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55-758: The Austin J. Tobin Plaza , also known as the World Trade Center Plaza , was a large public square that was located on the World Trade Center site from 1966 until its destruction during the September 11 attacks in 2001. It covered 5 acres (220,000 sq ft; 2.0 ha), making it the largest plaza in New York City by acreage at the time. The plaza opened as part of the original World Trade Center on April 4, 1973, and

110-422: A grid plan , with the city centre including a central public square, Victoria Square , and four public squares in the centre of each quarter of the city. North Adelaide has two public squares. The city was also designed to be surrounded by park lands , and all of these features still exist today, with the squares maintained as mostly green spaces. In Mainland China, People's Square is a common designation for

165-557: A "square" has a wider meaning. There are public squares of the type described above but the term is also used for formal open spaces surrounded by houses with private gardens at the centre, sometimes known as garden squares . Most of these were built in the 18th and 19th centuries. In some cases the gardens are now open to the public. See the Squares in London category. Additionally, many public squares were created in towns and cities across

220-405: A bomb set by terrorists exploded below this site. This horrible act of violence killed innocent people, injured thousands, and made victims of us all." The plaza was heavily monitored, and security cameras were placed on the rooftops of surrounding buildings to deter a potential terrorist attack. The cameras operated constantly, and more were installed facing the streets adjacent to the plaza. After

275-683: A marketplace but were built in front of large palaces or public buildings to emphasise their grandeur, as well as to accommodate military parades and ceremonies, among others (for example the Place Royale in Brussels and the Koningsplein in Amsterdam ). Palace squares are usually more symmetrical than their older market counterparts. In Russia, central square ( Russian : центра́льная пло́щадь , romanised : tsentráĺnaya plóshchad́ )

330-692: A particle in a proper noun. Like the Italian piazza and the Portuguese praça , the plaza remains a center of community life that is only equaled by the market-place. A plaza de toros is a bullring . Shopping centers may incorporate 'plaza' into their names, and plaza comercial is used in some countries as a synonym for centro comercial i.e. "shopping center". In the United Kingdom, and especially in London and Edinburgh ,

385-417: A plaza can mean one of several things: Today's metropolitan landscapes often incorporate the plaza as a design element, or as an outcome of zoning regulations, building budgetary constraints, and the like. Sociologist William H. Whyte conducted an extensive study of plazas in New York City : his study humanized the way modern urban plazas are conceptualized, and helped usher in significant design changes in

440-460: Is a back formation, since krásnaja (the term for "red") also means "beautiful" in archaic and poetic Russian, with many cities and towns throughout the region having locations with the name "Red Square." Gwanghwamun Plaza ( Korean : 광화문광장) also known as Gwanghwamun Square) is a public open space on Sejongno , Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It against the background of A Gwanghwamun Gate(Korean: 광화문). In 2009, Restoration of Gwanghwamun Gate made

495-675: Is a cognate of Italian piazza and French place (which has also been borrowed into English). The term is used across Spanish-speaking territories in Spain and the Americas, as well as in the Philippines . In addition to smaller plazas, the Plaza Mayor (sometimes called in the Americas as Plaza de Armas , "armament square" where troops could be mustered) of each center of administration held three closely related institutions:

550-470: Is a common term for an open area in the heart of the town . In a number of cities, the square has no individual name and is officially designated Central Square , for example Central Square (Tolyatti) . The most famous central square is the monumentally-proportioned Red Square which became a synecdoche for the Soviet Union during the 20th century; nevertheless, the association with "red communism"

605-564: Is a place for public spectacles, court celebrations and general non-court entertainments. In traditional Persian architecture, town squares are known as maydan or meydan. A maydan is considered one of the essential features in urban planning and they are often adjacent to bazaars, large mosques and other public buildings. Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan and Azadi Square in Tehran are examples of classic and modern squares. Several countries use

