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67-504: Roughly the dimensions of a deck of cards (3.5 inches by 2.5 inches and 0.625 inches thick), the Rio is black, and features an LCD screen and a circular pad with control buttons. The device has controls for skipping tracks forwards or backwards, repeat, random play and four preset equalizer settings. The LCD displays the track number being played and the track play time. It can play MP2 and MP3 format audio files, and has support for

134-730: A prime , which is often approximated by an apostrophe . For example; three feet, two inches can be written as 3 ′ 2″. (This is akin to how the first and second "cuts" of the hour are likewise indicated by prime and double prime symbols, and also the first and second cuts of the degree .) Subdivisions of an inch are typically written using dyadic fractions with odd number numerators; for example, two and three-eighths of an inch would be written as ⁠2 + 3 / 8 ⁠ ″ and not as 2.375″ nor as ⁠2 + 6 / 16 ⁠ ″. However, for engineering purposes fractions are commonly given to three or four places of decimals and have been for many years. 1 international inch

201-518: A Scottish foot, was about 1.0016 imperial inches (about 25.44 mm). Foot (unit) The foot (standard symbol: ft ) is a unit of length in the British imperial and United States customary systems of measurement . The prime symbol , ′ , is commonly used to represent the foot. In both customary and imperial units, one foot comprises 12  inches , and one yard comprises three feet. Since an international agreement in 1959 ,

268-474: A circumference divisible as a whole number into ten long feet. The measures of Iron Age Britain are uncertain and proposed reconstructions such as the Megalithic Yard are controversial. Later Welsh legend credited Dyfnwal Moelmud with the establishment of their units , including a foot of 9 inches. The Belgic or North German foot of 335 mm (13.2 in) was introduced to England either by

335-429: A length of ⁠ 1 / 600 ⁠ of a stadion , one stadion being about 181.2 m (594 ft); therefore a foot was, at the time, about 302 mm (11.9 in). Its exact size varied from city to city and could range between 270 mm (10.6 in) and 350 mm (13.8 in), but lengths used for temple construction appear to have been about 295 mm (11.6 in) to 325 mm (12.8 in);

402-637: A measurement of the previous Indian standard of the yard. However, it is now obsolete as the current National Topographic Database of the Survey of India is based on the metric WGS-84 datum , which is also used by the Global Positioning System . An ISO 2848 measure of 3 basic modules (30 cm) is called a " metric foot ", but there were earlier distinct definitions of a metric foot during metrication in France and Germany. In 1799

469-479: A secondary or supplementary indication following a metric measurement for other purposes. Inches are used for display screens (e.g. televisions and computer monitors) worldwide. It is the official Japanese standard for electronic parts, especially display screens, and is the industry standard throughout continental Europe for display screens ( Germany being one of few countries to supplement it with centimetres in most stores ). Inches are commonly used to specify

536-519: A small parcel, but becomes significant for mapping, or when the state plane coordinate system (SPCS) is used in the US, because the origin of the system may be hundreds of thousands of feet (hundreds of miles) from the point of interest. Hence the previous definitions continued to be used for surveying in the United States and India for many years, and are denoted survey feet to distinguish them from

603-442: A variety of bitrates, including MP3 variable-bitrate (VBR) support. It shipped with 32 MB of internal memory and has a SmartMedia slot, allowing users to add additional memory. It is powered by a single AA battery , which provides between 8 and 12 hours of playback time. Connection to a personal computer is through the computer's parallel port , with a proprietary connector on the Rio's edge. The Rio retailed for US $ 200 with

670-449: Is feet . However, the singular form may be used like a plural when it is preceded by a number, as in "he is six foot tall." Historically, the human body has been used to provide the basis for units of length. The foot of an adult European-American male is typically about 15.3% of his height, giving a person of 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) a foot-length of about 268 mm (10.6 in), on average. Archaeologists believe that, in

737-483: Is a commonly used customary unit of length in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. For the United Kingdom, guidance on public sector use states that, since 1 October 1995, without time limit, the inch (along with the foot) is to be used as a primary unit for road signs and related measurements of distance (with the possible exception of clearance heights and widths) and may continue to be used as

