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84-779: The RPF was founded in December 1987 by Rwandan Tutsi in exile in Uganda because of the ethnic violence that had occurred during the Rwandan Hutu Revolution in 1959–1962. In 1990, the RPF started the Rwandan Civil War in an attempt to overthrow the government, which was dominated by Hutu . Later on, the Rwandan genocide occurred that ended on 4 July with the RPF conquest of the entire country. The RPF have ruled

168-697: A Sunni Islamist group based in Somalia , carried out two nearly simultaneous bombings in Kampala , killing 74 people. After eleven years of relative calm, on 16 November 2021, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), an Islamist group based in eastern Congo with ties to the Islamic State , carried out two suicide bombings near the central police station and parliament, killing three people and injuring 36. The City of Kampala covers

252-545: A Tutsi-dominated monarchy since the 15th century. In 1897, Germany established a presence in Rwanda with the formation of an alliance with the king, beginning the colonial era. Later, Belgium took control in 1916 during World War I. Both European nations ruled through the Rwandan king and perpetuated a pro-Tutsi policy. In Burundi, meanwhile, a ruling faction known as the ganwa emerged and quickly assumed effective control of

336-468: A failed attempt to force all Rwandan refugees into refugee camps in February 1982 resulted in a massive purge, driving 40,000 refugees back into Rwanda. Rwanda declared that they recognized only 4,000 of these as Rwandan nationals, while Uganda declared that they would take back only 1,000. The remaining 35,000 were left in a legal limbo along the border region for years, and many refugee youths left to join

420-658: A king (instead having a stateless age set system which they adopted from Cushitic peoples) while there were a number of Bantu kingdoms to the south of the Tutsi-Hima in Tanzania, all of which shared the Tutsi-Hima's chieftaincy pattern. Since the Cushitic Sidama kingdoms interacted with Nilotic groups, Fage thus proposes that the Tutsi may have descended from one such migrating Nilotic population. The Nilotic ancestors of

504-651: A large majority of officials in the RPF-led government are Tutsi. Rwanda is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, with over 14 million people living in a comparatively small territory of 26,338 square kilometers. Unlike other African countries, the current state of Rwanda was partly based on the pre-colonial Kingdom of Rwanda , governed by a Tutsi monarchy. When the European colonialists arrived in Rwanda (Germans from 1899–1916 and Belgians from 1916–1962),

588-465: A lot of leisure time, which they spent cultivating the high arts of poetry, weaving and music. Due to the Tutsi's status as a dominant minority vis-a-vis the Hutu farmers and the other local inhabitants, this relationship has been likened to that between lords and serfs in feudal Europe. According to Fage (2013), the Tutsi are serologically related to Bantu and Nilotic populations. This in turn rules out

672-506: A new and or different hill as they wished or desired. The first written description of this Kibuga (capital) was by the explorer Sir Richard Burton in his book, The Lake Region of East Africa , published in 1860. In the book, Burton, relying on the information collected by Snay Bin Amir, an Arab trader, described the Kibuga as: …the settlement is not less than a day's journey in length,

756-404: A population of 1,875,834 (2024) and is divided into the five political divisions of Kampala , Kawempe , Makindye , Nakawa , and Rubaga . Kampala's metropolitan area consists of the city proper and the neighboring Wakiso District , Mukono District , Mpigi District , Buikwe District and Luweero District . It has a rapidly growing population that is estimated at 6,709,900 people in 2019 by

840-476: A possible Cushitic origin for the founding Tutsi-Hima ruling class in the lacustrine kingdoms. However, the royal burial customs of the latter kingdoms are quite similar to those practiced by the former Cushitic Sidama states in the southern Gibe region of Ethiopia. By contrast, Bantu populations to the north of the Tutsi-Hima in the mount Kenya area such as the Agikuyu were until modern times essentially without

924-582: A resumption of hostilities and the start of the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, in which the Hutu then in power killed an estimated 500,000–600,000 people, largely of Tutsi origin. Victorious in the aftermath of the genocide, the Tutsi-ruled RPF came to power in July 1994. In the Rwanda territory, from the 15th century until 1961, the Tutsi were ruled by a king (the mwami ). Belgium abolished

