian Jewish religious tradition ( Haymanot ) uses

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3392-464: The Second Treatise of Civil Government and was greatly influenced by Hooker's natural-law ethics and his staunch defence of human reason. As Frederick Copleston notes, Hooker's moderation and civil style of argument were remarkable in the religious atmosphere of his time. In the Church of England he is celebrated with a lesser festival on 3 November and the same day is also observed in

3498-614: The Eastern Catholic Churches , but in neither case may they marry after ordination, even if they become widowed. Candidates for bishop are chosen only from among the celibate. Orthodox priests will either wear a clerical collar similar to the above-mentioned, or simply a very loose black robe that does not have a collar. The role of a priest in the Anglican Communion and the Free Church of England

3604-931: The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches on May 6. He is also commemorated by the Armenian Apostolic Church on May 6 and December 26, and by the Coptic Orthodox Church on April 27 and August 29. The Armenian Apostolic Church commemorates Job along with John the Baptist on the Thursday after the third Sunday of the Feast of the Assumption . In the Qur'an , Job ( Arabic : أيّوب , romanized :  Ayyūb )

3710-597: The Hampton Court Conference of 1604) in a contested election to the presidency of the college. However, he recovered it when Rainoldes finally assumed the post". In 1581, Hooker was appointed to preach at St Paul's Cross and he became a public figure, more so because his sermon offended the Puritans by diverging from their theories of predestination . Some ten years before Hooker arrived in London,

3816-626: The Hauran region in Syria has been associated with Job since at least the 4th-century AD. Karnein was mentioned in Eusebius' Onomasticon as a town of Bashan that was said to be the location of the house of Job. Egeria the pilgrim relates that a church was built over the place in March or February 384 AD, and that the place was known as the "town of Job", or " civitas Job ". According to Egeria's account

3922-476: The canonical minimum age is twenty-five. Bishops may dispense with this rule and ordain men up to one year younger. Dispensations of more than a year are reserved to the Holy See (Can. 1031 §§ 1, 4.) A Catholic priest must be incardinated by his bishop or his major religious superior in order to engage in public ministry. Secular priests are incardinated into a diocese , whereas religious priests live

4028-500: The colophons of many Mandaean texts . The position is not hereditary, and any Mandaean male who is highly knowledgeable about religious matters is eligible to become a priest. A Hindu priest traditionally comes from the Brahmin community. Priests are ordained and trained as well. There are two types of Hindu priests, pujaris ( swamis , yogis , and gurus ) and purohitas ( pandits ). A pujari performs rituals in

4134-697: The consecrated life and can work anywhere in the world that their specific community operates. In Orthodoxy, the normal minimum age is thirty (Can. 11 of Neocaesarea) but a bishop may dispense with this if needed. In neither tradition may priests marry after ordination. In the Catholic Church, priests in the Latin Church must be celibate except under special rules for married clergy converting from certain other Christian confessions. Married men may become priests in Eastern Orthodoxy and

4240-514: The deity or deities of the religion to which they subscribe, often interpreting the meaning of events and performing the rituals of the religion. There is no common definition of the duties of priesthood between faiths; but generally it includes mediating the relationship between one's congregation, worshippers , and other members of the religious body, and its deity or deities, and administering religious rituals and rites. These often include blessing worshipers with prayers of joy at marriages, after

4346-550: The imāms and the mullāhs . A Mandaean priest refers to an ordained religious leader in Mandaeism . In Mandaean scriptures , priests are referred to as Naṣuraiia ( Naṣoraeans ). All priests must undergo lengthy ordination ceremonies, beginning with tarmida initiation. Mandaean religious leaders and copyists of religious texts hold the title Rabbi or in Arabic ' Sheikh '. All Mandaean communities traditionally require