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804-415: Is based upon calculations from surveys of Phase 1 elements at Stonehenge . They found that the underlying diameters of the stone circles had been consistently laid out using multiples of a base unit amounting to 30 long feet , which they calculated to be 1.056 of a modern international foot (thus 12.672 inches or 0.3219 m). Furthermore, this unit is identifiable in the dimensions of some stone lintels at

871-573: Is equal to: The earliest known reference to the inch in England is from the Laws of Æthelberht dating to the early 7th century, surviving in a single manuscript, the Textus Roffensis from 1120. Paragraph LXVII sets out the fine for wounds of various depths: one inch, one shilling; two inches, two shillings, etc. An Anglo-Saxon unit of length was the barleycorn . After 1066, 1 inch

938-705: Is known as umlaut . The consonant change from the Latin /k/ (spelled c ) to English /tʃ/ is palatalisation . Both were features of Old English phonology ; see Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization and Germanic umlaut § I-mutation in Old English for more information. "Inch" is cognate with " ounce " ( Old English : ynse ), whose separate pronunciation and spelling reflect its reborrowing in Middle English from Anglo-Norman unce and ounce . In many other European languages,

1005-467: Is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). Out of 50 states and six other jurisdictions, 40 have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the US survey foot, six have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot, and ten have not specified. The Indian survey foot is defined as exactly 0.304 7996  m , presumably derived from

1072-421: Is the only industrialized country that uses the (international) foot in preference to the meter in its commercial, engineering, and standards activities. The foot is legally recognized in the United Kingdom; road distance signs must use imperial units (however, distances on road signs are always marked in miles or yards, not feet; bridge clearances are given in meters as well as feet and inches), while its usage

1139-644: Is widespread among the British public as a measurement of height. The foot is recognized as an alternative expression of length in Canada. Both the UK and Canada have partially metricated their units of measurement. The measurement of altitude in international aviation (the flight level unit) is one of the few areas where the foot is used outside the English-speaking world. The most common plural of foot

1206-485: The toise and in particular the toise de l'Écritoire , the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms of a man. The toise has 6 pieds (feet) each of 326.6 mm (12.9 in). He was unsuccessful in introducing a standard unit of length throughout his realm: an analysis of the measurements of Charlieu Abbey shows that during the 9th century the Roman foot of 296.1 mm (11.66 in)

1273-512: The ⁠ 1 / 39.37 ⁠ -metre definition for surveying, producing a 2 millionth part difference between standard and US survey inches. This is approximately ⁠ 1 / 8 ⁠  inch per mile; 12.7 kilometres is exactly 500,000 standard inches and exactly 499,999 survey inches. This difference is substantial when doing calculations in State Plane Coordinate Systems with coordinate values in

1340-815: The Belgic Celts during their invasions prior to the Romans or by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th and 6th century. Roman units were introduced following their invasion in AD ;43. Following the Roman withdrawal and Saxon invasions , the Roman foot continued to be used in the construction crafts while the Belgic foot was used for land measurement. Both the Welsh and Belgic feet seem to have been based on multiples of

1407-588: The British Standards Institution adopted an inch of exactly 25.4 mm. The American Standards Association followed suit in 1933. By 1935, industry in 16 countries had adopted the "industrial inch" as it came to be known, effectively endorsing Johansson's pragmatic choice of conversion ratio. In 1946, the Commonwealth Science Congress recommended a yard of exactly 0.9144 metres for adoption throughout

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1474-444: The British Standards Institution 's adoption of a scientific standard inch of 25.4 millimeters in 1930. The IEEE standard symbol for a foot is "ft". In some cases, the foot is denoted by a prime , often approximated by an apostrophe , and the inch by a double prime; for example, 2   feet 4 inches is sometimes denoted 2′   4″. In Imperial units , the foot was defined as ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠  yard, with

1541-480: The CGPM , together with the previously adopted conversion factor. As a result of the definitions above, the U.S. inch was effectively defined as 25.4000508 mm (with a reference temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit) and the UK inch at 25.399977 mm (with a reference temperature of 62 degrees Fahrenheit). When Carl Edvard Johansson started manufacturing gauge blocks in inch sizes in 1912, Johansson's compromise

