69-596: Rindge may refer to: People [ edit ] Frederick H. Rindge (1857—1905), American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and writer Frederick H. Rindge (entomologist) (fl. 1981), entomologist who named Nemeris sternitzkyi , a geometrid moth in the family Geometridae Rhoda May Knight Rindge (1864–1941), American businesswoman Rhoda Agatha Rindge Adamson (1893–1963), American businesswoman Rindge family , American entrepreneur family of British origins Other [ edit ] Rindge, New Hampshire ,
138-541: A group A streptococcal infection that involves a strep throat such as streptococcal tonsillitis or more usually streptococcal pharyngitis . Often these can present together known as pharyngotonsillitis . The signs and symptoms are therefore those of a strep throat but these are followed by the inclusion of the characteristic widespread rash . The rash usually appears one to two days later but may appear before or up to seven days following feeling ill. It generally hurts to swallow. However, not all cases present with
207-399: A sore throat , fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes , and a characteristic rash. The face is flushed and the rash is red and blanching . It typically feels like sandpaper and the tongue may be red and bumpy. The rash occurs as a result of capillary damage by exotoxins produced by S.pyogenes . On darker-pigmented skin the rash may be hard to discern. Scarlet fever develops in
276-412: A 35% chance of becoming infected. One in ten children who are infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis will develop scarlet fever. The rash of scarlet fever, which is what differentiates this disease from an isolated group A strep pharyngitis (or strep throat), is caused by specific strains of group A streptococcus that produce a streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin , which is mainly responsible for
345-494: A book by Joannes Coyttarus of Poitiers , De febre purpura epidemiale et contagiosa libri duo , which was published in 1578 in Paris. Daniel Sennert of Wittenberg described the classical 'scarlatinal desquamation' in 1572 and was also the first to describe the early arthritis , scarlatinal dropsy , and ascites associated with the disease. In 1675 the term that has been commonly used to refer to scarlet fever, "scarlatina",
414-436: A characteristic red but not white strawberry tongue, and staphylococcal scarlatina which does not have the strawberry tongue at all. Other conditions that might appear similar include impetigo , erysipelas , measles , chickenpox , and hand-foot-and-mouth disease , and may be distinguished by the pattern of symptoms. One method is long-term use of antibiotics to prevent future group A streptococcal infections. This method
483-461: A decade. About 60% of circulating strains of the group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever in Hong Kong are resistant to macrolide antibiotics, according to Professor Yuen Kwok-yung , head of Hong Kong University 's microbiology department. Previously, observed resistance rates had been 10–30%; the increase is likely the result of overuse of macrolide antibiotics in recent years. There
552-413: A different subset of those toxins. The disease is caused by secretion of pyrogenic exotoxins by the infecting Streptococcus bacteria. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A ( speA ) is probably the best studied of these toxins. It is carried by the bacteriophage T12 which integrates into the streptococcal genome from where the toxin is transcribed. The phage itself integrates into a serine tRNA gene on
621-556: A fever, the degree of tiredness may vary, the sore throat and tongue changes might be slight or absent, and the rash can be patchy rather than diffuse in some. Cough, hoarseness, runny nose, diarrhea, and conjunctivitis are typically absent in scarlet fever; such symptoms indicate what is more likely a viral infection. Strep throat is usually associated with fatigue and a fever of over 39 °C (102.2 °F). The tonsils may appear red and enlarged and are typically covered in exudate . The throat may be red with small red spots on
690-405: A lower grade fever. Infants may present with symptoms of increased irritability and decreased appetite. The complications, which can arise from scarlet fever when left untreated or inadequately treated, can be divided into two categories: suppurative and nonsuppurative. Suppurative complications: These are rare complications that arise either from direct spread to structures that are close to
759-446: A more virulent strain of the bacterium. A vaccine that will protect against the 180 to 200 types of bacteria causing the disease has been worked on for over 20 years, but as of 2020 a safe one had not yet been developed. Scarlet fever occurs equally in both males and females. Children are most commonly infected, typically between 5–15 years old. Although streptococcal infections can happen at any time of year, infection rates peak in
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#1732765025002828-713: A new public library. Rindge responded in July 1887 with an offer of land and full funding for Cambridge's public library . Later that year he enlarged his offer to include three additional buildings: a new city hall (now the Cambridge City Hall ), the Rindge Technical School , and a proposed high school (not built). He also paid the bulk of the costs for the Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church . Today Rindge