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4452-571: The root KWN/KON כ-ו-ן 'to stand, to be ready, established' in the sense of "someone who stands ready before God", and has cognates in other Semitic languages , e.g. Phoenician KHN 𐤊𐤄𐤍 "priest" or Arabic kahin كاهن "priest". Since the destruction of the Second Temple , and (therefore) the cessation of the daily and seasonal temple ceremonies and sacrifices, kohanim have become much less prominent. In traditional Judaism ( Orthodox Judaism and to some extent, Conservative Judaism )

4558-624: The sacrament of Holy Orders , although "presbyter" is also used. Since the Protestant Reformation , non-sacramental denominations are more likely to use the term " elder " to refer to their pastors. The Christian term "priest" does not have an entry in the Anchor Bible Dictionary , but the dictionary does deal with the above-mentioned terms under the entry for "Sheep, Shepherd.". The most significant liturgical acts reserved to priests in these traditions are

4664-547: The secular clergy —bishops, priests, and deacons who are not members of religious orders—are permitted to marry before or after ordination (although in most provinces they are not permitted to marry a person of the same sex ). The Anglican churches, unlike the Roman Catholic or Eastern Christian traditions, have allowed the ordination of women as priests (referred to as "priests" not "priestesses") in some provinces since 1971. This practice remains controversial, however;

4770-525: The Şanlıurfa Province , or Harran region of southeastern Turkey , also claims to be the location at which Job underwent his ordeal in a cave. The location boasts an Ottoman -style mosque and madrasa that runs as shops today. A well exists within the complex, said to be the one formed when he struck the ground with his foot as described in the Quran. The water is considered to be miraculously curing. The whole complex underwent recent restoration. The tomb of Job

4876-620: The Christian Nobility of the German Nation in order to dismiss the medieval Christian belief that Christians were to be divided into two classes: "spiritual" and "temporal" or non-spiritual. Conservative Lutheran reforms are reflected in the theological and practical view of the ministry of the church. Much of European Lutheranism follows the traditional Catholic governance of deacon, presbyter, and bishop. The Lutheran archbishops of Finland, Sweden, etc. and Baltic countries are

4982-543: The Puritans had produced an "Admonition to Parliament" together with "A view of Popish Abuses" and initiated a long debate which would last beyond the end of the century. John Whitgift (soon to become Archbishop of Canterbury) produced a reply, and Thomas Cartwright a reaction to the reply. Hooker was drawn into the debate through the influence of Edwin Sandys and George Cranmer. He was also introduced to John Churchman,

5088-518: The Queen (possibly as a compromise candidate to those proposed by Lord Burleigh and Whitgift). There, Hooker soon came into public conflict with Walter Travers , a leading Puritan and Reader (lecturer) at the Temple, partly because of the sermon at Paul's Cross four years before, but mainly because Hooker argued that salvation was possible for some Roman Catholics. The controversy abruptly ended when Travers

5194-467: The Redeemer , and is the basis of several Christian hymns , as well as the opening scene of Part III of Handel's Messiah . However, Jewish bible commentators and scholars point out that Job "insists on a divine hearing in his lifetime" (cf. Job 16:19–22). He is commemorated by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in their Calendar of Saints on May 9, by the Roman Catholic Church on May 10, and by

5300-601: The Talmud as follows: Christianity accepts the Book of Job as canon in its Old Testament . In addition, Job is mentioned in the New Testament of the Christian Bible: the Epistle of James ( James 5:11 ) paraphrases Job as an example of patience in suffering. Job's declaration, "I know that my redeemer liveth" ( Job 19:25 ), is considered by some Christians to be a proto-Christian reference to Christ as

5406-543: The Western tradition Confirmation is ordinarily celebrated by a bishop . In the East, Chrismation is performed by the priest (using oil specially consecrated by a bishop) immediately after Baptism, and Unction is normally performed by several priests (ideally seven), but may be performed by one if necessary. In the West, Holy Baptism may be celebrated by anyone. The Vatican catechism states that "According to Latin tradition,

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5512-456: The actual threefold immersion together with the scriptural words may be performed by a layperson or deacon. The remainder of the rite, and Chrismation , must still be performed by a priest, if the person survives. The only sacrament which may be celebrated only by a bishop is that of Ordination ( cheirotonia , "Laying-on of Hands"), or Holy Orders . In these traditions, only men who meet certain requirements may become priests. In Catholicism,