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1008-762: A second language. There are essentially two groups of Tutsi in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). There is the Banyamulenge , a very tiny minority who live in the southern tip of South Kivu . They are descendants of Rwandan and Burundian Tutsis who were taken to the DRC by the Belgium King to perform administrative functions in his colony. The DRC boasts of 450 tribes (some of which have been exterminated today by rebel groups such as M23 and L'AFC). Tsutsi are native to Burundi and Rwanda along with

1092-443: A shorter underclass, but with little relation to the gene pools that had existed a few centuries ago. The social categories are thus real, but there is little if any detectable genetic differentiation between Hutu and Tutsi. Their average height is 5 feet 9 inches (175 cm), although individuals have been recorded as being taller than 7 feet (210 cm). Prior to the arrival of colonists, Rwanda had been ruled by

1176-462: A sovereign soil because of cobalt . The death of 'more than a million' Tutsi became the foundation of the new Rwanda, where former exiles hold a monopoly on power. It also created the socio-political environment for the mass criminalisation of Hutu. Gacaca courts eventually tried more than a million (Nyseth Brehm, Uggen, and Gasanabo 2016), which led President Kagame to suggest that all Hutu bear responsibility and should apologise (Benda 2017, 13). Thus

1260-404: A spectrum of physical variation in the peoples, Belgian authorities legally mandated ethnic affiliation in the 1920s, based on economic criteria. Formal and discrete social divisions were consequently imposed upon ambiguous biological distinctions. To some extent, the permeability of these categories in the intervening decades helped to reify the biological distinctions, generating a taller elite and

1344-421: A total area of 189 km (73 square miles), comprising 176 km (68 square miles) of land and 13 km (5.0 square miles) of water. Kampala is a hilly place with its valleys filled with sluggish rivers/ swamps. The highest point in the city proper is the summit of Kololo hill at 1,311 metres (4,301 ft), located in the center of the city and the lowest point at the shores of Lake Victoria south of

1428-541: Is between February and June that Kampala sees substantially heavier rainfall per month, with April typically seeing the heaviest amount of precipitation at an average of around 169 millimetres (6.7 in) of rain. Pre-primary education Pre-primary education is offered only by private entities which are located in the various neighbourhoods of Kampala and is lightly regulated by the Ministry of Education and Sports and starts from age of 6 weeks. Education in Kampala city

1512-401: Is reported to be among the fastest-growing cities in Africa, with an annual population growth rate of 4.03 percent, by City Mayors. Mercer (a New York –based consulting firm) has regularly ranked Kampala as East Africa's best city to live in, ahead of Nairobi and Kigali . Kampala originally referred to only the present-day Old Kampala hill, on whose summit Fort Lugard was located, and

1596-482: Is the current Chairman of the RPF after being re-elected with other members of the National Executive Committee (NEC) during the 16th party's national congress that met on 2 April 2023. The elected committee is responsible for the day-to-day management of the party activities and will serve a five-year term. In July 2024, Rwanda held elections, confirming Paul Kagame 's victory with 99.18% of

1680-762: The Katikiro (Prime Minister) of Buganda, Stanislaus Mugwanya, the Mulamuzi (Chief Judge) of Buganda, and Zakaria Kisingiri, the Muwanika (Chief Treasurer) of Buganda, with Bishop Alfred Tucker ), signed the Buganda Agreement on behalf of Buganda with Sir Harry Johnston , who signed on behalf of the British government . This agreement with Sir Harry Johnston created new land tenures such as freehold, Crown land, and mailo , and divided up and allocated

1764-633: The African Great Lakes region. They are a Bantu -speaking ethnic group and the second largest of three main ethnic groups in Rwanda and Burundi (the other two being the largest Bantu ethnic group Hutu and the Pygmy group of the Twa ). Historically, the Tutsi were pastoralists and filled the ranks of the warriors' caste . Before 1962, they regulated and controlled Rwandan society, which