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660-601: Is known in the Southwestern United States , is a common feature within the boundaries of the former provincial kingdom of Santa Fe de Nuevo México . They are a blend of Hispano and Pueblo design styles, several of which continue to be hubs for cities and towns in New Mexico , including Santa Fe Plaza , Old Town Albuquerque , Acoma Pueblo 's plaza, Taos Downtown Historic District , Mesilla Plaza , Mora , and Las Vegas Plaza . In U.S. English ,

715-797: Is referred to as The Piazza. In the Low Countries , squares are often called "markets" because of their usage as marketplaces . Most towns and cities in Belgium and the southern part of the Netherlands have in their historical centre a Grote Markt (literally "Big Market") in Dutch or Grand-Place (literally "Grand Square") in French (for example the Grand-Place in Brussels and

770-645: Is why the Bathtub method was used. The Bathtub contains a 16-acre (65,000 m ) site, including seven basement levels, the downtown terminal of the PATH rapid transit line, and the preexisting New York City Subway 's IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line ( 1 train). The South Tower of the World Trade Center was actually built around the PATH tubes that passed through the foundation area, thus service

825-720: The Grote Markt in Antwerp ). The Grote Markt or Grand-Place is often the location of the town hall , hence also the political centre of the town. The Dutch word for square is plein , which is another common name for squares in Dutch-speaking regions (for example Het Plein in The Hague ). In the 17th and 18th centuries, another type of square emerged, the so-called royal square (French: Place royale , Dutch: Koningsplein ). Such squares did not serve as

880-567: The 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests , and all Chinese National Day Parades . The German word for square is Platz , which also means "Place", and is a common term for central squares in German-speaking countries. These have been focal points of public life in towns and cities from the Middle Ages to today. Squares located opposite a Palace or Castle ( German : Schloss ) are commonly named Schlossplatz . Prominent Plätze include

935-680: The Alexanderplatz , Pariser Platz and Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Heldenplatz in Vienna, and the Königsplatz in Munich. A large open square common in villages, towns and cities of Indonesia is known as alun-alun . It is a Javanese term which in modern-day Indonesia refers to the two large open squares of kraton compounds. It is typically located adjacent a mosque or a palace. It

990-449: The cathedral , the cantabile or administrative center, which might be incorporated in a wing of a governor's palace , and the audiencia or law court. The plaza might be large enough to serve as a military parade ground. At times of crisis or fiestas , it serves as the gathering space for large crowds. Diminutives of plaza include plazuela and the latter's double diminutive plazoleta , which can be occasionally used as

1045-580: The piazze of Italy are central to most towns and cities. Shops, businesses, metro stations, and bus stops are commonly found on piazzas, and in multiple locations also feature Roman Catholic Churches , such as in places known as the Piazza del Duomo , with the most famous perhaps being at Duomo di Milan , or government buildings, such as the Piazza del Quirinale adjacent from the Quirinal Palace of

1100-536: The village green . Most squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets , concerts , political rallies, and other events that require firm ground. They are not necessarily a true geometric square . Being centrally located, town squares are usually surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat markets, cheese stores, and clothing stores. At their center is often a well , monument , statue or other feature. Those with fountains are sometimes called fountain squares . The term "town square" (especially via

1155-399: The 1993 bombing, up to 300 security personnel were at the complex and plaza at any given time. Crowds would often gather in the plaza for various events, although security prevented people from sitting on planters in between the benches that circled the plaza. Located on the plaza were several sculptures and art pieces. The World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture , designed by Masayuki Nagare ,

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1210-624: The Bathtub wall: DWV , utility systems, and PATH trains. Today, a passageway leads between Brookfield Place and the World Trade Center Transportation Hub . Once constructed, the bathtub walls relied on the presence of the basement floors of the WTC to give lateral support. When these were partially destroyed following the collapse of the Twin Towers during the September 11 attacks , it was feared that removing