5618-728: The administration of the Sacraments , including the celebration of the Holy Mass or Divine Liturgy (the terms for the celebration of the Eucharist in the Latin and Byzantine traditions, respectively), and the Sacrament of Reconciliation , also called Confession . The sacraments of Anointing of the Sick ( Extreme Unction ) and Confirmation are also administered by priests, though in

5724-459: The age of 12 can be ordained to the priesthood. However, prior to a policy change in 1978 , the LDS Church did not ordain men or boys who were of black African descent. The LDS Church does not ordain women to any of its priesthood offices. The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now the Community of Christ), the second largest denomination of the movement, began ordaining women to all of its priesthood offices in 1984. This decision

5830-430: The angel to take his wealth, his children, and his physical health (but not his life). Despite his difficult circumstances, he does not curse God, but rather curses the day of his birth. And although he anguishes over his plight, he stops short of accusing God of injustice. Job's miserable earthly condition is simply God's will. In the following, Job debates with three friends concerning his condition. They argue whether it

5936-599: The angels), nature's law (that part of God's eternal law that governs natural objects), the law of reason (dictates of Right Reason that normatively govern human conduct), human positive law (rules made by human lawmakers for the ordering of a civil society), divine law (rules laid down by God that can be known only by special revelation), and ecclesiastical law (rules for the governance of a church). Like Aristotle , whom he frequently quotes, Hooker believes that humans are naturally inclined to live in society. Governments, he claims, are based on both this natural social instinct and on

6042-411: The body of Job was laid in a stone coffin below the altar. According to tradition, Hammam Ayyub is a fountain in the town where Job washed himself when he was sick, and is reputed to have healing powers. Another holy artifact in the town is the "Rock of Job", known in local folklore as the place where he sat when he was afflicted with the disease. The city of Urfa (ancient Adma', later Edessa ) in

6148-650: The calendars of other parts of the Anglican Communion. Priest According to the trifunctional hypothesis of prehistoric Proto-Indo-European society , priests have existed since the earliest of times and in the simplest societies, most likely as a result of agricultural surplus and consequent social stratification . The necessity to read sacred texts and keep temple or church records helped foster literacy in many early societies. Priests exist in many religions today, such as all or some branches of Judaism , Christianity , Buddhism , Shinto , and Hinduism . They are generally regarded as having privileged contact with

6254-404: The chamberlain of Exeter . Hooker's uncle was able to obtain for Richard the help of another Devon native, John Jewel , bishop of Salisbury . The bishop saw to it that Richard was accepted to Corpus Christi College, Oxford , where he became a fellow of the society in 1577. In addition to his assistance securing admittance, Jewel also agreed to fund Hooker's education. On 14 August 1579 Hooker

6360-426: The chieftains were titled goði , a word meaning "priest". As seen in the saga of Hrafnkell Freysgoði , however, being a priest consisted merely of offering periodic sacrifices to the Norse gods and goddesses; it was not a full-time role, nor did it involve ordination. In some religions, being a priest or priestess is by human election or human choice. In Judaism, the priesthood is inherited in familial lines. In

6466-409: The claims of revelation , reason and tradition. Scholars disagree regarding Hooker's relationship with what would later be called " Anglicanism " and the Reformed theological tradition. Traditionally, he has been regarded as the originator of the Anglican via media between Protestantism and Catholicism . However, a growing number of scholars have argued that he should be considered as being in

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6572-416: The date of the marriage as 1588. Hooker seems to have lived on and off with the Churchmans until 1595 and, according to Booty, he "seems to have been well treated and considerably assisted by John Churchman and his wife". Hooker became rector of St. Mary's Drayton Beauchamp , Buckinghamshire, in 1584, but probably never lived there. The following year, he was appointed Master of the Temple in London by