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1848-534: The Arusha Accords in 1993, resulting in RPF personnel and other refugees being allowed to return to the country. On 6 April 1994, President Juvénal Habyarimana 's plane was shot down near Kigali International Airport , killing him and Cyprien Ntaryamira , the President of Burundi . Responsibility for the assassination has not been conclusively established; it is thought that either Hutu extremists or

1932-549: The East African Rift and on the northern limits of Tanzania Craton . Kampala has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system . A facet of Kampala's weather is that it features two annual wetter seasons . While the city does not have a true dry season month, it experiences heavier precipitation from August to December and from February to June. However, it

2016-516: The Kibuga area occupied by the Baganda and other natives. In 1931, the Uganda Railway line reached Kampala, connecting Kampala to Mombasa Port , thirty-five years after the commencement of its construction. In 1938, The East African Power & Lighting Company was granted a licence for thermal electric power generation and distribution for the towns of Kampala and Entebbe , and in

2100-566: The National Resistance Army . After the Museveni government was formed in 1986, Fred Rwigema , a Rwandan refugee commander, was appointed Uganda's deputy minister of defense and deputy army commander-in-chief, second only to Museveni in the military chain of command for Uganda. Paul Kagame was appointed acting chief of military intelligence. Rwandan refugees formed a large number of NRA officers because they had joined

2184-485: The Rwandan Patriotic Front ( RPF ) stands for Unity, Sovereignty and Security, Economy, Democratic Leadership, Fighting Corruption, Eliminating All Causes of Refugee Status, International Relations, Social Welfare, and Fighting Genocide and Its Ideology; the new RPF, dominated by Rwandan intellectuals who were in exile from different countries and military officers, was far more strong and ambitious than

2268-497: The Uganda Bureau of Statistics in an area of 8,451.9 km (3,263.3 square miles). Other estimates estimate put the size of the metropolitan area at around four million people. In 2015, this metropolitan area generated an estimated nominal GDP of $ 13.80221 billion (constant US dollars of 2011), which was more than half of Uganda's GDP for that year, indicating the importance of Kampala to Uganda's economy. Kampala

2352-574: The United Kingdom and were allocated Namirembe Hill . Two years later, in 1879, the Catholic White Fathers also arrived, first settling at the present-day village of Kitebi near Lubaga; subsequently, they would be allocated Lubaga Hill. The arrival of these two missionary groups laid the ground for the religious wars of 1888 to 1892 between their new converts and forced the missionaries from Great Britain to then lobby for

2436-534: The 1930 plan to an area of 28 km (11 square miles) incorporating areas like Kololo Hill, and the Industrial Area. However, like the first two planning schemes, the 1951 plan failed to achieve many of its stated objectives. On 9 October 1962, Uganda gained independence; subsequently the capital city was transferred from Entebbe to Kampala and in the same year, Kampala was granted city status . In 1968, six years after Uganda attained independence,

2520-805: The 1972 plan, was also never implemented. In 2010, the Kampala Capital City Authority Act was enacted, giving the Ugandan Government more control of the administration of Kampala. The act also created the Kampala Metropolitan Physical Planning Authority with the stated aims of improving the infrastructure of the City of Kampala and the surrounding districts of Wakiso , Mukono , Buikwe , Mpigi and Luwero . On 11 July 2010, suicide bombers affiliated with al-Shabaab ,

2604-463: The 53 elected seats in the Chamber of Deputies . The coalition won 42 seats in the 2008 parliamentary elections , and Kagame was re-elected as president in 2010 with 93% of the vote. The 2013 parliamentary elections saw the RPF-led coalition win 41 seats. In 2017, Kagame was re-elected for a third term with 98.8 percent of the vote. He was sworn in for another seven-year term on 18 August 2017. In

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2688-661: The British government to take over Buganda/Uganda as a protectorate. In 1890, Frederick Lugard , an agent of the Imperial British East Africa Company , arrived in Buganda during the reign of Kabaka Mwanga II , with whom he signed a treaty of protection by the British government over Buganda, and the Kibuga (capital) was located at Mengo Hill. Captain Lugard would, later on, be allocated