1608-682: The Confederation of the Rhine was founded and three different reformed feet were defined, all of which were based on the metric system: Prior to the introduction of the metric system, many European cities and countries used the foot, but it varied considerably in length: the voet in Ypres , Belgium, was 273.8 millimeters (10.78   in) while the piede in Venice was 347.73 millimeters (13.690   in). Lists of conversion factors between

1675-653: The Creative Nomad . Inch The inch (symbol: in or ″ ) is a unit of length in the British Imperial and the United States customary systems of measurement . It is equal to ⁠ 1 / 36 ⁠ yard or ⁠ 1 / 12 ⁠ of a foot . Derived from the Roman uncia ("twelfth"), the word inch is also sometimes used to translate similar units in other measurement systems, usually understood as deriving from

1742-703: The National Institute of Standards and Technology , the National Geodetic Survey , and the United States Department of Commerce deprecated use of the US survey foot and recommended conversion to either the meter or the international foot (0.3048 m). However, the historic relevance of the US survey foot persists, as the Federal Register notes: The date of December 31, 2022, was selected to accompany

1809-676: The Recording Industry Association of America , filed suit and asked for a temporary restraining order to prevent the sale of the Rio player in the Central District Court of California, claiming the player violated the 1992 Audio Home Recording Act . See RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia . Judge Andrea Collins issued the temporary order on October 16, but required the RIAA to post a $ 500,000 bond that would be used to compensate Diamond for damages incurred in

1876-517: The barleycorn , but by as early as 950 the English kings seem to have (ineffectually) ordered measures to be based upon an iron yardstick at Winchester and then London . Henry I was said to have ordered a new standard to be based upon the length of his own arm and, by the c.  1300 Act concerning the Composition of Yards and Perches traditionally credited to Edward I or II ,

1943-487: The British Commonwealth. This was adopted by Canada in 1951; the United States on 1 July 1959; Australia in 1961, effective 1 January 1964; and the United Kingdom in 1963, effective on 1 January 1964. The new standards gave an inch of exactly 25.4 mm, 1.7 millionths of an inch longer than the old imperial inch and 2 millionths of an inch shorter than the old US inch. The United States retained

2010-454: The City of London and Westminster , which codified the statute mile as comprising 5,280 feet. The differences among the various physical standard yards around the world, revealed by increasingly powerful microscopes , eventually led to the 1959 adoption of the international foot defined in terms of the meter. The international yard and pound agreement of July 1959 defined the length of

2077-542: The Greeks and the Romans subdivided the foot into 16 digits , but in later years, the Romans also subdivided the foot into 12 unciae (from which both the English words "inch" and " ounce " are derived). After the fall of the Roman Empire, some Roman traditions were continued but others fell into disuse. In AD 790 Charlemagne attempted to reform the units of measure in his domains. His units of length were based on

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2144-468: The NSRS where it is used now and in the past [emphasis added]. In other words, to minimize disruption in the use of U.S. survey foot for existing NSRS coordinate systems, the change will apply only to the modernized NSRS. State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions, although the difference (two parts per million )

2211-483: The Rio, and the last version of Microsoft Windows to work with Diamond's Rio software was Windows 98. Independently produced freeware programs such as "Dreaming of Brazil" or "RIOsitude" can still be used to upload audio files to the player. Similarly, limited Linux command-line based support for the Rio is provided by the "rioutils" package. Market rivals of the Diamond Rio included the original RCA Lyra and

2278-467: The Scottish inch as the width of an average man's thumb at the base of the nail, even including the requirement to calculate the average of a small, a medium, and a large man's measures. However, the oldest surviving manuscripts date from the early 14th century and appear to have been altered with the inclusion of newer material. In 1814, Charles Butler, a mathematics teacher at Cheam School , recorded

2345-404: The U.S. Impacts related to the change to international feet will be minimized if a transition occurs concurrently with others [ sic ] changes in the NSRS. ... The difference in timelines will have no effect on users of the existing NSRS (National Spatial Reference System), because NGS ( NOAA 's National Geodetic Survey) will continue to support the U.S. survey foot for components of

2412-471: The ability to hold around 30 minutes of music at a bitrate of 128 kbit /s. An upgraded version was later released, which is colored translucent green and equipped with a larger 64 MB internal memory, at a cost of $ 250. The Rio also spawned one of the first Digital Music service providers (ASP or SaaS Cloud Service), RioPort . RioPort was the first digital music service to license secure, single-track commercial downloads from major record labels. The Rio PMP300