6678-405: The elder brother of Moses . In Exodus 30:22–25 God instructs Moses to make a holy anointing-oil to consecrate the priests "for all of eternity". During the times of the two Jewish Temples in Jerusalem , the Aaronic priests performed the daily and special Jewish-holiday offerings and sacrifices within the temples; these offerings are known as the korbanot . In Hebrew, the word for "priest"

6784-407: The emperor, called Nyōgo in Japanese. The Saiin order of priestesses existed throughout the Heian and Kamakura periods. Job (Biblical figure) Job ( / dʒ oʊ b / JOHB ; Hebrew : אִיּוֹב ' Īyyōv ; Greek : Ἰώβ Iṓb ) is the central figure of the Book of Job in the Bible . In Islam , Job ( Arabic : أيوب , romanized :  ʾAyyūb ) is also considered

6890-420: The express or implied consent of the governed . The Laws is remembered not only for its stature as a monumental work of Anglican thought, but also for its influence in the development of theology, political theory, and English prose. Hooker worked largely from Thomas Aquinas , but he adapted scholastic thought in a latitudinarian manner. He argued that church organisation, like political organisation,

6996-416: The fifth book of the Laws in 1597. It is longer than the first four taken together. He died on 3 November 1600 at his rectory in Bishopsbourne and was buried in the chancel of the church, being survived by his wife and four daughters. His will includes the following provision: "Item, I give and bequeth three pounds of lawful English money towards the building and making of a newer and sufficient pulpitt in

7102-461: The governor of the church, then local parishes going their own ways on doctrine were similarly intolerable. In political philosophy, Hooker is best remembered for his account of law and the origins of government in Book One of the Laws . Drawing heavily on the legal thought of Thomas Aquinas , Hooker distinguishes seven forms of law: eternal law ("that which God hath eternally purposed himself in all his works to observe"), celestial law (God's law for

7208-411: The great flanking movements in Books I and II. ... Thus the refutation of the enemy comes in the end to seem a very small thing, a by-product." It is a massive work that deals mainly with the proper governance of the churches (" polity "). The Puritans advocated the demotion of clergy and ecclesiasticism. Hooker attempted to work out which methods of organising churches are best. What was at stake behind

7314-483: The historic national primates and some ancient cathedrals and parishes in the Lutheran church were constructed many centuries before the Reformation. Indeed, ecumenical work within the Anglican Communion and among Scandinavian Lutherans mutually recognize the historic apostolic legitimacy and full communion . Likewise in America, Lutherans have embraced the apostolic succession of bishops in the full communion with Episcopalians and most Lutheran ordinations are performed by

7420-413: The keys of the priesthood. The priesthood is formally known as the "Priesthood after the Order of the Son of God", but to avoid the too frequent use of the name of deity, the priesthood is referred to as the Melchizedek priesthood ( Melchizedek being the high priest to whom Abraham paid tithes). As an authority, the priesthood is the authority by which a bearer may perform ecclesiastical acts of service in

7526-459: The last writing of the last books of the Laws ; and other miscellaneous sermons (four complete plus three fragments). This sermon from 1585 was one of those that triggered Travers' attack and appeal to the Privy Council. Travers accused Hooker of preaching doctrine favourable to the Church of Rome when in fact he had just described their differences, emphasising that Rome attributed to works "a power of satisfying God for sin". For Hooker, works were

7632-465: The leadership of Archbishop William Laud . Details of Hooker's life come chiefly from Izaak Walton 's biography of him. Hooker was born in the village of Heavitree in Exeter , Devon sometime around Easter Sunday (March) 1554. He attended Exeter Grammar School until 1569. Richard came from a good family, but one that was neither noble nor wealthy. His uncle John Hooker was a success and served as

7738-399: The mainstream Reformed theology of his time and that he only sought to oppose the extremists ( Puritans ), rather than moving the Church of England away from Protestantism. The term "Anglican" is not found in his writings and indeed first appears early in the reign of Charles I as the Church of England moved towards an Arminian position doctrinally and a more "Catholic" look liturgically under