2772-610: The Busulu and Envujo law of 1928. In 1906, the Crown lands consisting of Old Kampala, Nakasero hills etc. and covering 567 hectares (5.67 km ; 1,400 acres) was consolidated and gazetted as Kampala Township. In 1912, Kampala Township received its first land-use plan and had a European and Asian population of 2,850. In 1922, Kampala's oldest university, Makerere , was founded as the Uganda Technical College at

2856-687: The Hutu and Twa. Secondly, there are minority Tutsi in North Kivu and Kalehe in South Kivu – being part of the Banyarwanda (Hutu and Tutsi) community. These are not Banyamulenge. Most of the Banyarwandans came when they fled the genocide in Rwanda. Some also came with AFDL a predominantly Tutsi army of child soldiers led by Congolese rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila and RPF soldier James Kabarebe . The Democratic republic of Congo

2940-480: The Impala". The Baganda, in whose territory this British settlement was located, then translated "Hill of the Impala" as Akasozi ke'Empala. This was then shortened to K'empala and finally Kampala. Kasozi means "hill", ke "of", and empala the plural of "impala". Hence the name "Kampala" came to refer to this initial British colonial settlement that would later on spread out from the occupied Old Kampala hill near

3024-519: The Kampala hill that would soon be known as Old Kampala , and on which he built a fort. In 1895, Mengo Senior School , the first school offering Western education in Kampala, was opened by the Church Missionary Society at Namirembe hill , where mostly the children of chiefs and pages of the royal palaces were students. In 1897, Mwanga launched a rebellion but was defeated and was subsequently captured and exiled , in 1899, to

3108-806: The Protestant Church Missionary Society got Namirembe Hill, the Muslims under Prince Nuhu Mbogo's leadership received Kibuli Hill, the British Catholic Mill Hill Missionaries received most of Nsambya Hill. The Uganda Protectorate government obtained land classified as Crown lands in the area such as Old Kampala Hill, Nakasero Hill, etc. To legalise the above changes, the following laws and ordinances were subsequently passed: The Crown lands Ordinance of 1903, The Land Law of 1908, The Registration of Land Titles ordinance of 1922, and

3192-407: The RPF carried it out. The shooting down of the plane served as the catalyst for the Rwandan genocide which began within a few hours. Over approximately 100 days, more than one million Tutsi people, were killed and an estimated 150,000 to 250,000 women were raped. The RPF with its wing army fought the government and took control of the country. The Rwandan genocide was completely stopped when Kigali

3276-463: The Seychelles alongside Omukama Kabalega , and his 3-year-old son was made Kabaka by the combined forces of the European officers leading Nubian and Baganda colonial soldiers . This state of affairs later culminated in the signing of the Buganda Agreement (1900) that formalised British colonial rule in Buganda. Also in 1897, Kampala's first Western-style health facility, Mengo Hospital ,

3360-408: The Tutsi domination. Belgian policies wavered and flip-flopped considerably during this period leading up to independence of Burundi and Rwanda . The Hutu majority in Rwanda had revolted against the Tutsi and was able to take power. Tutsi fled and created exile communities outside Rwanda in Uganda and Tanzania. Their actions led to the deaths of up to 200,000 Hutu. Overt discrimination from

3444-630: The Tutsi have considerably more haplogroup B Y-DNA paternal lineages (14.9% B) than do the Hutu (4.3% B). In general, the Tutsi appear to share a close genetic kinship with neighboring Bantu populations, particularly the Hutu. However, it is unclear whether this similarity is primarily due to extensive genetic exchanges between these communities through intermarriage or whether it ultimately stems from common origins: [...] generations of gene flow obliterated whatever clear-cut physical distinctions may have once existed between these two Bantu peoples – renowned to be height, body build, and facial features. With

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3528-483: The Tutsi to be educated and to participate in the colonial government. Such discriminatory policies engendered resentment. When the Belgians took over, they believed it could be better governed if they continued to identify the different populations. In the 1920s, they required people to identify with a particular ethnic group and classified them accordingly in censuses. In 1959, Belgium reversed its stance and allowed