2479-620: The adoption of the international yard and pound , various definitions were in use. In the United Kingdom and most countries of the British Commonwealth , the inch was defined in terms of the Imperial Standard Yard . The United States adopted the conversion factor 1 metre = 39.37 inches by an act in 1866. In 1893, Mendenhall ordered the physical realization of the inch to be based on the international prototype metres numbers 21 and 27, which had been received from

2546-475: The adoption of the metric system, several European countries had customary units whose name translates into "inch". The French pouce measured roughly 27.0 mm, at least when applied to describe the calibre of artillery pieces . The Amsterdam foot ( voet ) consisted of 11 Amsterdam inches ( duim ). The Amsterdam foot is about 8% shorter than an English foot. The now obsolete Scottish inch ( Scottish Gaelic : òirleach ), ⁠ 1 / 12 ⁠ of

2613-466: The delay if Diamond eventually prevailed in court. Diamond then announced that it would temporarily delay shipment of the Rio. On October 26, Judge Collins denied the RIAA's application. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit held that the Rio's space shifting was fair use and not a copyright infringement. After the lawsuit ended, Diamond sold 200,000 players. Diamond no longer provides support for

2680-457: The diameter of vehicle wheel rims, and the corresponding inner diameter of tyres in tyre codes . Both inch-based and millimeter-based hex keys are widely available for sale in Europe. The international standard symbol for inch is in (see ISO 31-1 , Annex A) but traditionally the inch is denoted by a double prime , which is often approximated by a double quote symbol, and the foot by

2747-465: The door of a church on a Sunday and bid 16 men to stop, tall ones and small ones, as they happen to pass out when the service is finished; then make them put their left feet one behind the other, and the length thus obtained shall be a right and lawful rood to measure and survey the land with, and the 16th part of it shall be the right and lawful foot. The Neolithic long foot , first proposed by archeologists Mike Parker Pearson and Andrew Chamberlain,

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2814-584: The first half of the 10th century, is contained in the Laws of Hywel Dda which superseded those of Dyfnwal , an even earlier definition of the inch in Wales. Both definitions, as recorded in Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales (vol i., pp. 184, 187, 189), are that "three lengths of a barleycorn is the inch". King David I of Scotland in his Assize of Weights and Measures (c. 1150) is said to have defined

2881-518: The foot is defined as equal to exactly 0.3048 meters. Historically, the "foot" was a part of many local systems of units, including the Greek , Roman , Chinese , French , and English systems. It varied in length from country to country, from city to city, and sometimes from trade to trade. Its length was usually between 250 mm and 335 mm and was generally, but not always, subdivided into 12 inches or 16  digits . The United States

2948-425: The former was close to the size of the Roman foot. The standard Roman foot ( pes ) was normally about 295.7 mm (11.6 in) (97% of today's measurement), but in some provinces, particularly Germania Inferior , the so-called pes Drusianus (foot of Nero Claudius Drusus ) was sometimes used, with a length of about 334 mm (13.1 in). (In reality, this foot predated Drusus.) Originally both

3015-406: The hundreds of thousands or millions of feet. In 2020, the National Institute of Standards and Technology announced that the U.S. survey foot would "be phased out" on 1 January 2023 and be superseded by the international foot (also known as the foot) equal to 0.3048 metres exactly, for all further applications. This implies that the survey inch was replaced by the international inch. Before

3082-416: The inch, and that to recover the inch measure from its original definition, in case the standard measure were destroyed, would involve the measurement of large numbers of barleycorns and taking their average lengths. He noted that this process would not perfectly recover the standard, since it might introduce errors of anywhere between one hundredth and one tenth of an inch in the definition of a yard. Before

3149-523: The international foot. The United Kingdom was unaffected by this problem, as the retriangulation of Great Britain (1936–62) had been done in meters. In the United States, the foot was defined as 12 inches, with the inch being defined by the Mendenhall Order of 1893 via 39.37 inches = 1 m (making a US foot exactly ⁠ 1200 / 3937 ⁠   meters, approximately 0.304 800 61  m ). On December 31, 2022,