7844-552: The more sacrificial theological implications which they associate with the word priest . While priest is the official title of a member of the presbyterate in every Anglican province worldwide (retained by the Elizabethan Settlement), the ordination rite of certain provinces (including the Church of England ) recognizes the breadth of opinion by adopting the title The Ordination of Priests (also called Presbyters). Even though both words mean 'elders' historically

7950-560: The most beautiful women in the land. The Septuagint , an ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, has a revised and updated final verse that claims Job's genealogy, asserting him to be a grandson of Esau and a ruler of Edom . This man is described by the Syriac book as dwelling in the land of Uz, on the borders of Edom and Arabia. And his name before was Jobab. And having taken an Arabian wife, he fathered

8056-483: The name of God. Latter Day Saints believe that acts (and in particular, ordinances ) performed by one with priesthood authority are recognized by God and are binding in heaven, on earth, and in the afterlife. There is some variation among the Latter Day Saint denominations regarding who can be ordained to the priesthood. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), all worthy males above

8162-540: The northwest of the depopulated Palestinian village of Dayr Ayyub is an area which, according to the village belief, contained the tomb of the prophet Ayyub, the biblical Job. In the area of Tabgha (Greek: Heptapegon), on the shore of the Sea of Galilee , a few sites are associated by local tradition with the life of Ayyub. A small grotto near the base of what is known to Christians as the Mount of Beatitudes , or Mount Eremos,

8268-597: The p'sh of Bishopsbourne." The pulpit can still be seen in Bishopsbourne church, along with a statue of him. Subsequently, a monument was erected there by William Cowper in 1632 which described him as "judicious". Apart from the Laws , Hooker's lesser writings, which are few in number, fall into three groups: those related to the Temple Controversy with Travers (including three sermons); those connected with

8374-462: The presence of a priest, since priests are required to officiate over all important religious rituals, including masbuta , masiqta , birth and wedding ceremonies. Priests also serve as teachers, scribes, and community leaders. There are three types of priests in Mandaeism : Priests have lineages based on the succession of ganzibria priests who had initiated them. Priestly lineages, which are distinct from birth lineages, are typically recorded in

8480-568: The principles of Yin-Yang 5 elements (fire, water, soil, wood, and metal p. 53) school of ancient Chinese philosophy, as they relate to marriage, death, festival cycles, and so on. The Taoist priest seeks to share the benefits of meditation with his or her community through public ritual and liturgy (p. 326). In the ancient priesthood before the Tang, the priest was called Jijiu ("libationer" p. 550), with both male and female practitioners selected by merit. The system gradually changed into

8586-512: The prophetic series and that he preached to his own people rather than being sent to a specified community. Tradition further recounts that Job will be the leader of the group of "those who patiently endured" in Heaven . There are at least two locations that claim to be the place of Job's ordeal, and at least three that claim to have his tomb. The Eyüp Sultan Mosque in Istanbul , Turkey, holds

8692-415: The religious mediators of an unknown or otherwise unspecified religion. In many religions, being a priest or priestess is a full-time position, ruling out any other career. Many Christian priests and pastors choose or are mandated to dedicate themselves to their churches and receive their living directly from their churches. In other cases, it is a part-time role. For example, in the early history of Iceland

8798-439: The right and obligation to interact with the gods belonged to the pharaoh . He delegated this duty to priests, who were effectively bureaucrats authorized to act on his behalf. Priests staffed temples throughout Egypt, giving offerings to the cult images in which the gods were believed to take up residence and performing other rituals for their benefit. Little is known about what training may have been required of priests, and

8904-498: The sacred fire to the accompaniment of ritual chants. The Mobad also prepare drinks for the haoma ritual. In Indian Zoroastrianism , the priesthood is reserved for men and is a mostly hereditary position, but women have been ordained in Iran and North America as a mobedyar, meaning an assistant mobed. The Taoist priests (道士 "master of the Dao " p. 488) act as interpreters of