1265-773: The Italian president. The Piazza San Marco in Venice and Piazza del Popolo in Rome are among the world's best known. The Italian piazzas historically played a major role in the political developments of Italy in both the Italian Medieval Era and the Italian Renaissance. For example, the Piazza della Signoria in Florence remains synonymous with the return of the Medici from their exile in 1530 as well as

1320-931: The UK as part of urban redevelopment following the Blitz . Squares can also be quite small and resemble courtyards, especially in the City of London . In some cities, especially in New England , the term "square" (as its Spanish equivalent, plaza ) is applied to a commercial area (like Central Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts ), usually formed around the intersection of three or more streets, and which originally consisted of some open area (many of which have been filled in with traffic islands and other traffic calming features). Many of these intersections are irregular rather than square. The placita (Spanish for "little plaza"), as it

1375-725: The United States, to refer to a verandah or front porch of a house or apartment, such as at George Washington's historic home Mount Vernon . Several countries, especially around the Mediterranean Sea, feature Italian-style town squares. In Gibraltar, one such town square just off Gibraltar 's Main Street , between the Parliament Building and the City Hall officially named John Mackintosh Square

1430-536: The World Trade Center site in 2016. The Sphere is the only artwork from the original World Trade Center to survive the September 11 attacks and subsequent recovery effort. The plaza was surrounded by all seven buildings of the World Trade Center Complex. 1 World Trade Center was located on the west-facing side of the plaza adjacent to West Street and 2 World Trade Center was located on

1485-483: The attack. The Sphere and Cloud Fortress were recovered, but the latter was demolished in recovery efforts at the site. The Sphere is currently located in Liberty Park . The 1993 bombing memorial was heavily damaged during the September 11 attacks, and only a small segment of the fountain survived. The Sphere was heavily damaged and was relocated to Battery Park in 2002; it was moved to Liberty Park at

1540-607: The burning at the stake of Savonarola during the Italian Inquisition . The Italian term is roughly equivalent to the Spanish plaza , the French term place, the Portuguese praça, and the German Platz. Not to be confused, other countries use the phrase to refer to an unrelated feature of architectural or urban design, such as the "piazza" at King's Cross station in London or piazza as used by some in

1595-660: The central town square of modern Chinese cities, established as part of urban modernization within the last few decades. These squares are the site of government buildings, museums and other public buildings. One such square, Tiananmen Square , is a famous site in Chinese history due to it being the site of the May Fourth Movement , the Proclamation of the People's Republic of China , the 1976 Tiananmen Incident ,

1650-416: The construction of the towers. The plaza was renovated between 1998 and 1999. The marble paving stones were replaced with gray and pink granite stones, new benches , planters, restaurants , food kiosks and outdoor eating areas were added. Trees were also planted, and lined the plaza entrances. The total cost was $ 12 million (1999 USD ). The plaza covered 5 acres (220,000 sq ft; 2.0 ha), and

1705-552: The corner of Fulton Street across the street from the eastern edge of the plaza, was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks. In early 1961, the plan for the original World Trade Center was released to the public, and the site was to be located along the East River . Due to heavy backlash, that December the project was relocated to a 16-acre (700,000 sq ft; 6.5 ha) plot in Lower Manhattan. The plaza

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1760-409: The eastern edge of the plaza, was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks. Town square A town square (also a plaza , public square or urban square ) is an open public space commonly found in the heart of a traditional town , and which is used for community gatherings. A square in a city may be called a city square . Related concepts are the civic center , the market square and

1815-494: The gate's front space as a public plaza. The square has been renovated to modern style has new waterways & rest Areas, exhibition Hall for Excavated Cultural Assets in 2022 Aug. The Spanish-language term for a public square is plaza ( [ˈplasa] or [ˈplaθa] depending on the dialectal variety). It comes from Latin platea , with the meaning of 'broad street' or 'public square'. Ultimately coming from Greek πλατεῖα (ὁδός) plateia (hodos) , it