3216-510: The international yard for all purposes through the Weights and Measures Act 1963 , effective January 1, 1964. When the international foot was defined in 1959, a great deal of survey data was already available based on the former definitions, especially in the United States and in India . The small difference between the survey foot and the international foot would not be detectable on a survey of

3283-515: The international yard in the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations as exactly 0.9144 meters . Consequently, since a foot is one third of a yard, the international foot is defined to be equal to exactly 0.3048 meters. This was 2  ppm shorter than the previous US definition and 1.7 ppm longer than the previous British definition. The 1959 agreement concluded a series of step-by-step events, set off in particular by

3350-473: The length of the barley-corn cannot be fixed, so the inch according to this method will be uncertain", noting that a standard inch measure was now [i.e. by 1843] kept in the Exchequer chamber, Guildhall , and that was the legal definition of the inch. This was a point also made by George Long in his 1842 Penny Cyclopædia , observing that standard measures had since surpassed the barleycorn definition of

3417-466: The meter became the official unit of length in France . This was not fully enforced, and in 1812 Napoleon introduced the system of mesures usuelles which restored the traditional French measurements in the retail trade, but redefined them in terms of metric units. The foot, or pied métrique , was defined as one third of a meter. This unit continued in use until 1837. In southwestern Germany in 1806,

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3484-497: The modernization of the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) by NOAA 's National Geodetic Survey (NGS). The reason for associating the deprecation of the U.S. survey foot with the modernization of the NSRS is that the biggest impact of the uniform adoption of the international foot will be for users of the NSRS, due to very large coordinate values currently given in U.S. survey feet in many areas of

3551-515: The old legal definition of the inch to be "three grains of sound ripe barley being taken out the middle of the ear, well dried, and laid end to end in a row", and placed the barleycorn, not the inch, as the base unit of the English Long Measure system, from which all other units were derived. John Bouvier similarly recorded in his 1843 law dictionary that the barleycorn was the fundamental measure. Butler observed, however, that "[a]s

3618-631: The past, the people of Egypt , India , and Mesopotamia preferred the cubit , while the people of Rome , Greece , and China preferred the foot. Under the Harappan linear measures, Indus cities during the Bronze Age used a foot of 13.2 inches (335 mm) and a cubit of 20.8 inches (528 mm). The Egyptian equivalent of the foot—a measure of four palms or 16 digits—was known as the djeser and has been reconstructed as about 30 cm (11.8 in). The Greek foot ( πούς , pous ) had

3685-522: The site and in the diameter of the "southern circle" at nearby Durrington Walls . Evidence that this unit was in widespread use across southern Britain is available from the Folkton Drums from Yorkshire ( neolithic artifacts, made from chalk, with circumferences that exactly divide as integers into ten long feet) and a similar object, the Lavant drum , excavated at Lavant , Sussex, again with

3752-491: The spring-loaded battery compartment and the fragile plastic used for the door clips. The metal hinge used to hold the compartment to the base of the unit would put strain on the plastic casing, causing cracks around the SmartMedia slot. The silver colored coating on the main central control button in the original 32 MB unit would often peel and flake off with use. The control disc would commonly fall off. On October 8, 1998,

3819-413: The statute foot was a different measure, exactly ⁠ 10 / 11 ⁠ of the old (Belgic) foot. The barleycorn , inch , ell , and yard were likewise shrunk, while rods and furlongs remained the same. The ambiguity over the state of the mile was resolved by the 1593 Act against Converting of Great Houses into Several Tenements and for Restraint of Inmates and Inclosures in and near about

3886-408: The various feet in this list ceased to be used when the countries adopted the metric system. The Netherlands and modern Belgium adopted the metric system in 1817, having used the mesures usuelles under Napoleon and the newly formed German Empire adopted the metric system in 1871. The palm (typically 200–280 mm, ie. 7 ⁠ 7 / 8 ⁠ to 11 ⁠ 1 / 32 ⁠ inches)

3953-603: The various units of measure were given in many European reference works including: Many of these standards were peculiar to a particular city, especially in Germany (which, before German unification in 1871, consisted of many kingdoms, principalities, free cities and so on). In many cases the length of the unit was not uniquely fixed: for example, the English foot was stated as 11 pouces 2.6 lignes ( French inches and lines ) by Picard , 11 pouces 3.11 lignes by Maskelyne , and 11 pouces 3 lignes by D'Alembert . Most of

