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63-671: Waterloo Road may refer to: Transportation-related [ edit ] Waterloo Road, London , England Waterloo Road, Hong Kong , an east-west thoroughfare of Kowloon Waterloo Road (NSR) railway station , a former railway station of the North Staffordshire Railway Waterloo Road, the original name of Blackpool South railway station Arts and entertainment [ edit ] Waterloo Road (film) , 1945 British drama starring John Mills Waterloo Road (TV series) , BBC One drama series about

126-570: A Christian can actually purge his land of these holy spots. ... I do not say that no Christians have enclosed places of this sort. Many have a great deal, and every one has some. But there are extensive and important tracts in the territory of the Scoffer, the Pantheist, the Quietist, Formalist, Dogmatist, Sensualist, and the rest, which are openly and solemnly Tabooed. ..." Christianity—that is,

189-521: A near-fatal bout of smallpox in 1860, he moved to London with his wife. Maxwell's time at King's was probably the most productive of his career. He was awarded the Royal Society's Rumford Medal in 1860 for his work on colour and was later elected to the Society in 1861. This period of his life would see him display the world's first light-fast colour photograph, further develop his ideas on

252-400: A noise drew the question: "what's the go o' that?" In a passage added to a letter from his father to his sister-in-law Jane Cay in 1834, his mother described this innate sense of inquisitiveness: He is a very happy man, and has improved much since the weather got moderate; he has great work with doors, locks, keys, etc., and "show me how it doos" is never out of his mouth. He also investigates

315-493: A plurality of foci" was presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh by James Forbes , a professor of natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh , because Maxwell was deemed too young to present the work himself. The work was not entirely original, since René Descartes had also examined the properties of such multifocal ellipses in the 17th century, but Maxwell had simplified their construction. Maxwell left

378-502: A result of his equations, and other important contributions such as introducing an effective method to deal with network problems and linear conductors, Maxwell is regarded as a founder of the modern field of electrical engineering . Maxwell was the first to derive the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution , a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases , which he worked on sporadically throughout his career. He

441-477: A school and its teachers and students "Waterloo Road", 1968 British song by rock band Jason Crest , later recorded & adapted into French as a 1969 single by Joe Dassin entitled " Les Champs-Élysées " See also [ edit ] Waterloo Street , Singapore Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Waterloo Road . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

504-502: A similar age who were to become notable scholars later in life. They remained lifelong friends. Maxwell was fascinated by geometry at an early age, rediscovering the regular polyhedra before he received any formal instruction. Despite his winning the school's scripture biography prize in his second year, his academic work remained unnoticed until, at the age of 13, he won the school's mathematical medal and first prize for both English and poetry. Maxwell's interests ranged far beyond

567-459: A strong contrast to the pallor of his complexion. He focused his attention on a problem that had eluded scientists for 200 years: the nature of Saturn's rings . It was unknown how they could remain stable without breaking up, drifting away or crashing into Saturn. The problem took on a particular resonance at that time because St John's College, Cambridge , had chosen it as the topic for the 1857 Adams Prize . Maxwell devoted two years to studying

630-508: A strong respect for each other's talents. This time is especially noteworthy for the advances Maxwell made in the fields of electricity and magnetism. He examined the nature of both electric and magnetic fields in his two-part paper " On physical lines of force ", which was published in 1861. In it, he provided a conceptual model for electromagnetic induction , consisting of tiny spinning cells of magnetic flux . Two more parts were later added to and published in that same paper in early 1862. In

693-553: A week, including a weekly pro bono lecture to the local working men's college. He lived in Aberdeen with his cousin William Dyce Cay , a Scottish civil engineer, during the six months of the academic year and spent the summers at Glenlair, which he had inherited from his father. Later, his former student described Maxwell as follows: In the late 1850s shortly before 9 am any winter’s morning you might well have seen

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756-468: A year his senior. His mannerisms and Galloway accent struck the other boys as rustic. Having arrived on his first day of school wearing a pair of homemade shoes and a tunic, he earned the unkind nickname of " Daftie ". He never seemed to resent the epithet, bearing it without complaint for many years. Social isolation at the Academy ended when he met Lewis Campbell and Peter Guthrie Tait , two boys of

819-460: Is 157 Partnership House, former headquarters of USPG , CMS and other church mission/community-based organisations. Now boarded up and ready for redevelopment. The road is designated as the A301 , which continues across Waterloo Bridge. James Clerk Maxwell James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish physicist and mathematician who