897-453: A one time intramuscular injection as another alternative if swallowing pills is not possible. If the person is allergic to the family of antibiotics which both penicillin and amoxicillin are a part of ( beta-lactam antibiotics ), a first generation cephalosporin is used. Cephalosporin antibiotics, however, can still cause adverse reactions in people whose allergic reaction to penicillin is a Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction . In those cases it
966-433: A pale area around the mouth. The scarlet fever rash generally looks red on white and pale skin, and might be difficult to visualise on brown or black skin, in whom the bumps are typically larger, the skin less like sandpaper, and the perioral pallor less obvious. The palms and soles are spared. The reddened skin blanches when pressure is applied to it. The skin may feel itchy, but is not painful. A more intense redness on
1035-481: A possible increase in the numbers of invasive GAS infections reported in children. In late December 2022, the CDC's Health Alert Network issued an advisory on the reported increases in invasive GAS infections. It is unclear when a description of this disease was first recorded. Hippocrates , writing around 400 BC, described the condition of a person with a reddened skin and fever. The first unambiguous description of
1104-413: A process of cascading elections." His appointment opened the door for him to join the A.D. Club, "one of the oldest and most exclusive final clubs on campus" in which he met and became close friends with Theodore Roosevelt, whose conquest of his own health ailments inspired Rindge, leading to his realization that "he, too, was strong enough to travel the world and seek out the experiences that would give him
1173-435: A putative 30-amino-acid signal peptide ; removal of the signal sequence gives a predicted molecular weight of 25.787 kDa for the secreted protein. Both a promoter and a ribosome binding site ( Shine-Dalgarno sequence ) are present upstream of the gene. A transcriptional terminator is located 69 bases downstream from the translational termination codon . The carboxy terminal portion of the protein exhibits extensive homology with
1242-466: A school in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. See also [ edit ] Rindge Co. v. County of Los Angeles , 1923 US federal case Rindgenaria , genus of moths Rindgea , genus of butterflies Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rindge . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
1311-576: A separate illness which came to be known as Dukes' disease , Filatov's disease, or fourth disease. However, in 1979, Keith Powell identified it as in fact the same illness as the form of scarlet fever which is caused by staphylococcal exotoxin and is known as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome . Scarlet fever serum from horses' blood was used in the treatment of children beginning in 1900 and reduced mortality rates significantly. In 1906, Austrian pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet postulated that disease-causing immune complexes were responsible for
1380-436: A sister named Mary, all died of scarlet fever , also known as rheumatic fever. He grew up in the "Rindge mansion", still standing at the corner of Dana and Harvard Streets in Cambridge, but spent vast swathes of his childhood very ill, condemned to bed with swollen joints, body spasms, a wildly irregular heartbeat, and other ailments. Bible stories were of some solace to him, with "tales of men defeating long odds because God
1449-413: A small cabin on it that had been built by one of the ranch's previous owners, Matthew Keller, naming it Oak Cottage. He then built a three-story Victorian mansion on the property in 1893, surrounding it with orange groves and vegetable fields. A supporter of the temperance movement, Rindge reimbursed the city of Santa Monica for the loss of license fees when Santa Monica abolished saloons. He established
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#17327650250021518-400: A small number of people who have strep throat or streptococcal skin infections . The bacteria are usually spread by people coughing or sneezing. It can also be spread when a person touches an object that has the bacteria on it and then touches their mouth or nose. The diagnosis is typically confirmed by culturing swabs of the throat . There is no vaccine for scarlet fever. Prevention
1587-449: A throat culture is required to confirm, as the first test could have yielded a false negative result. In the early 21st century, the throat culture is the current "gold standard" for diagnosis. Serologic testing seeks evidence of the antibodies that the body produces against the streptococcal infection, including antistreptolysin-O and antideoxyribonuclease B. It takes the body 2–3 weeks to make these antibodies, so this type of testing