1870-451: The making of plazas. They can be used to open spaces for low-income neighborhoods, and can also the overall aesthetic of the surrounding area boosting economic vitality, pedestrian mobility and safety for pedestrians. Most plazas are created out of a collaboration between local non-profit applicants and city officials which requires approval from the city. Throughout North America, words like place , square , or plaza frequently appear in

1925-519: The mall located beneath the plaza via the lobby in the North Tower. Many people also evacuated the area by using the Vesey Street staircase , which connected the plaza to Vesey Street . When 1 and 2 World Trade Center collapsed, about 600,000 tons of debris fell onto the plaza. The plaza sustained heavy damage and was destroyed as a result of fires inside of the rubble in the hours after

1980-440: The names of commercial developments such as shopping centers and hotels. The Bathtub The Bathtub, built in 1967–1968, encompasses a large, roughly rectangular excavation down to bedrock surrounded by reinforced concrete walls, intended to serve as dams to prevent water intrusion from the nearby Hudson River ( North River ). It enclosed nearly the entire original World Trade Center . The World Trade Center site

2035-417: The plans for the plaza; there would be entrances on all four sides, as well as a 80-foot-wide (24 m) fountain at the center of the plaza. Development of the plaza began on August 5, 1966, as the construction of other buildings that were part of the World Trade Center took place. The plaza was constructed to be supported by large steel columns that reached into the " Bathtub " below, and the foundations for

2090-571: The plaza, but was later cancelled due to sizing issues. Director Gary Beck called the plaza a "naturally perfect performing site" and "accidentally one of the best in America". Author Virginia Dajani also gave remarks on the plaza, stating that it was "considerably larger than the Piazza San Marco in Venice and infinitely less memorable". The plaza was surrounded by all seven buildings of the World Trade Center Complex. 1 World Trade Center

2145-402: The resulting debris pile could weaken the walls and cause them to fail, endangering workers and possibly compromising other buildings and flooding a significant portion of the subway system . During the recovery and clean-up operation, dangerous degradation of the walls was discovered, prompting an emergency operation to install tiebacks to the bedrock to shore up the bathtub walls. Excavation of

2200-498: The south side of the plaza. Marriott World Trade Center (also known as 3 World Trade Center) was located on the southwestern corner of the plaza in between the towers. 4 World Trade Center , adjacent to the South Tower, was positioned on the southeastern edge of the plaza bounded by Liberty and Church streets. 5 World Trade Center was located directly opposite of 4, bounded by Church and Vesey Street, and 6 World Trade Center

2255-622: The term "maidan" across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, including Ukraine, in which the term became well-known globally during the Euromaidan . A piazza ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈpjattsa] ) is a city square in Italy , Malta , along the Dalmatian coast and in surrounding regions. Possibly influenced by the centrality of the Forum (Roman) to ancient Mediterranean culture,

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2310-473: The term "public square") is synonymous with the politics of many cultures, and the names of a certain town squares, such as the Euromaidan or Red Square , have become symbolic of specific political events throughout history. The city centre of Adelaide and the adjacent suburb of North Adelaide , in South Australia, were planned by Colonel William Light in 1837. The city streets were laid out in

2365-566: The towers were also built into the plaza. These foundations reached into the bedrock below. The Bathtub, which helped hold the plaza, took up an underground space that reached to the West Side Highway and the 1/9 subway line . The plaza was inaugurated on April 4, 1973. In 1982, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey decided to rename the plaza in honor of its former executive director, Austin J. Tobin , who promoted

2420-468: Was brought into design in January 1964, when architect Minoru Yamasaki released a model for the complex at a press conference. The original plans called for a reflecting pool at the center of the plaza. In addition, the plaza would have been accessed through a single large entrance on Church Street to the east. By May 1966, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey , the site's developer, had revised

