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91-507: The plot depicts the everyday lives of soldiers and the townspeople of a rural German-speaking town. Prominent themes of militarism , callousness, social exploitation, and casual sadism are brutally and uncompromisingly presented. Toward the end of act 1, scene 2, the title character (Wozzeck) murmurs, "Still, all is still, as if the world died," with his fellow soldier Andres muttering, "Night! We must get back!" seemingly oblivious to Wozzeck's words. A funeral march begins, only to transform into

182-639: A Business Plot for a military coup, for which he had been suggested as leader; the matter was partially corroborated, but the real threat has been disputed. The Latin American expeditions ended with Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Good Neighbor policy of 1934. After World War II, there were major cutbacks, such that units responding early in the Korean War under United Nations authority (e.g. Task Force Smith ) were unprepared, resulting in catastrophic performance. When Harry S. Truman fired Douglas MacArthur ,

273-1030: A minor key . In eighteenth-century French practice, the passacaglia leans more strongly to the melodic basso ostinato, while the chaconne, "in a reversal of the [seventeenth-century] Italian practice, in various respects undergoes a freer treatment". Some examples are the organ passacaglias of Johann Sebastian Bach , Dieterich Buxtehude , Johann Pachelbel , Sigfrid Karg-Elert , Johann Caspar Kerll , Daniel Gregory Mason , Georg Muffat , Gottlieb Muffat , Johann Kuhnau , Juan Bautista Cabanilles , Bernardo Pasquini , Max Reger , Ralph Vaughan Williams ( Passacaglia on B–G–C , 1933), George Frideric Handel and Leo Sowerby . Passacaglias for lute have been composed by figures such as Alessandro Piccinini , Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger , Sylvius Leopold Weiss , Esaias Reusner , Count Logy , Robert de Visée , Jacques Bittner , Philipp Franz Lesage de Richée  [ fr ] , François Dufault , Jacques Gallot , Denis Gaultier , Ennemond Gaultier , and Roman Turovsky-Savchuk ,

364-492: A strummed interlude between instrumentally accompanied dances or songs. Despite the form's Spanish roots (confirmed by references in Spanish literature of the period), the first written examples of passacaglias are found in an Italian source dated 1606. These pieces, as well as others from Italian sources from the beginning of the century, are simple, brief sequences of chords outlining a cadential formula . The passacaglia

455-411: A Rhythm) In a tavern, Wozzeck dances with Margret. He pulls her onto his lap, insults her, and demands that she sing. As she does, people notice blood on Wozzeck. They raise alarm. Agitated and terrified, Wozzeck flees. Scene 4 (Invention on a Hexachord ) Wozzeck tries to retrieve the knife from the pond. Hallucinating, he speaks to Marie. He has paranoid delusions about the blood-red moon telling

546-729: A backlash against the Nazi period, and the Allied Control Council and later the Allied High Commission oversaw a program of attempted fundamental re-education of the German people at large in order to put a stop to German militarism once and for all. The Federal Republic of Germany today maintains a large, modern military and has one of the highest defence budgets in the world; at 1.3 percent of Germany's GDP, it is, in 2019, similar in cash terms to those of

637-437: A chamber orchestra in act 2, scene 3; and a tavern band in act 2, scene 4; an upright piano is also played in act 3, scene 3). The instrumentation is: Marching band (Act I, scene iii): Berg notes that marching band members may be taken from the pit orchestra, indicating exactly where the players can leave with a footnote near the end of Act I, scene ii. Militarism Militarism

728-556: A passacaglia for bandura by Julian Kytasty , and for baroque guitar by Paulo Galvão , Santiago de Murcia , Francisco Guerau , Gaspar Sanz , and Marcello Vitale . One of the best known examples of the passacaglia in Western classical music is the Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 582 , for organ by Johann Sebastian Bach . The French clavecinists , especially Louis Couperin and his nephew François Couperin , used

819-403: A recurring soprano melody, and the passacaglia was formed over a ground bass pattern, whereas Clarence Lucas defined the two forms in precisely the opposite way. More recently, however, some progress has been made toward making a useful distinction for the usage of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, when some composers (notably Frescobaldi and François Couperin ) deliberately mixed