3612-463: The Tutsi would thereby in earlier times have served as cultural intermediaries, adopting some monarchical traditions from adjacent Cushitic kingdoms and subsequently taking those borrowed customs south with them when they first settled amongst Bantu autochthones in the Great Lakes area. However, little difference can be ascertained between the cultures today of the Tutsi and Hutu; both groups speak

3696-463: The Tutsi, in which "possibly as many as 25,000 Tutsi" – including military, civil servants and civilians – were murdered by the former and "at least as many" Hutu were killed by the latter. Since the 2000 Arusha Peace Process , today in Burundi the Tutsi minority shares power in a more or less equitable manner with the Hutu majority. Traditionally, the Tutsi had held more economic power and controlled

3780-613: The Tutsi. In the colonial era, the Tutsi were hypothesized to have arrived in the Great Lakes region from the Horn of Africa . Tutsi were considered by some to be of Cushitic origin, although they do not speak a Cushitic language , and have lived in the areas where they presently inhabit for at least 400 years, leading to considerable intermarriage with the Hutu in the area. Due to the history of intermingling and intermarrying of Hutu and Tutsi, some ethnographers and historians are of

3864-445: The boundaries of Kampala were expanded incorporating the Kibuga (then known as Mengo Municipality), Kawempe and Nakawa Townships, and areas including Muyenga and Ggaba. This increased the administrative area of Kampala from 28 km (11 square miles) to the current 189 km (73 square miles). In 1972, the fourth physical plan for Kampala was made covering the newly incorporated areas of Kampala's boundary extensions of 1968, but

3948-431: The buildings are of cane and rattan. The sultan's (Kabaka) palace is at least a mile long and the circular huts neatly arranged in a line are surrounded by a strong fence which has only four gates. In 1862, when explorer John Speke arrived in Buganda, the Kibuga (capital) was at Bandabarogo, present-day Banda Hill , and the reigning Kabaka (King) was Mutesa I . In 1875, explorer Henry Morton Stanley reported

4032-609: The capital I found the vast collection of huts crowning the eminence were the Royal Quarters, around which ran several palisades and circular courts, between which and the city was a circular road, ranging from 100 ft [30 meters] to 200 ft [60 meters] in width with gardens and huts... In 1877, the first missionaries from the Church Mission Society , who were of the Protestant faith, arrived from

4116-537: The capital as being at present-day Lubaga Hill, where he met the same Kabaka , Mutesa I. During this visit, Stanley wrote a letter that was published in The Daily Telegraph , inviting missionaries to come to Buganda. He also described the Kibuga in his 1870s dispatches to The New York Herald , thus: As we approached the capital, the highway from Usavara [Busabala] increased in width from 20 ft [6 meters] to 150 ft [45 meters]...Arrived at

4200-469: The city center at altitude of 1,135 metres (3,724 ft). Kampala was originally built on seven hills , but it has expanded to cover more than the original seven hills. The original seven hills are: Due to Kampala's hilly nature and tropical climate, the valleys have slow rivers/swamps that tend to flow southwards towards Lake Victoria or northwards. These seasonal and or permanent swamps cover 15% of Kampala's land area. They include: Kampala, due to

4284-408: The colonial period was continued by different Rwandan and Burundian governments, including identity cards that distinguished Tutsi and Hutu. In 1993, Burundi's first democratically elected president, Melchior Ndadaye , a Hutu, was assassinated by Tutsi officers, as was the person entitled to succeed him under the constitution. This sparked a genocide in Burundi between Hutu political structures and

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4368-451: The country lost all political, economic, and cultural independence. The colonial rulers chose Rwanda's leaders and set laws in a way that suited their interests. The colonial rulers employed the divide-and-conquer strategy, spreading the idea that Rwandans : This strategy increased divisions between Tutsi, Hutu , and Batwa . In the early 1950s, Rwandans fought for their independence alongside other African countries. Since Tutsis made up