2475-429: Was commissioned in 1970 and was dedicated on the plaza in 1972. The sculpture was composed of a set of two black granite pyramids that were 34 feet long, 17 feet wide and 14 feet high. The 1993 World Trade Center Bombing Memorial by Elyn Zimmerman was dedicated in 1995; it was a granite fountain dedicated to the 1993 bombing victims. Fritz Koenig 's bronze sculpture The Sphere , measuring 25 feet (7.6 m) high,

2530-480: Was dedicated in 1972. Ideogram , a stainless-steel sculpture designed by James Rosati , was located on the plaza near the Marriott World Trade Center . On September 11, 2001, a terrorist attack unfolded at the World Trade Center site, and the plaza became an evacuation route for civilians attempting to escape the area. Firefighters directed a majority of the people who were evacuating to

2585-440: Was increased at the complex, and fire safety improvements were implemented. On February 26, 1995, a memorial fountain made of granite was dedicated in the Plaza to honor the victims of the 1993 bombing. The fountain was designed by sculptor Elyn Zimmerman , and placed above the site of the explosion. It included an inscription with the names of the six victims of the attack, as well as a message that read: "On February 26, 1993,

2640-453: Was located directly opposite of 4, bounded by Church and Vesey Street, and 6 World Trade Center was located on the northwestern edge of the plaza bounded by Vesey Street. 7 World Trade Center was located on an adjacent street, and was connected to the plaza via the Vesey Street stairs . The World Financial Center (now known as Brookfield Place) was also adjacent to the plaza's west side. The Millennium Downtown New York Hotel , located on

2695-510: Was located on man-made water-clogged landfill that had accumulated over centuries, providing an extension of land out onto the Hudson River from the original Manhattan shoreline, with bedrock located 65 feet (20 m) below. Manually removing water from this area would have severely altered the water levels surrounding the World Trade Center site and thus would have jeopardized the foundations of nearby buildings, causing them to sink. This

2750-407: Was located on the northwestern edge of the plaza bounded by Vesey Street. 7 World Trade Center was located on an adjacent street, and was connected to the plaza via the Vesey Street stairs . The World Financial Center (now known as Brookfield Place) was also adjacent to the plaza's west side. The Millennium Downtown New York Hotel , located on the corner of Fulton Street across the street from

2805-456: Was located on the west-facing side of the plaza adjacent to West Street and 2 World Trade Center was located on the south side of the plaza. Marriott World Trade Center (also known as 3 World Trade Center) was located on the southwestern corner of the plaza in between the towers. 4 World Trade Center , adjacent to the South Tower, was positioned on the southeastern edge of the plaza bounded by Liberty and Church streets. 5 World Trade Center

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2860-415: Was made of smooth marble and granite . The plaza was landscaped, and flowerbeds located near the benches were changed out seasonally. A total of 37 staircases led up to the plaza, and a staircase that led up to the plaza from Vesey Street was used to get to the plaza from 7 World Trade Center . Another building, designed by architectural firm Walker & Gillette , was to be built on the eastern edge of

2915-411: Was renamed after Austin J. Tobin in 1982. Several sculptures were located there, including The Sphere and Ideogram . The plaza was damaged by a car bomb in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing , and it was destroyed eight years later in the September 11 attacks. At the center of the plaza was The Sphere , and rows of benches were arranged in a circular pattern around the sculpture. The plaza

2970-457: Was the largest plaza in New York City . Below the plaza was the Mall at the World Trade Center and a concourse. On February 26, 1993, a van bomb planted by al-Qaeda terrorists was detonated in the underground garage directly under the plaza, killing six and injuring over 1,000. The plaza was heavily damaged, and the communications center near the plaza was destroyed. After the bombing, security

3025-536: Was uninterrupted throughout the whole of the construction period. The waterproof walls were 3 feet (0.91 m) thick and 70 feet (21 m) high. The excavated material that was dug up to build the bathtub was again used as landfill to construct Battery Park City , and the same method was also used to construct the foundation area of the Willis Tower in Chicago . There are several structures that penetrate

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