910-946: A significant element of the imperialist or expansionist ideologies of many nations throughout history. Notable ancient examples include the Assyrian Empire , the Greek city state of Sparta , the Roman Empire , the Aztec nation, and the Mongol Empire . Examples from modern times include the Ottoman Empire , the Kingdom of Prussia / German Empire / Third Reich , the British Empire , the Habsburg monarchy,

1001-517: A stronger central government than had ever previously existed for the purpose of enabling the nation to pursue an imperial policy in the Pacific and in the Caribbean and economic militarism to support the development of the new industrial economy. This reform was the result of a conflict between Neo-Hamiltonian Republicans and Jeffersonian - Jacksonian Democrats over the proper administration of

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1092-410: A variant of the form—the passacaille en rondeau —with a recurring episode between the variations. Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber 's "Passacaglia", the last piece of the monumental Rosary Sonatas , is one of the earliest known compositions for solo violin. The central episode of Claudio Monteverdi 's madrigal Lamento della Ninfa is a passacaglia on a descending tetrachord . The first two movements of

1183-407: Is "a decent man, only you think too much!" The tired Captain exits. Scene 2 ( Rhapsody and Hunting Song) Wozzeck and Andres cut sticks at sunset. Andres sings a hunting song. Wozzeck experiences frightening visions and grows agitated. Andres tries to calm him. Scene 3 ( March and Lullaby ) Marie admires a military parade when Margret mocks her for her interest in the soldiers. Marie shuts

1274-491: Is a musical form that originated in early seventeenth-century Spain and is still used today by composers. It is usually of a serious character and is typically based on a bass- ostinato and written in triple metre . The term passacaglia (Spanish: pasacalle ; French: passacaille ; Italian: passacaglia , passacaglio , passagallo , passacagli , passacaglie ) derives from the Spanish pasar (cross, pass) and calle (street). It originated in early 17th-century Spain as

1365-625: Is a passacaglia which has become well known as a duo for violin and viola, arranged by the Norwegian violinist Johan Halvorsen . Other examples of passacaille include Les plaisirs ont choisi from Jean-Baptiste Lully 's opera Armide (1686) and Dido's Lament , When I am Laid in Earth from Henry Purcell 's Dido and Aeneas , the aria Piango, gemo, sospiro by Antonio Vivaldi , or "Usurpator tiranno" and Stabat Mater by Giovanni Felice Sances , et al. Nineteenth-century examples include

1456-524: Is also found in his early Sonata for viola solo, Op. 11, No. 5 (1919) and the second movement of the song cycle Das Marienleben (1948), as well as in later works such as the Fifth String Quartet and the Octet for winds and strings. Igor Stravinsky used the form for the central movement of his Septet (1953), a transitional work between his neoclassical and serial periods. A passacaglia

1547-525: Is also the ideological concept behind a shift in policies (since the death of Kim Il Sung in 1994) which emphasize the people's military over all other aspects of state and the interests of the military comes first before the masses (workers). In the pre-colonial era, the Filipino people had their own forces, divided between the islands which each had its own ruler. They were called Sandig ( Guards ), Kawal ( Knights ), and Tanod . They also served as

1638-465: Is humiliated. Some watch. Wozzeck dissociates. Scene 1 (Invention on a Theme) In her room at night, Marie reads from the Bible, crying out for mercy. Scene 2 (Invention on a Single Note (B)) Wozzeck and Marie walk along a pond in the forest. Wozzeck grabs her when she tries to flee. He stabs her, declaring that if he can't have her, no one else can. A blood-red moon rises. Scene 3 (Invention on

1729-473: Is regarded as one of the world’s most militarized places. In recent years, the Indian government has increased the military expenditure of the 1.4 million-strong military across all branches and embarked on a rapid modernization program. In parallel with 20th-century German militarism, Japanese militarism began with a series of events by which the military gained prominence in dictating Japan's affairs. This

1820-451: Is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values. It may also imply the glorification of the military and of the ideals of a professional military class and the "predominance of the armed forces in the administration or policy of the state" (see also: stratocracy and military junta ). Militarism has been

1911-591: The Nocturnal after John Dowland for guitar. Shostakovich restricted his use of the passacaglia to instrumental forms, the most notable examples being found in his Interlude in Act II of the opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk , Tenth String Quartet , Second Piano Trio , Eighth and Fifteenth Symphonies , and First Violin Concerto . Hindemith employed the form to conclude his 1938 ballet, Nobilissima Visione , and it