9010-648: The same time emphasising the role the sacraments have in justification. Hooker's approach to this topic is seen as a classic example of the Anglican via media . Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (original spelling, Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie ) is Hooker's best-known work, with the first four books being published in 1594. The fifth book was published in 1597, while the final three were published posthumously, and indeed may not all be his own work. Structurally,

9116-464: The selection of personnel for positions was affected by a tangled set of traditions, although the pharaoh had the final say. In the New Kingdom of Egypt , when temples owned great estates, the high priests of the most important cult—that of Amun at Karnak —were important political figures. High-ranking priestly roles were usually held by men. Women were generally relegated to lower positions in

9222-463: The single term priest to translate presbyter and sacerdos came to be seen as a problem in English Bible translations . The presbyter is the minister who both presides and instructs a Christian congregation, while the sacerdos , offerer of sacrifices , or in a Christian context the eucharist , performs "mediatorial offices between God and man". The feminine English noun, priestess ,

9328-460: The spouses as ministers of Christ's grace mutually confer upon each other the sacrament of Matrimony ". Thus marriage is a sacrament administered by the couple to themselves, but may be witnessed and blessed by a deacon, or priest (who usually administers the ceremony). In the East, Holy Baptism and Marriage (which is called "Crowning") may be performed only by a priest. If a person is baptized in extremis (i.e., when in fear of immediate death), only

9434-432: The swift nor bread to the wise, nor good wives to good men: and He that can bring good out of evil (for mortals are blind to this reason) only knows why this blessing was denied to patient Job , to meek Moses , and to our as meek and patient Mr Hooker." However, Walton is described by Christopher Morris as an "unreliable gossip" who "generally moulded his subjects to fit a ready-made pattern", and both he and John Booty give

9540-518: The temple hierarchy, although some held specialized and influential positions, especially that of the God's Wife of Amun , whose religious importance overshadowed the High Priests of Amun in the Late Period . In ancient Rome and throughout Italy, the ancient sanctuaries of Ceres and Proserpina were invariably led by female sacerdotes , drawn from women of local and Roman elites. It

9646-529: The temple. There are special purohitas who perform only funeral rites. In many cases, a purohita also functions as a pujari . While only men have traditionally been ordained as priests in the past, recent developments such as feminism in India have led to the opening of training schools for women to become priests. A Zoroastrian priest are called a Mobad and they officiate the Yasna , pouring libations into

9752-506: The term priest has been more associated with the " High Church " or Anglo-Catholic wing, whereas the term " minister " has been more commonly used in " Low Church " or Evangelical circles. The general priesthood or the priesthood of all believers , is a Christian doctrine derived from several passages of the New Testament . It is a foundational concept of Protestantism . It is this doctrine that Martin Luther adduces in his 1520 To

9858-470: The terms "reverend" and "pastor" interchangeably for ordained members of the clergy. Methodist clergy often have the title of pastor , minister , reverend , etc. In the Latter Day Saint movement , the priesthood is the power and authority of God given to man, including the authority to perform ordinances and to act as a leader in the church. A body of priesthood holders is referred to as

9964-580: The territories of Thaiman. And after this. Hadad, son of Bered, who destroyed Midian in the field of Moab, and the name of his city was Avith. And his friends who came to him were Eliphaz, of the sons of Esau, king of the Temanites ; Bildad, the tyrant of the Shuhites ; and Zophar, the king of the Naamathites . The Quran describes Job as a righteous servant of Allah, who was afflicted by suffering for

10070-534: The theology was the position of Queen Elizabeth I as the Supreme Governor of the Church. If doctrine were not to be settled by authorities, and if Martin Luther 's argument for the priesthood of all believers were to be followed to its extreme with government by the Elect, then having the monarch as the governor of the church was intolerable. On the other side, if the monarch were appointed by God to be

10176-519: The tomb of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari , a companion of Muhammad , not the biblical/Qur'anic Job (Ayyub in Arabic, Eyüp in Turkish), though some locals tend to conflate the two. In Palestinian folk tradition, Job's place of trial is Al-Jura , or Al-Joura, a village outside the town of Al-Majdal (today's Ashkelon , Israel ). It was there God rewarded him with a fountain of youth that removed whatever illnesses he had, and gave him back his youth. To