4452-538: The country since then as a one-party state , and its current leader, Paul Kagame , became the president of Rwanda in 2000, and remains in office. Since 1994, RPF rule has been characterized by political repression, relative stability, and economic growth. Among other policies implemented by the government are the non-recognition of ethnic identities and a wide-ranging prohibition on what the government calls " genocide ideology ", including discussion of ethnic differences. Despite an official nonsectarian identity, as of 2021,

4536-422: The country's administration. The ganwa who relied on support from both Hutu and Tutsi populations to rule, were sometimes perceived within Burundi as neither Hutu nor Tutsi but were predominantly of Tutsi origin. Rwanda was ruled as a colony by Germany (from 1897 to 1916) and by Belgium (from 1922 to 1961). Both the Tutsi and Hutu had been the traditional governing elite, but both colonial powers allowed only

4620-577: The death of Fred Rwigema from a bullet on 2 October. Paul Kagame , who had been doing military studies in the United States, returned to take over the RPA. Thereafter the RPA resorted to guerrilla attacks , focusing on the Byumba and Ruhengeri areas, and gained control of much of the north of the country in 1992. Eventually, negotiations between the RPF and the Rwandan government led to the signing of

4704-476: The diversity of habitats that include wetlands and hills, was previously covered with short grasses on the tops of the hills, elephant grass ( Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), Cyperus papyrus , African water lily etc. in the swamps and evergreen forests with trees such as African olive (mpafu) and Natal fig (mutuba) . Kampala is located on the East African Plateau between the two arms of

4788-678: The genocide of Congolese people in the Kivu area. Their leader is Laurent Nkrunda , a Tutsi who was also a former General in the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo . He is in charge of cobalt mines in the Kivu area which he guards with Rwandan army who use child soldiers and children to mine the cobalt. These are the sources of conflicts between the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo and M23 supported by Rwandan armed forces all of whom operate illegally on

4872-474: The initial headquarters of the British colonial authorities in the soon to be Uganda Protectorate . Before the British construction of Fort Lugard, the hill was a hunting reserve of the Kabaka (King) of Buganda and had several species of antelope, especially the impala . As a result, when the British colonial officials were allocated this hill by the then Kabaka of Buganda, they referred to it as "The Hill of

4956-488: The intention of taking back the power. The RPF had experience in organized irregular warfare from the Ugandan Bush War , and got much support from the government of Uganda. The initial RPF advance was halted by the lift of French arms to the Rwandan government. Attempts at peace culminated in the Arusha Accords . The agreement broke down after the assassination of the Rwandan and Burundian Presidents, triggering

5040-525: The land in such a way that would come to define the development of Kampala. The land in Buganda 's Kibuga (capital), including Mengo Hill and Makerere Hill, was allocated to the young Kabaka , the Baganda colonial collaborators, etc., under mailo and freehold. The religious missions were also formally allocated land they were previously occupying. Thus, the Catholic White Fathers got Lubaga Hill,

5124-520: The majority Hutu to assume control of the government through universal elections after independence. This partly reflected internal Belgian domestic politics, in which the discrimination against the Hutu majority came to be regarded as similar to oppression within Belgium stemming from the Flemish-Walloon conflict, and the democratization and empowerment of the Hutu was seen as a just response to

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5208-518: The majority of those who fought for Rwanda's independence, the Belgians started to propagate the idea that Tutsis were outsiders who had originated in Abyssinia or modern-day Ethiopia . The Rwandese Alliance for National Unity ( RANU ) was created in December 1979 in Nairobi , Kenya, by young Rwandan Tutsi refugee intellectuals, most of whom had grown up in Uganda. The RANU political organization

5292-436: The military. A similar pattern of events took place in Rwanda, but there the Hutu came to power in 1962. They in turn often oppressed the Tutsi, who fled the country. After the anti-Tutsi violence around 1959–1961, Tutsi fled in large numbers. These exile Tutsi communities gave rise to Tutsi rebel movements. The Rwandan Patriotic Front , mostly made up of exiled Tutsi living primarily in Uganda, attacked Rwanda in 1990 with