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2002-847: The Filipino-American War , the General Antonio Luna as a high-ranking general, he ordered a conscription to all citizens, a mandatory form of national service (at any war) for the increase the density and the manpower of the Philippine Army . During the World War II, the Philippines was one of the participants, as a member of Allied forces, the Philippines with the U.S. forces fought the Imperial Japanese Army (1942–1945), one of

2093-490: The General War Commissariat . In order to bolster his power both in interior and foreign matters, so-called Soldatenkönig ("soldier king") Frederick William I of Prussia started his large-scale military reforms in 1713, thus beginning the country's tradition of a high military budget by increasing the annual military spending to 73% of the entire annual budget of Prussia. By the time of his death in 1740,

2184-782: The Marco Polo Bridge Incident outside Peking sparked the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Japanese troops streamed into China , conquering Peking, Shanghai , and the national capital of Nanking ; the last conquest was followed by the Nanking Massacre . In 1940, Japan entered into an alliance with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , two similarly militaristic states in Europe, and advanced out of China and into Southeast Asia. The following year, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor to prevent

2275-643: The Meiji Restoration , which restored the Emperor to power and began the Empire of Japan . It is exemplified by the 1882 Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors , which called for all members of the armed forces to have an absolute personal loyalty to the Emperor. In the 20th century (approximately in the 1920s), two factors contributed both to the power of the military and chaos within its ranks. One

2366-470: The Philippines , Puerto Rico , and Cuba ). The previous limit by legislation of 24,000 men was expanded to 60,000 regulars in the new army bill on 2 February 1901, with allowance at that time for expansion to 80,000 regulars by presidential discretion at times of national emergency. U.S. forces were again enlarged immensely for World War I. Officers such as George S. Patton were permanent captains at

2457-605: The Prussian Army had grown into a standing army of 83,000 men, one of the largest in Europe, at a time when the entire Prussian populace made up 2.5 million people. Prussian military writer Georg Henirich von Berenhorst would later write in hindsight that ever since the reign of the soldier king , Prussia always remained "not a country with an army, but an army with a country" (a quote often misattributed to Voltaire and Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau ). After Napoleon Bonaparte defeated Prussia in 1806, one of

2548-797: The Siege of Baler , the Battle of Imus , Battle of Kawit, Battle of Nueva Ecija, the victorious Battle of Alapan and the famous Twin Battles of Binakayan and Dalahican . During Independence , the President General Emilio Aguinaldo established the Magdalo , a faction separate from Katipunan , and he declared the revolutionary government in the constitution of the First Philippine Republic . During

2639-641: The Sino-Indian War in 1962, India dramatically expanded its military which helped India win the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 . India became the third Asian country in the world to possess nuclear weapons , culminating in the tests of 1998 . The Kashmiri insurgency and recent events including the Kargil War against Pakistan, assured that the Indian government remained committed to military expansion. The disputed Jammu and Kashmir region

2730-726: The Teutonic Order and its colonization of Prussia during the late Middle Ages, when mercenaries from the Holy Roman Empire were granted lands by the Order and gradually formed a new landed militarist Prussian nobility, from which the Junker nobility would later evolve. During the 17th-century reign of the "Great Elector" Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg , Brandenburg-Prussia increased its military to 40,000 men and began an effective military administration overseen by

2821-690: The Treaty of Versailles humiliated their militaristic culture. The Weimar years saw large-scale right-wing militarist and paramilitary mass organizations such as Der Stahlhelm as well as militias such as the Freikorps , which was banned in 1921. In the same year, the Reichswehr set up the Black Reichswehr , a secret reserve of trained soldiers networked within its units organised as "labour battalions" ( Arbeitskommandos ) to circumvent

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2912-747: The United States of America , the First French Empire , the Zulu Kingdom , the Empire of Japan , the Italian Empire under Benito Mussolini , Israel , North Korea , and the Russian Empire / Soviet Union / Russia . The roots of German militarism can be found in 18th- and 19th-century Prussia and the subsequent unification of Germany under Prussian leadership. However, Hans Rosenberg sees its origin already in