1656-734: A town in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, U.S. Rindge Dam , a dam in Southern California, U.S. Rindge Railroad, another name for Hueneme, Malibu and Port Los Angeles Railway in Malibu, California, U.S. Rindge Towers , an affordable housing development in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. Rindge Tract , an island in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, U.S. Cambridge Rindge and Latin School ,
1725-408: A vaccine in the past few decades. These vaccines, which are still in the development phase, expose the person to proteins present on the surface of the group A streptococci to activate an immune response that will prepare the person to fight and prevent future infections. There used to be a diphtheria scarlet fever vaccine. It was, however, found not to be effective. This product was discontinued by
1794-591: A warmer climate than Massachusetts could offer, which led him to St. Augustine, Florida . As he was again on the upswing of recuperation, he explored the town, then quite remote, and even partook of some amateur excavation of long-abandoned native Timucua villages. Later, in Colorado, he would spend a brief period as a sheep rancher. In 1883, Rindge inherited his father's estate, then worth nearly $ 2 million ($ 140 million in 2016 dollars), from his father's investments in textile mills and real estate. Rindge founded
1863-422: Is a very specific test but not very sensitive. This means that if the result is positive (indicating that the group A strep antigen was detected and therefore confirming that the person has a group A strep pharyngitis), then it is appropriate to treat the people with scarlet fever with antibiotics. But, if the rapid antigen detection test is negative (indicating that they do not have group A strep pharyngitis), then
1932-551: Is appropriate to choose clindamycin or erythromycin instead. Tonsillectomy , although once a reasonable treatment for recurrent streptococcal pharyngitis, is not indicated, as a person can still be infected with group A streptococcus without their tonsils. A drug-resistant strain of scarlet fever, resistant to macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin , but retaining drug-sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, emerged in Hong Kong in 2011, accounting for at least two deaths in that city—the first such in over
2001-438: Is by frequent handwashing , not sharing personal items, and staying away from other people when sick. The disease is treatable with antibiotics , which reduce symptoms and spread, and prevent most complications. Outcomes with scarlet fever are typically good if treated. Long-term complications as a result of scarlet fever include kidney disease , rheumatic fever , and arthritis . In the early 20th century , scarlet fever
2070-768: Is commemorated in Cambridge through the Cambridge Rindge and Latin School , formed in 1977 by the merger of the Rindge Technical School with Cambridge High and Latin School, as well as Rindge Avenue, Rindgefield Street, and Rindge Towers , low-income apartment buildings. Rindge moved to Los Angeles, California , in 1887. In 1892 Rindge purchased the 13,315.7-acre Spanish land grant Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit or "Malibu Rancho", in Malibu, California . He later expanded it to 17,000 acres (69 km ) as Rindge Ranch. He and his wife, May, first stayed in
2139-414: Is no longer contagious (able to pass the infection to another child) after 24 hours of antibiotics. The antibiotic of choice is Penicillin V which is taken by mouth. In countries without a liquid Penicillin V product, children unable to take tablets can be given amoxicillin which comes in a liquid form and is equally effective. Duration of treatment is 10 days. Benzathine penicillin G can be given as
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2208-508: Is not useful for diagnosing a current infection. But it is useful when assessing a person who may have one of the complications from a previous streptococcal infection. Throat cultures done after antibiotic therapy can show if the infection has been removed. These throat swabs, however, are not indicated, because up to 25% of properly treated individuals can continue to carry the streptococcal infection while being asymptomatic. Scarlet fever might appear similar to Kawasaki disease , which has
2277-455: Is only indicated for people who have had complications like recurrent attacks of acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease. Antibiotics are limited in their ability to prevent these infections since there are a variety of subtypes of group A streptococci that can cause the infection. Although there are currently no vaccines available, the vaccine approach has a greater likelihood of effectively preventing group A streptococcal infections in
2346-438: Is responsible for the production of speA. Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A, speA, is the one most commonly associated with cases of scarlet fever that are complicated by the immune-mediated sequelae of acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. These toxins are also known as " superantigens " because they can cause an extensive immune response by activating some of the cells that are mainly responsible for