4020-506: The width of the human thumb. Standards for the exact length of an inch have varied in the past, but since the adoption of the international yard during the 1950s and 1960s the inch has been based on the metric system and defined as exactly 25.4   mm . The English word "inch" ( Old English : ynce ) was an early borrowing from Latin uncia ("one-twelfth; Roman inch ; Roman ounce "). The vowel change from Latin /u/ to Old English /y/ (which became Modern English /ɪ/ )

4087-873: The word for "inch" is the same as or derived from the word for "thumb", as a man's thumb is about an inch wide (and this was even sometimes used to define the inch ). In the Dutch language a term for inch is engelse duim (english thumb). Examples include Catalan : polzada ("inch") and polze ("thumb"); Czech : palec ("thumb"); Danish and Norwegian : tomme ("inch") tommel ("thumb"); Dutch : duim (whence Afrikaans : duim and Russian : дюйм ); French : pouce ; Georgian : დუიმი , Hungarian : hüvelyk ; Italian : pollice ; Portuguese : polegada ("inch") and polegar ("thumb"); ("duim"); Slovak : palec ("thumb"); Spanish : pulgada ("inch") and pulgar ("thumb"); and Swedish : tum ("inch") and tumme ("thumb"). The inch

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4154-514: The yard being realized as a physical standard (separate from the standard meter). The yard standards of the different Commonwealth countries were periodically compared with one another. The value of the United Kingdom primary standard of the yard was determined in terms of the meter by the National Physical Laboratory in 1964 to be 0.914 3969  m , implying a pre-1959 UK foot of 0.304 7990  m . The UK adopted

4221-470: Was equal to 3 barleycorns, which continued to be its legal definition for several centuries, with the barleycorn being the base unit. One of the earliest such definitions is that of 1324, where the legal definition of the inch was set out in a statute of Edward II of England , defining it as "three grains of barley , dry and round, placed end to end, lengthwise". Similar definitions are recorded in both English and Welsh medieval law tracts. One, dating from

4288-419: Was supplied with a copy of the "Music Match" software for managing the user's MP3 library. A selection of folk/country/blues MP3s were also provided, the metadata for which was in a Music Match specific format rather than as ID3 tags. The Rio PMP300 suffered from a few design flaws. The battery compartment door flap is notorious for breaking. The battery cover is difficult to repair due to the stress caused by

4355-450: Was to manufacture gauge blocks with a nominal size of 25.4mm, with a reference temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, accurate to within a few parts per million of both official definitions. Because Johansson's blocks were so popular, his blocks became the de facto standard for manufacturers internationally, with other manufacturers of gauge blocks following Johansson's definition by producing blocks designed to be equivalent to his. In 1930,

4422-1398: Was used in many Mediterranean cities instead of the foot. Horace Doursther, whose reference was published in Belgium which had the smallest foot measurements, grouped both units together, while J. F. G. Palaiseau devoted three chapters to units of length: one for linear measures (palms and feet); one for cloth measures (ells); and one for distances traveled (miles and leagues). In Belgium, the words pied (French) and voet (Dutch) would have been used interchangeably. International Standards Organisation (ISO)-defined intermodal containers for efficient global freight/cargo shipping, were defined using feet rather than meters for their leading outside (corner) dimensions. All ISO-standard containers to this day are eight feet wide, and their outer heights and lengths are also primarily defined in, or derived from feet. Quantities of global shipping containers are still primarily counted in Twenty-foot Equivalent Units , or TEUs. Everyday global (civilian) air traffic / aviation continues to be controlled in flight levels (flying altitudes) separated by thousands of feet (although typically read out in hundreds – e.g. flight level 330 actually means 33,000 feet, or about 10 kilometres in altitude). The length of

4489-467: Was used; when it was rebuilt in the 10th century, a foot of about 320 mm (12.6 in) was used. At the same time, monastic buildings used the Carolingian foot of 340 mm (13.4 in). The procedure for verification of the foot as described in the 16th century posthumously published work by Jacob Köbel in his book Geometrei. Von künstlichem Feldmessen und absehen is: Stand at

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