3003-650: The "patriotic education" of the former Soviet Union. By the end of 2023, Vladimir Putin planned to spend almost 40% of public expenditures on defense and security. UK Chief of Defence Staff Admiral Tony Radakin said that "the last time we saw these levels was at the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union." Militarism has a long history in Turkey . The Ottoman Empire lasted for centuries and always relied on its military might, but militarism

3094-457: The C-minor passacaglia for organ by Felix Mendelssohn , and the finale of Josef Rheinberger 's Eighth Organ Sonata. Notable passacaglias by Johannes Brahms can be found in the last movement of his Fourth Symphony , which many musicians place among Brahms' finest compositions. Composed by Brahms to conform to the strict metrics of classical dance , British conductor Constant Lambert called

3185-617: The Captain scorns Wozzeck's having a child "without the blessing of the Church", Wozzeck argues that poverty makes virtue difficult and quotes Mark 10 :14, "Lasset die Kleinen zu mir kommen" ("Allow the little children to come to me"). Confused, the Captain asks for clarification. Wozzeck grows agitated as he explains, crying out that if the poor ever "got to Heaven, we'd all have to manufacture thunder!" to tumultuous, crackling music. The Captain abruptly tries to calm Wozzeck, conceding that he

3276-522: The Drum Major from her doorway. He makes advances, which she first rejects but then accepts after a short struggle. Scene 1 ( Sonata-Allegro ) Marie admires her earrings, a gift from the Drum Major. She bids her son to sleep. Wozzeck arrives, startling her. He asks about the earrings, and she claims she found them. He doubts that, but gives her money and leaves. Marie is wracked with guilt. Scene 2 ( Fantasia and Fugue on Three Themes) Echoing

3367-491: The Drum Major. While soldiers sing a hunter's chorus, Andres notices Wozzeck sitting alone and asks why. An Apprentice is drunkenly preaching when an Idiot stumbles toward Wozzeck, crying, "Lustig, ... aber es riecht ... Ich riech Blut!" ("Joyful, ... but it reeks ... I smell blood!") Scene 5 (Rondo) In the barracks at night, Wozzeck cannot sleep without thinking about Marie, disturbing Andres. Wozzeck prays while everyone snores. The Drum Major enters and beats Wozzeck, who

3458-698: The Treaty of Versailles' 100,000 man limit on the German army.; it was dissolved in 1923. Many members of the Freikorps and the Black Reichswehr went on to join the Sturmabteilung (SA), the paramilitary branch of the Nazi party. All of these were responsible for the political violence of so-called Feme murders and an overall atmosphere of lingering civil war during the Weimar period. During

3549-767: The United Kingdom, France and Japan, at around US$ 50bn. The rise of militarism in India dates back to the British Raj with the establishment of several Indian independence movement organizations such as the Indian National Army led by Subhas Chandra Bose . The Indian National Army (INA) played a crucial role in pressuring the British Raj after it occupied the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with

3640-521: The Warsaw Pact, with the Soviet Army playing a key role. All this was lost with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Russia was greatly weakened in what Russia's second President Vladimir Putin called the greatest geopolitical disaster of the 20th century. Nevertheless, under Putin's leadership , a resurgent modern Russia has maintained a tremendous amount of geopolitical influence in

3731-422: The Weimar era, mathematician and political writer Emil Julius Gumbel published in-depth analyses of the militarist paramilitary violence characterizing German public life as well as the state's lenient to sympathetic reaction to it if the violence was committed by the political right. Nazi Germany was a strongly militarist state; after its defeat in 1945, militarism in German culture was dramatically reduced as

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3822-625: The active repertory of performers than baroque works in this form". Three composers especially identified with the passacaglia are Benjamin Britten , Dmitri Shostakovich , and Paul Hindemith . In his operas, Britten often uses a passacaglia to create the climactic moment of the drama. Examples are found in Peter Grimes , Billy Budd , The Turn of the Screw , Death in Venice , and even in

3913-589: The armed forces, and the military has become one of the largest in the world . Songun elevates the Korean People's Armed Forces within North Korea as an organization and as a state function, granting it the primary position in the North Korean government and society. The principle guides domestic policy and international interactions . It provides the framework of the government, designating

4004-584: The comic opera Albert Herring . Britten also employed the form in smaller vocal forms, such as the Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings (1943) and The Holy Sonnets of John Donne (1945) for voice and piano, as well as in purely instrumental compositions, notably in the Violin Concerto , the second and third Cello suites , the second and third string quartets, the Cello Symphony , and