2415-422: Is the only sign that scarlet fever occurred. If the case of scarlet fever is uncomplicated, recovery from the fever and clinical symptoms, other than the process of desquamation, occurs in 5–10 days. After the desquamation, the skin will be left with a sunburned appearance. Children younger than five years old may have atypical presentations. Children younger than 3 years old can present with nasal congestion and
2484-428: Is very unlikely for the child to develop acute rheumatic fever. Antibiotic therapy has not been shown to prevent the development of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Another important reason for prompt treatment with antibiotics is the ability to prevent transmission of the infection between children. An infected individual is most likely to pass on the infection to another person during the first two weeks. A child
2553-446: The nephritis that followed scarlet fever. Bacteriophages were discovered in 1915 by Frederick Twort . His work was overlooked and bacteriophages were later rediscovered by Felix d'Herelle in 1917. The specific association of scarlet fever with the group A streptococci had to await the development of Rebecca Lancefield 's streptococcal grouping scheme in the 1920s. George and Gladys Dick showed that cell-free filtrates could induce
2622-444: The roof of the mouth . The uvula can look red and swollen. 30% to 60% of cases have associated enlarged and tender lymph nodes in the neck. During the first two days of illness the tongue may have a whitish coating from which red swollen papillae protrude, giving the appearance of a "white strawberry tongue". After four to five days when the white coating sheds it becomes a "red strawberry tongue". The symptomatic appearance of
2691-611: The 2021–2022 season (September to September) and so far also in the season 2022–2023. The World Health Organization has reported an increase in scarlet fever (and iGAS – invasive GAS cases) in England, and other European countries during this time. Increases have been reported in France and Ireland. In the US, cases of scarlet fever are not reported, but as of December 2022, the CDC was looking at
2760-653: The Conservative Life Insurance Company (now Pacific Life ) and became vice-president of Union Oil Company and director of the Los Angeles Edison Electric Company (later Southern California Edison Company ). His investments included land near Stockton, California and real estate holdings in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, and the state of Sinaloa , Mexico . He was President of
2829-496: The First Methodist Episcopal Church of Santa Monica. He wrote several self-published books which were spiritual and meditative in nature. Scarlet fever Scarlet fever , also known as scarlatina , is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes , a Group A streptococcus (GAS). It most commonly affects children between five and 15 years of age. The signs and symptoms include
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2898-858: The Harvard Club of Los Angeles and a member of many historical, archaeological, patriotic, and religious organizations which mirrored his interests. In 1887 Rindge married 22-year-old Rhoda May Knight (1864–1941) of Michigan. They moved to Wilshire and Ocean Avenue in Santa Monica and then built a home at 2263 Harvard Boulevard in Los Angeles, known today as the Frederick Hastings Rindge House ; weekends and summers were spent at their Malibu estate. They had three children. Frederick H. Rindge died in Yreka, California on
2967-450: The King and Queen of Malibu, and with an estimated net worth in the millions of dollars, the family was considered one of the wealthiest in the US. Rindge was born in Cambridge on December 21, 1857, the only surviving son among the six children of Samuel B. Rindge (1820–1883) and Clarissa Harrington (December 8, 1822 – January 4, 1885). His siblings, including a brother named Henry and
3036-538: The UK in 2014, and occurrence of the disease rose by 68% in the UK between 2014 and 2018. Research published in October 2020 showed that infection of the bacterium by three viruses has led to more virulent strains of the bacterium. Scarlet fever typically presents with a sudden onset of sore throat , fever, and malaise . Headache, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain may also be present. Scarlet fever usually follows from
3105-416: The body further away from the pharynx. A few examples of the many complications that can arise from those methods of spread include endocarditis , pneumonia , or meningitis . Nonsuppurative complications: These complications arise from certain subtypes of group A streptococci that cause an autoimmune response in the body through what has been termed molecular mimicry . In these cases, the antibodies which
3174-543: The carboxy terminus of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins B and C1. Streptococcal phages other than T12 may also carry the speA gene. Although the presentation of scarlet fever can be clinically diagnosed, further testing may be required to distinguish it from other illnesses. Also, history of a recent exposure to someone with strep throat can be useful in diagnosis. There are two methods used to confirm suspicion of scarlet fever; rapid antigen detection test and throat culture . The rapid antigen detection test