10282-515: The word Kahen to refer to a type non-hereditary cleric. Aaronic Kohanim also officiated at the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim . The Samaritan kohanim have retained their role as religious leaders. With the spread of Christianity and the formation of parishes , the Greek word ἱερεύς (hiereus), and Latin sacerdos , which Christians had since the 3rd century applied to bishops and only in

10388-514: The work is a carefully worked out reply to the general principles of Puritanism as found in the " Admonition " and Thomas Cartwright's follow-up writings, more specifically: The Laws has been characterised as "probably the first great work of philosophy and theology to be written in English". The book is far more than a negative rebuttal of the puritan claims: it is (here McAdoo quotes John S. Marshall ) "a continuous and coherent whole presenting

10494-488: Was coined in the 17th century, to refer to female priests of the pre-Christian religions of classical antiquity. In the 20th century, the word was used in controversies surrounding the women ordained in the Anglican communion , who are referred to as "priests", irrespective of gender, and the term priestess is generally considered archaic in Christianity. Webster's 1829 Dictionary stated "PRIEST, noun [Latin proestes,

10600-533: Was commanded by the Bible and by the traditions of the early church, but authority was something that had to be based on piety and reason rather than automatic investiture. This was because authority had to be obeyed even if it were wrong and needed to be remedied by right reason and the Holy Spirit . Notably, Hooker affirmed that the power and propriety of bishops need not be in every case absolute. King James I

10706-580: Was justified, and they debate solutions to his problems. Job ultimately condemns all their counsel, beliefs, and critiques of him as false. God then appears to Job and his friends out of a whirlwind. God rebukes the three friends and gives them instruction for the remission of sin, followed by Job being restored to an even better condition than his former wealthy state ( Job 42:10–17 ). Job is blessed to have seven sons, and three daughters named Jemimah (which means "dove"), Keziah ("cinnamon"), and Keren-happuch ("horn of eye-makeup"). His daughters were said to be

10812-484: Was one of the reasons that led to a schism in the church, which prompted the formation of the independent Restoration Branches movement from which other denominations have sprung, including the Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints . Islam has no sacerdotal priesthood. There are, however, a variety of academic and administrative offices which have evolved to assist Muslims with this task, such as

10918-459: Was ordained a priest by Edwin Sandys , then bishop of London . Sandys made Hooker tutor to his son Edwin, and Richard also taught George Cranmer, the great nephew of Archbishop Thomas Cranmer . In 1580 he was deprived of his fellowship for "contentiousness" having campaigned for the losing candidate (Rainoldes, a lifelong friend who would become a leader of the Puritan party and participate in

11024-772: Was silenced by the Archbishop in March 1586 and the Privy Council strongly supported the decision. About this time, Hooker began to write his major work Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity , a critique of the Puritans and their attacks on the Church of England and particularly the Book of Common Prayer . In 1591, Hooker left the Temple and was presented to the living of St Andrew's, Boscombe , Wiltshire to support him while he wrote. He seems to have lived mainly in London but apparently did spend time in Salisbury where he

11130-738: Was subdean of Salisbury Cathedral and made use of the Cathedral Library. The first four volumes of the major work were published in 1593, with a subsidy from Edwin Sandys, and apparently the last four were held back for further revision by the author. In 1595, Hooker became rector of the parishes of St. Mary the Virgin in Bishopsbourne and St. John the Baptist in Barham , both in Kent, and left London to continue his writing. He published

11236-570: Was the only public priesthood attainable by Roman matrons and was held in great honor. A Roman matron was any mature woman of the upper class, married or unmarried. Females could serve public cult as Vestal Virgins but few were chosen, and then only from young maidens of the upper class. After the departure of the Israelites from Egypt , priests in ancient Israel were required by the Law of Moses to be direct patrileneal descendants of Aaron ,

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