4095-470: The conditions of peace was that Prussia should reduce its army to no more than 42,000 men. Since the time of Frederick The Great , however, Prussia practiced the Kruemper System, formed by dismissing a number of trained men at regular intervals and replacing them with raw recruits, thereby passing a large number of men through the ranks. The officers of the army were drawn almost entirely from among

4186-462: The countries spawned from the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and modern Russia remains Eastern Europe's leading, if not dominant, power. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Russian government increased their efforts to introduce "patriotic education" into schools. The Associated Press reported that some parents were shocked by the militaristic nature of the Kremlin-promoted Important Conversations lessons, with some comparing them to

4277-428: The end of the American Civil War the national army fell into disrepair. Reforms based on various European states including Britain, Germany, and Switzerland were made so that it would become responsive to control from the central government, prepared for future conflicts, and develop refined command and support structures; these reforms led to the development of professional military thinkers and cadre. During this time

4368-403: The fall of the German monarchy in the German Revolution of 1918–1919 , in spite of Allied attempts to crush German militarism by means of the Treaty of Versailles , as the Allies saw Prussian and German militarism as one of the major causes of the Great War. During the period of the Weimar Republic (1918–1933), the 1920 Kapp Putsch , an attempted coup d'état against the republican government,

4459-430: The forests, collecting mushrooms, and admiring the mountains, lakes, and springs—habits of a "love of nature" that Helene identified in Berg's music, including that of Wozzeck . Berg's experience of the war shaped the opera in many ways. News of the ongoing war troubled him. He wrote Schoenberg of a reportedly "'successful' ruse" in which the sound of a bell, perhaps reminding soldiers of a "past time" or "beloved place",

4550-503: The fourth sonata from Johann Heinrich Schmelzer 's Sonatæ unarum fidium are passacaglias on a descending tetrachord , but in uncharacteristic major. In 1650 or earlier, Andrea Falconieri published a passacalle movement à tre , basso continuo , in Naples. The fourth movement of Luigi Boccherini 's Quintettino No. 6, Op. 30, (also known as Musica notturna delle strade di Madrid ) is titled "Passacalle". The last movement of George Frideric Handel 's Harpsichord Suite in G minor (HWV 432)

4641-432: The fundamental law of the country, replacing the rule of the Emperor with parliamentary government. With this event, the Empire of Japan officially came to an end and the modern State of Japan was founded. Sŏn'gun (often transliterated "songun"), North Korea 's "Military First" policy, regards military power as the highest priority of the country. This has escalated so much in the DPRK that one in five people serves in

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4732-538: The government is positive, especially during times of crisis, with many Venezuelans believing that the military opens democratic opportunities instead of blocking them. Much of the modern political movement behind the Fifth Republic of Venezuela , ruled by the Bolivarian government established by Hugo Chávez , was built on the following of Bolívar and such militaristic ideals. Notes Further reading Passacaglia The passacaglia ( / p æ s ə ˈ k ɑː l i ə / ; Italian: [passaˈkaʎʎa] )

4823-432: The government to resign and installing a cabinet of technocrats and bureaucrats without dissolving the parliament. The third military coup took place on 12 September 1980 , which resulted in the dissolution of parliament and all political parties as well as imposition of a much more authoritarian constitution. There was another military intervention that was called a "post-modern coup" on 28 February 1997 which merely forced

4914-424: The government to resign, and finally an unsuccessful military coup attempt on 15 July 2016 . The constitutional referendums in 2010 and 2017 have changed the composition and role of the National Security Council, and placed the armed forces under the control of civilian government. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries political and military leaders reformed the US federal government to establish

5005-411: The help of Imperial Japan , but the movement lost momentum due to lack of support by the Indian National Congress , the Battle of Imphal , and Bose's sudden death. After India gained independence in 1947 , tensions with neighbouring Pakistan over the Kashmir dispute and other issues led the Indian government to emphasize military preparedness (see also the political integration of India ). After

5096-422: The ideas of social Darwinism helped propel American overseas expansion in the Pacific and Caribbean. This required modifications for a more efficient central government due to the added administration requirements (see above). The enlargement of the U.S. Army for the Spanish–American War was considered essential to the occupation and control of the new territories acquired from Spain in its defeat ( Guam ,