3243-533: The chromosome. The T12 virus itself has not been placed into a taxon by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . It has a double-stranded DNA genome and on morphological grounds appears to be a member of the Siphoviridae . The speA gene was cloned and sequenced in 1986. It is 753 base pairs in length and encodes a 29.244 kilodalton (kDa) protein . The protein contains
3312-569: The disease in the medical literature appeared in the 1553 book De Tumoribus praeter Naturam by the Sicilian anatomist and physician Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia , where he referred to it as rossalia . He also made a point to distinguish that this presentation had different characteristics from measles . It was redescribed by Johann Weyer during an epidemic in lower Germany between 1564 and 1565; he referred to it as scarlatina anginosa . The first unequivocal description of scarlet fever appeared in
3381-507: The end of World War II. Antibiotics to combat the streptococcal infection are the mainstay of treatment for scarlet fever. Prompt administration of appropriate antibiotics decreases the length of illness. Peeling of the outer layer of skin, however, will happen despite treatment. One of the main goals of treatment is to prevent the child from developing one of the suppurative or nonsuppurative complications, especially acute rheumatic fever. As long as antibiotics are started within nine days, it
3450-490: The erythematous reaction characteristic of scarlet fever, proving that this reaction was due to a toxin. Karelitz and Stempien discovered that extracts from human serum globulin and placental globulin can be used as lightening agents for scarlet fever and this was used later as the basis for the Dick test. The association of scarlet fever and bacteriophages was described in 1926 by Cantacuzène ( Ioan Cantacuzino ) and Bonciu. There
3519-511: The future because vaccine formulations can target multiple subtypes of the bacteria. A vaccine developed by George and Gladys Dick in 1924 was discontinued due to poor efficacy and the introduction of antibiotics. Difficulties in vaccine development include the considerable strain variety of group A streptococci present in the environment and the amount of time and number of people needed for appropriate trials for safety and efficacy of any potential vaccine. There have been several attempts to create
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#17327650250023588-415: The inside of skin folds and creases might be noticed. These are lines of petechiae , appearing as pink/red areas located in arm pits and elbow pits. It takes around a week for the main rash to disappear. This may be followed by several weeks of peeling of the skin of typically fingers and toes. The desquamation process usually begins on the face and progresses downward on the body. Sometimes, this peeling
3657-461: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rindge&oldid=1185044575 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Frederick H. Rindge Frederick Hastings Rindge (1857–1905)
3726-546: The morning of August 29, 1905. He had fallen ill while visiting a silver mine there. His body was transported via train to Southern California. A service was held at the Rindge home in West Adams Heights, followed by another short service after his funeral procession to his place of burial, Angelus-Rosedale Cemetery . In 1887, Mayor William Russell of Cambridge, a Harvard friend, requested Rindge's help in funding
3795-618: The name to its current one, Streptococcus pyogenes, after further looking at the bacteria in the skin lesions. The organism was first cultured in 1883 by the German surgeon Friedrich Fehleisen from erysipelas lesions. Also in 1884, the German physician Friedrich Loeffler was the first to show the presence of streptococci in the throats of people with scarlet fever. Because not all people with pharyngeal streptococci developed scarlet fever, these findings remained controversial for some time. The association between streptococci and scarlet fever
3864-452: The past century. There have been several reported outbreaks of the disease in various countries in the past decade. The reason for these increases remains unclear in the medical community. Between 2013 and 2016 population rates of scarlet fever in England increased from 8.2 to 33.2 per 100,000 and hospital admissions for scarlet fever increased by 97%. Further increases in the reporting of scarlet fever cases have been noted in England during
3933-460: The person's immune system developed to attack the group A streptococci are also able to attack the person's own tissues. The following complications result, depending on which tissues in the person's body are targeted by those antibodies. Strep throat spreads by close contact among people, via respiratory droplets (for example, saliva or nasal discharge). A person in close contact with another person infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis has