882-455: Is a memorial inscription to him near the choir screen at Westminster Abbey . As a great lover of Scottish poetry , Maxwell memorised poems and wrote his own. The best known is Rigid Body Sings , closely based on " Comin' Through the Rye " by Robert Burns , which he apparently used to sing while accompanying himself on a guitar. It has the opening lines Gin a body meet a body Flyin' through

945-475: Is also known for presenting the first durable colour photograph in 1861 and for his foundational work on analysing the rigidity of rod-and-joint frameworks ( trusses ) like those in many bridges. Maxwell helped to established the CGS system of measurement. He is responsible for modern dimensional analysis . Maxwell is also recognized for laying the groundwork for chaos theory . Maxwell correctly predicted that

1008-669: Is the main road in the Waterloo district of London , England straddling the boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark . It runs between Westminster Bridge Road close to St George's Circus at the south-east end and Waterloo Bridge across the River Thames towards London's West End district at the north-west end. At the northern end near the river are the Queen Elizabeth Hall and the Hayward Gallery to

1071-792: The Festival of Britain on the South Bank nearby. Continuing south, to the west is Waterloo station . To the east is the Union Jack Club in Sandell Street and, further on, the well-known and historic Old Vic Theatre to the south of the corner with The Cut . Also located even further south in Waterloo Road on the west side is the headquarters of the London Ambulance Service . On the opposite side

1134-640: The density of the Earth and the composition of water. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1876. In April 1879 Maxwell began to have difficulty in swallowing, the first symptom of his fatal illness. Maxwell died in Cambridge of abdominal cancer on 5 November 1879 at the age of 48. His mother had died at the same age of the same type of cancer. The minister who regularly visited him in his last weeks

1197-480: The rings of Saturn were made up of many unattached small fragments. His 1863 paper On Governors serves as an important foundation for control theory and cybernetics , and was also the earliest mathematical analysis on control systems . His discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundations for such fields as relativity , also being the one to introduce the term into physics, and quantum mechanics . Many physicists regard Maxwell as

1260-493: The viscosity of gases, and propose a system of defining physical quantities—now known as dimensional analysis . Maxwell would often attend lectures at the Royal Institution , where he came into regular contact with Michael Faraday . The relationship between the two men could not be described as being close, because Faraday was 40 years Maxwell's senior and showed signs of senility . They nevertheless maintained

1323-452: The 19th-century scientist having the greatest influence on 20th-century physics. His contributions to the science are considered by many to be of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein . In the millennium poll—a survey of the 100 most prominent physicists—Maxwell was voted the third greatest physicist of all time, behind only Newton and Einstein, with another survey of rank-and-file physicists also voting him third. On

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1386-637: The Academy in 1847 at age 16 and began attending classes at the University of Edinburgh . He had the opportunity to attend the University of Cambridge , but decided, after his first term, to complete the full course of his undergraduate studies at Edinburgh. The academic staff of the university included some highly regarded names; his first-year tutors included Sir William Hamilton , who lectured him on logic and metaphysics , Philip Kelland on mathematics, and James Forbes on natural philosophy . He did not find his classes demanding, and was, therefore, able to immerse himself in private study during free time at

1449-817: The Clerk family of Penicuik , holders of the baronetcy of Clerk of Penicuik . His father's brother was the 6th baronet . He had been born "John Clerk", adding "Maxwell" to his own after he inherited (as an infant in 1793) the Middlebie estate, a Maxwell property in Dumfriesshire. James was a first cousin of both the artist Jemima Blackburn (the daughter of his father's sister) and the civil engineer William Dyce Cay (the son of his mother's brother). Cay and Maxwell were close friends and Cay acted as his best man when Maxwell married. Maxwell's parents met and married when they were well into their thirties; his mother

1512-709: The Transformation of Surfaces by Bending" to the Cambridge Philosophical Society . This is one of the few purely mathematical papers he had written, demonstrating his growing stature as a mathematician. Maxwell decided to remain at Trinity after graduating and applied for a fellowship, which was a process that he could expect to take a couple of years. Buoyed by his success as a research student, he would be free, apart from some tutoring and examining duties, to pursue scientific interests at his own leisure. The nature and perception of colour

1575-402: The air. Gin a body hit a body, Will it fly? And where? A collection of his poems was published by his friend Lewis Campbell in 1882. Descriptions of Maxwell remark upon his remarkable intellectual qualities being matched by social awkwardness. Maxwell wrote the following aphorism for his own conduct as a scientist: He that would enjoy life and act with freedom must have the work of