5187-411: The intervention of the United States, which had banned oil sales to Japan in response to the Second Sino-Japanese War and the ensuing invasion of Indochina . In 1945, Japan surrendered to the United States, beginning the Occupation of Japan and the purging of all militarist influences from Japanese society and politics. In 1947, the new Constitution of Japan supplanted the Meiji Constitution as

5278-439: The land-owning nobility . The result was that there was gradually built up a large class of professional officers on the one hand, and a much larger class, the rank and file of the army, on the other. These enlisted men had become conditioned to obey implicitly all the commands of the officers, creating a class -based culture of deference . This system led to several consequences. Since the officer class also furnished most of

5369-426: The liberator of Venezuela. For much of the 1800s, Venezuela was ruled by powerful, militarist leaders known as caudillos . Between 1892 and 1900 alone, six rebellions occurred and 437 military actions were taken to obtain control of Venezuela. With the military controlling Venezuela for much of its history, the country practiced a "military ethos ", with civilians today still believing that military intervention in

5460-418: The loss of some territory following the treaty of Brest-Litovsk , but much of it was quickly reconquered by the Soviet Union later on, including events such as the partition of Poland and reconquest of the Baltic states in the late 1930s and ‘40s. Soviet influence reached its peak after WWII in the Cold War era, during which the Soviet Union occupied virtually all of Eastern Europe in a military alliance known as

5551-411: The military as the "supreme repository of power". It also facilitates the militarization of non-military sectors by emphasizing the unity of the military and the people by spreading military culture among the masses. The North Korean government grants the Korean People's Army as the highest priority in the economy and in resource-allocation, and positions it as the model for society to emulate. Songun

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5642-477: The military, and nationalism which is the "Citizens Military Training" (CMT) and "Reserve Officers Training Corps" (ROTC). But in 1986, when the constitution changed, this form of national service training program became non-compulsory but still part of the basic education. Russia has also had a long history of militarism continuing on to the present day driven by its desire to protect its western frontier which has no natural buffers between potential invaders from

5733-437: The military. In the 1930s, the Great Depression damaged Japan's economy and gave radical elements within the Japanese military the chance to realize their ambitions of conquering all of Asia. In 1931, the Kwantung Army (a Japanese military force stationed in Manchuria ) staged the Mukden Incident , which sparked the Invasion of Manchuria and its transformation into the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Six years later,

5824-402: The notable battles is the victorious Battle of Manila , which also called "The Liberation". During the 1970s the President Ferdinand Marcos declared P.D.1081 or martial law , which also made the Philippines a garrison state. By the Philippine Constabulary (PC) and Integrated National Police (INP), the high school or secondary and college education have a compulsory curriculum concerning

5915-420: The officials for the civil administration of the country, the interests of the army came to be considered as identical to the interests of the country as a whole. A second result was that the governing class desired to continue a system which gave them so much power over the common people, contributing to the continuing influence of the Junker noble classes. Militarism in Germany continued after World War I and

6006-512: The opening scene, the Captain urges the Doctor to slow down as they pass. The Doctor taunts the Captain with a list of frightening diagnoses for his ailments. As Wozzeck passes, they hint that Marie is unfaithful to him. Scene 3 ( Largo ) Wozzeck confronts Marie. She does not deny it. Enraged, he nearly strikes her. She stops him. "Better a knife in my belly than your hands on me," she says. Wozzeck repeats this after her, considering it. Scene 4 ( Scherzo ) Wozzeck spots Marie out dancing with

6097-421: The opera is documented in letters and notebooks. He wrote his wife Helene  [ de ] , "For months I haven't done any work on Wozzeck . Everything suffocated. Buried!" Berg had more time to work on regiment leave (1917–1918). Much of the opera was composed at the piano in Helene's Trahütten family cottage during Sommerfrischen . He nurtured his creativity there by reading books, walking through

6188-475: The piece "grimly intellectual". In Brahms's Variations on a Theme by Haydn , the bass repeats the same harmonic pattern throughout the piece. The first movement of Hans Huber's Piano Concerto No. 3, Op. 113 (1899) is a passacaglia. The passacaglia proved an enduring form throughout the twentieth century and beyond. In mid-century, one writer stated that "despite the inevitable lag in the performance of new music, there are more twentieth-century passacaglias in