4002-404: The person's immune system. Although the body responds to the toxins it encounters by making antibodies, those antibodies will only protect against that particular subset of toxins. They will not necessarily completely protect a person from future group A streptococcal infections, because there are 12 different pyrogenic exotoxins that may be produced by the disease, and future infections may produce
4071-401: The primary site of infection, or spread through the lymphatic system or blood. In the first case, scarlet fever may spread to the pharynx. Possible problems from this method of spread include peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abscesses, cellulitis , mastoiditis , or sinusitis . In the second case, the streptococcal infection may spread through the lymphatic system or the blood to areas of
4140-547: The sense of making up for lost time." Rindge's travels began with a journey across the Atlantic on the SS Baltic . He then traversed England , France , and Germany , among his many stops. Upon returning to America and Harvard, he soon fell ill again and was forced to drop out of school, moving back in with his family. He was so severely ill that his doctor suggested he might find a better chance of survival if he sought out
4209-508: The skin manifestation of the infection. These toxin-producing strains cause scarlet fever in people who do not already have antitoxin antibodies . Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins – SPEs A, B, C. and F have been identified. The pyrogenic exotoxins, also called erythrogenic toxins , cause the erythematous rash of scarlet fever. The strains of group A streptococcus that cause scarlet fever need specific bacteriophages for there to be pyrogenic exotoxin production. Specifically, bacteriophage T12
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#17327650250024278-439: The tongue is part of the rash that is characteristic of scarlet fever. The characteristic rash has been denoted as "scarlatiniform", and it appears as a diffuse redness of the skin with small bumps resembling goose bumps. It typically appears as small flat spots on the neck or torso before developing into small bumps that spread to the arms and legs. It tends to feel rough like sandpaper. The cheeks might look flushed with
4347-435: The winter and spring months, typically in colder climates. The morbidity and mortality of scarlet fever has declined since the 18th and 19th centuries when there were epidemics of this disease. Around 1900 the mortality rate in multiple places reached 25%. The improvement in prognosis can be attributed to the use of penicillin in the treatment of this disease. The frequency of scarlet fever cases has also been declining over
4416-421: Was a leading cause of death in children, but even before World War II and the introduction of antibiotics, its severity was already declining. This decline is suggested to be due to better living conditions, the introduction of better control measures, or a decline in the virulence of the bacteria. In recent years, there have been signs of antibiotic resistance ; there was an outbreak in Hong Kong in 2011 and in
4485-693: Was also an outbreak in the UK in 2014, and the National Health Service reported a 68% increase in the number of S. pyogenes identified in laboratory reports between 2014 and 2018. New research published in October 2020 indicates that the bacterium appears to be getting more robust after being infected with viruses, specifically the North-East Asian serotype M12 (emm12) (group A Streptococcus, GAS). They found three new genes, acquired from viruses, which cause development of " superantigens " targeting white blood cells , resulting in
4554-524: Was an American business magnate, patriarch of the Rindge family , real estate developer, philanthropist, and writer, of Los Angeles, California . He was a major benefactor to his home town of Cambridge, Massachusetts and a founder of present-day Malibu, California . Frederick Rindge was also the only surviving son of banking and shipping tycoon Samuel B. Rindge and Mrs. Clarissa Harrington Rindge. Frederick and his wife, Rhoda , came to be informally known as
4623-403: Was confirmed by Alphonse Dochez and George and Gladys Dick in the early 1900s. Also in 1884, the world's first convalescent home for people with scarlet fever was opened at Brockley Hill, Stanmore, founded by Mary Wardell . Nil Filatov (in 1895) and Clement Dukes (in 1894) described an exanthematous disease which they thought was a form of rubella , but in 1900, Dukes described it as
4692-515: Was on their side" rooting him in faith and religion from a young age. Rindge entered Harvard College in 1875, joining the Art Club, Glee Club, and Hasty Pudding Club, and rising to the top of his class as an inductee of the Institute of 1770, "one of the most important social honors on campus" whose purpose was "to identify the one hundred members of each class most fit to join society, all by
4761-406: Was written by Thomas Sydenham , an English physician. In 1827, Richard Bright was the first to recognize the involvement of the renal system in scarlet fever. The association between streptococci and disease was first described in 1874 by Theodor Billroth , discussing people with skin infections. Billroth also coined the genus name Streptococcus . In 1884 Friedrich Julius Rosenbach edited
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