5376-491: The monarchy, following the national referendum that led to independence. By contrast, in the northwestern part of the country (predominantly Hutu), large regional landholders shared power, similar to Buganda society (in what is now Uganda ). Under their holy king, Tutsi culture traditionally revolved around administering justice and government. They were the only proprietors of cattle , and sustained themselves on their own products. Additionally, their lifestyle afforded them

5460-635: The necessary documents to run in the 2024 election. The Democratic Green Party retained two seats, with the remainder going to the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). According to the RPF, it still holds the belief that there should be a fundamental shift. It firmly felt that rapprochement among Rwandans was a prerequisite for socioeconomic growth, the establishment of national peace, and the restoration of dignity to every Rwandan. Tutsi The Tutsi ( / ˈ t ʊ t s i / ), also called Watusi , Watutsi or Abatutsi ( Kinyarwanda pronunciation: [ɑ.βɑ.tuː.t͡si] ), are an ethnic group of

5544-422: The new Rwanda is built not only on the death of 'more than a million" Tutsi but also on the collective guilt of Hutu. This state of affairs is in no one's interests except the regime's. Kampala Kampala / k ɑː m ˌ p ɑː l ɑː -/ ( UK : / k æ m ˈ p ɑː l ə / , US : / k ɑː m ˈ -/ ) is the capital and largest city of Uganda . The city proper has

5628-432: The original RANU. On 1 October 1990, the Rwandan government led by Juvénal Habyarimana with the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND) party which was known to rule with pro-Hutu policies, was invaded by the Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA), the wing army force of RPF led by Major-General Fred Gisa Rwigema , the starting of the Rwandan Civil War . The RPA incursion was initially successful, despite

5712-564: The post-genocide era, RPF as a ruling party established Rwanda's national unity and democratic government that continues to challenge itself foremost as a right movement to strive for national unity, democracy, and development. To achieve these since 2000, RPF chairman and president of Rwanda Kagame, has been elected three times to rule Rwanda consecutively. Under his leadership, the Rwandan government has invented and practiced unique national programs in ensuring self-reliance including Community work ( Umuganda ) and Gacaca courts . Paul Kagame

5796-441: The pre-existing Kibuga (capital) of the Buganda Kingdom. This area of numerous hills and swamps that later become known as Kampala was part of the core of the highly centralised Buganda Kingdom . It was also the site of the shifting Kibuga (capital) of the different Bassekabaka (kings) of the Buganda Kingdom, with each Kabaka (king) upon coronation, or subsequently during their reign, setting up their Kibuga (capital) on

5880-407: The present Makerere Hill and initially offered carpentry, building construction, mechanics, arts, education, agriculture, and medicine. In 1930, the first sewerage plan was prepared to target a population of 20,000 people in the Nakasero and Old Kampala areas of the Kampala township. This plan guided sewerage development from 1936 to 1940 in planned urban areas of the Kampala Township and excluded

5964-431: The rebellion early and thus had accumulated more experience. The contributions of the Rwandans in the Ugandan Bush War were immediately recognized by the new government. Six months after taking power, Museveni reversed the decades-old legal regime and declared that Rwandans who had resided in Uganda would be entitled to citizenship after 10 years. In December 1987, RANU held its seventh congress in Kampala and renamed itself

6048-476: The same Bantu language . The rate of intermarriage between the two groups was traditionally very high, and relations were amicable until the 20th century. Many scholars have concluded that the determination of Tutsi was and is mainly an expression of class or caste, rather than ethnicity. Rwandans have their own language, Kinyarwanda . English, French and Swahili serve as additional official languages for different historic reasons, and are widely spoken by Rwandans as

6132-553: The same year Sir Philip Mitchel , the Governor of Uganda , switched on Kampala and Uganda's first electric street lights . In 1945, Ernst May , a German architect, was commissioned by the Uganda Protectorate Government to design a new physical plan for Kampala. Ernst May's plan of 1947 was intended to extend Kampala eastwards covering Kololo Hill and Naguru Hill, and with the commercial centre on