6279-422: The police and watchers on the land, coastlines and seas. In 1521, the Visayan king of Mactan Lapu-Lapu of Cebu , organized the first recorded military action against the Spanish colonizers, in the Battle of Mactan . In the 19th century during the Philippine Revolution , Andrés Bonifacio founded the Katipunan , a revolutionary organization against Spain at the Cry of Pugad Lawin . Some notable battles were

6370-421: The reliance on a relatively small number of volunteer fighters; heavy reliance on complex technologies; and the rationalization and expansion of government advertising and recruitment programs designed to promote military service. President Joe Biden signed a record $ 886 billion defense spending bill into law on December 22, 2023. Militarism in Venezuela follows the cult and myth of Simón Bolívar , known as

6461-442: The rest of continental Europe and her heartlands in European Russia. Ever since Peter the Great 's reforms, Russia became one of Europe's great powers in terms of political and military strength. Through the Imperial era, Russia continued on her quest for territorial expansion into Siberia, Caucasus and into Eastern Europe, eventually conquering the majority of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The end of imperial rule in 1917 meant

6552-626: The start of the war and received temporary promotions to colonel. Between the first and second world wars, the US Marine Corps engaged in questionable activities in the Banana Wars in Latin America. Retired Major General Smedley Butler , who was at the time of his death the most decorated Marine, spoke strongly against what he considered to be trends toward fascism and militarism. Butler briefed Congress on what he described as

6643-422: The state and direction of its foreign policy. The conflict pitted proponents of professionalism, based on business management principles, against those favoring more local control in the hands of laymen and political appointees. The outcome of this struggle, including a more professional federal civil service and a strengthened presidency and executive branch, made a more expansionist foreign policy possible. After

6734-446: The sunny street outside Marie's door. News spreads that she is dead. They all run off to see the body. Marie's son is unaffected by the news, even after it is shouted at him. After some delay, he follows the others, oblivious. A typical performance of the work takes slightly over an hour and a half. Wozzeck uses a fairly large orchestra and has three onstage ensembles in addition to the pit orchestra (a marching band in act 1, scene 3;

6825-418: The terms chaconne and passacaglia indiscriminately ... modern attempts to arrive at a clear distinction are arbitrary and historically unfounded". In early scholarship, attempts to formally differentiate between the historical chaconne and passacaglia were made, but researchers often came to opposite conclusions. For example, Percy Goetschius held that the chaconne is usually based on a harmonic sequence with

6916-497: The tradition of civilian control held and MacArthur left without any hint of military coup. The Cold War resulted in serious permanent military buildups. Dwight D. Eisenhower , a retired top military commander elected as a civilian president, warned, as he was leaving office, of the development of a military–industrial complex . In the Cold War, there emerged many civilian academics and industrial researchers, such as Henry Kissinger and Herman Kahn , who had significant input into

7007-587: The trying and unusual circumstances. He finished act 1 by summer 1919, act 2 in August 1921, and act 3 over the next two months. Finalizing orchestration over the following six months, he completed Wozzeck in April 1922. Scene 1 ( Suite ) Wozzeck shaves the Captain, who lectures him on the qualities of a "decent man" and taunts him for living an immoral life. Wozzeck dutifully replies, "Jawohl, Herr Hauptmann " ("Yes sir, Captain") to these repeated insults. When

7098-471: The two genres in the same composition. The melodic pattern—usually four, six or eight (rarely seven) bars long—repeats without change through the duration of the piece, while the upper lines are varied freely, over the bass pattern serving as a harmonic anchor. The seventeenth-century chaconne, as found in Frescobaldi's music, more often than not is in a major key , while the passacaglia is usually in

7189-609: The upbeat song of the military marching band in the next scene. Musicologist Glenn Watkins considers this "as vivid a projection of impending world doom as any to come out of the Great War ...." Berg began writing Wozzeck in 1914, shortly before World War I began and delayed his work. He was never stationed on the front line and sought the rank of Einjährig-Freiwillige Korporal ( lit.   ' one-year volunteer corporal ' ), which he obtained in 1916, for its shorter term of service. His pained determination to complete

7280-588: The use of military force. The complexities of nuclear strategy and the debates surrounding them helped produce a new group of 'defense intellectuals' and think tanks, such as the Rand Corporation (where Kahn, among others, worked). It has been argued that the United States has shifted to a state of neomilitarism since the end of the Vietnam War . This form of militarism is distinguished by

7371-447: The window. She sings a self-soothing lullaby to her son. Wozzeck arrives, sharing his troubling visions. He leaves without even seeing their child, much to Marie's dismay. She laments their poverty. Scene 4 ( Passacaglia ) The Doctor scolds Wozzeck for not following his strict orders, involving a restrictive diet and urine collection. He is delighted when Wozzeck's mental illness becomes apparent. Scene 5 ( Rondo ) Marie admires

7462-419: The world about his crime. He becomes frantic and drowns in what he imagines is blood. Nearby, the Captain and Doctor are enjoying a slow walk. They shudder at the sound of someone drowning and quickly leave. Interlude (Invention on a Key ( D minor )) This interlude leads to the finale. Scene 5 (Invention on an Eighth-Note moto perpetuo , quasi toccata ) The next morning, children play and sing in

7553-463: Was evident in 15th-century Japan's Sengoku period or Age of Warring States , where powerful samurai warlords ( daimyōs ) played a significant role in Japanese politics. Japan's militarism is deeply rooted in the ancient samurai tradition, centuries before Japan's modernization. Even though a militarist philosophy was intrinsic to the shogunates, a nationalist style of militarism developed after

7644-666: Was launched by disaffected members of the armed forces. After this event, some of the more radical militarists and nationalists were submerged in grief and despair into the NSDAP party of Adolf Hitler , while more moderate elements of militarism declined and remained affiliated with the German National People's Party (DNVP) instead. Throughout its entire 14-year existence, the Weimar Republic remained under threat of militaristic nationalism, as many Germans felt

7735-455: Was limited by their military roots. The leading reformers were all military men and, in keeping with the military tradition, all believed in the authority and the sacredness of the state. The public also believed in the military. It was the military, after all, who led the nation through the War of Liberation (1919–1923) and saved the motherland. The first military coup in the history of the republic

7826-570: Was not a part of everyday life. Militarism was only introduced into daily life with the advent of modern institutions, particularly schools, which became part of the state apparatus when the Ottoman Empire was succeeded by a new nation state – the Republic of Turkey – in 1923. The founders of the republic were determined to break with the past and modernise the country. There was, however, an inherent contradiction in that their modernist vision

7917-466: Was not uncommon for radical junior officers to press their goals, to the extent of assassinating their seniors. In 1936, this phenomenon resulted in the February 26 Incident , in which junior officers attempted a coup d'état and killed leading members of the Japanese government. The rebellion enraged Emperor Hirohito and he ordered its suppression, which was successfully carried out by loyal members of

8008-420: Was on 27 May 1960 , which resulted in the hanging of PM Adnan Menderes and 2 ministers, and a new constitution was introduced, creating a Constitutional Court to vet the legislation passed by parliament, and a military-dominated National Security Council to oversee the government affairs similar to the politburo in the Soviet Union. The second military coup took place on 12 March 1971 , this time only forcing

8099-492: Was redefined in the late 1620s by Italian composer Girolamo Frescobaldi , who transformed it into a series of continuous variations over a bass (which itself may be varied). Later composers adopted this model, and by the nineteenth century the word came to mean a series of variations over an ostinato pattern, usually of a serious character. A similar form, the chaconne , was also first developed by Frescobaldi. The two genres are closely related, and since "composers often used

8190-605: Was the "Military Ministers to be Active-Duty Officers Law", which required the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) to agree to the Ministry of Army position in the Cabinet . This essentially gave the military veto power over the formation of any Cabinet in the ostensibly parliamentary country. Another factor was gekokujō , or institutionalized disobedience by junior officers. It

8281-751: Was used to bait and kill them: [... A] large bell [was] fastened to a tree close to the Russian trenches [and] rung. ... Curious Russian heads [arose] for the fatal bullets. ... horrible . ... [H]ad I been declared fit ... my spirit ... would have broken. Berg also wrote Helene in 1918 that he identified with Wozzeck: There is a little bit of me in his character, ... spending these war years just as dependent on people I hate, ... in chains, sick, captive, resigned, ... humiliated. The war also separated Berg from Schoenberg and their social circles in Vienna, affording him not only solitude, but also independence despite

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