6216-494: The southern slopes of Nakasero Hill, an industrial zone in the southeast of Kampala, and, for the first time, a planned residential zone for the Ugandan natives. The plan was never fully implemented, and in 1951 the third physical plan by Henry Kendall was instead adopted, though it incorporated some elements of Ernst May's 1947 plan. Henry Kendall's 1951 plan expanded Kampala from the 5.67 km (2.19 square miles) area of

6300-611: The subsequent political and economic turmoil of the 1970s and 1980s meant the plan was never implemented. The Battle of Kampala during the Ugandan Bush War occurred in January 1986. It resulted in the capture of the city by the National Resistance Movement , led by Yoweri Museveni and the subsequent surrender of the Ugandan government . Similarly, the fifth physical plan for Kampala, made in 1994, like

6384-505: The view that Hutu and Tutsi cannot be called distinct ethnic groups. Modern-day genetic studies of the Y-chromosome generally indicate that the Tutsi, like the Hutu, are largely of Bantu extraction (60% E1b1a , 20% B , 4% E-P2 (xE1b1a)). Paternal genetic influences associated with the Horn of Africa and North Africa are few (under 3% E1b1b-M35 ), and are ascribed to much earlier inhabitants who were assimilated. However,

6468-548: The votes on July 15. This result reflects the trust many Rwandan citizens still have in him, especially since he played a crucial role in stopping the Rwanda Genocide in 1994. However, the ruling party saw its representation in parliament decrease, securing 37 of 53 directly elected seats, down from 40. Only two candidates were allowed to run against Paul Kagame , while others were barred from participating. The Rwandan Electoral Commission stated that these candidates lacked

6552-464: Was a country of refuge for Hutu and Tutsi groups that fled genocide on foot. Tutsi also fled Rwanda (when the monarchy was overthrown) into the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. In Burundi during the genocide of the Hutu many Hutu fled into the DRC as well these also form part of the Bayarwanda community. Many of the child soldiers who grew up became part of M23, a rebel group responsible for

6636-444: Was captured by the RPF wing army on 4 July. After the RPF stopped the genocide and took control of the country, in 1994, it formed a government of national unity headed by a president, Pasteur Bizimungu . Paul Kagame became Minister of Defense and Vice-President. President Bizimungu served for six years and resigned from government in 2000, after forming his political party, he was arrested in 2002. Sentenced to 15 years in prison, he

6720-455: Was composed of Tutsi aristocracy and Hutu commoners, utilizing a clientship structure. They occupied the dominant positions in the sharply stratified society and constituted the ruling class. The definition of "Tutsi" has changed through time and location. Social structures were not stable throughout Rwanda, even during colonial times under the Belgian rule . The Tutsi aristocracy or elite

6804-480: Was distinguished from Tutsi commoners. When the Belgian colonists conducted censuses, they wanted to identify the people throughout Rwanda-Burundi according to a simple classification scheme. They defined "Tutsi" as anyone owning more than ten cows (a sign of wealth) or with the physical features of a longer thin nose, high cheekbones , and being over six feet tall, all of which are common descriptions associated with

6888-419: Was established to discuss a possible return to Rwanda. Though primarily a forum for intellectual discussion, it became militant after Milton Obote 's election in 1980 , resulting in many Tutsi refugees joining Yoweri Museveni in fighting the Ugandan Bush War . Following the overthrow of Idi Amin in 1979, Obote denounced Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA) as composed of Banyarwanda. Subsequently,

6972-531: Was opened on Namirembe hill by British doctor and missionary Sir Albert Ruskin Cook . In addition, Sir Albert Ruskin Cook would in 1913 found Mulago Hospital , the current National Referral Hospital, at Mulago hill. In 1899, the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa founded Lubaga Hospital on Lubaga Hill. In 1900, the regents of the infant Kabaka Daudi Cwa II (who were Apolo Kagwa ,

7056-496: Was released with a pardon from President Kagame in 2007. In February 1998 Kagame was elected president of the RPF, replacing Alexis Kanyarengwe , and in March 2000 he became the national president. Following a constitutional referendum in 2003, Kagame was elected president with 95% of the vote. The RPF formed a coalition with several smaller parties, which received 74% of the vote in the 2003 parliamentary elections , winning 40 of

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