1638-499: The behaviour of governors —devices that control the speed of steam engines—thereby establishing the theoretical basis of control engineering. In his paper "On reciprocal figures, frames and diagrams of forces" (1870) he discussed the rigidity of various designs of lattice. He wrote the textbook Theory of Heat (1871) and the treatise Matter and Motion (1876). Maxwell was also the first to make explicit use of dimensional analysis , in 1871. In 1871 he returned to Cambridge to become

1701-478: The boy. Maxwell was sent to the prestigious Edinburgh Academy . He lodged during term times at the house of his aunt Isabella. During this time his passion for drawing was encouraged by his older cousin Jemima. The 10-year-old Maxwell, having been raised in isolation on his father's countryside estate, did not fit in well at school. The first year had been full, obliging him to join the second year with classmates

1764-487: The centenary of Maxwell's birthday, his work was described by Einstein as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton". When Einstein visited the University of Cambridge in 1922, he was told by his host that he had done great things because he stood on Newton's shoulders; Einstein replied: "No I don't. I stand on the shoulders of Maxwell." Tom Siegfried described Maxwell as "one of those once-in-a-century geniuses who perceived

1827-485: The day continually before his eyes. Not yesterday's work, lest he fall into despair, not to-morrow's, lest he become a visionary not that which ends with the day, which is a worldly work, nor yet that only which remains to eternity, for by it he cannot shape his action. Happy is the man who can recognize in the work of to-day a connected portion of the work of life, and an embodiment of the work of eternity. The foundations of his confidence are unchangeable, for he has been made

1890-566: The end of his first term transferred to Trinity , where he believed it would be easier to obtain a fellowship . At Trinity he was elected to the elite secret society known as the Cambridge Apostles . Maxwell's intellectual understanding of his Christian faith and of science grew rapidly during his Cambridge years. He joined the "Apostles", an exclusive debating society of the intellectual elite, where through his essays he sought to work out this understanding. Now my great plan, which

1953-526: The first Cavendish Professor of Physics . Maxwell was put in charge of the development of the Cavendish Laboratory , supervising every step in the progress of the building and of the purchase of the collection of apparatus. One of Maxwell's last great contributions to science was the editing (with copious original notes) of the research of Henry Cavendish , from which it appeared that Cavendish researched, amongst other things, such questions as

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2016-535: The first additional part, he discussed the nature of electrostatics and displacement current . In the second additional part, he dealt with the rotation of the plane of the polarisation of light in a magnetic field, a phenomenon that had been discovered by Faraday and is now known as the Faraday effect . In 1865 Maxwell resigned the chair at King's College, London, and returned to Glenlair with Katherine. In his paper "On governors" (1868) he mathematically described

2079-460: The guidance of a 16-year-old hired tutor. Little is known about the young man hired to instruct Maxwell, except that he treated the younger boy harshly, chiding him for being slow and wayward. The tutor was dismissed in November 1841. James' father took him to Robert Davidson 's demonstration of electric propulsion and magnetic force on 12 February 1842, an experience with profound implications for

2142-481: The hidden course of streams and bell-wires, the way the water gets from the pond through the wall.... Recognising the boy's potential, Maxwell's mother Frances took responsibility for his early education, which in the Victorian era was largely the job of the woman of the house. At eight he could recite long passages of John Milton and the whole of the 119th psalm (176 verses). Indeed, his knowledge of scripture

2205-666: The jelly. Through this practice he discovered photoelasticity , which is a means of determining the stress distribution within physical structures. At age 18, Maxwell contributed two papers for the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . One of these, "On the Equilibrium of Elastic Solids", laid the foundation for an important discovery later in his life, which was the temporary double refraction produced in viscous liquids by shear stress . His other paper

2268-424: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterloo_Road&oldid=1237848023 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Road disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Waterloo Road, London Waterloo Road

2331-574: The marriage record, Maxwell is listed as Professor of Natural Philosophy in Marischal College, Aberdeen. Katherine was seven years Maxwell's senior. Comparatively little is known of her, although it is known that she helped in his lab and worked on experiments in viscosity . Maxwell's biographer and friend, Lewis Campbell, adopted an uncharacteristic reticence on the subject of Katherine, though describing their married life as "one of unexampled devotion". In 1860 Marischal College merged with

2394-557: The minister and his wife. On his return to Cambridge, Maxwell writes to his recent host a chatty and affectionate letter including the following testimony, ... I have the capacity of being more wicked than any example that man could set me, and ... if I escape, it is only by God's grace helping me to get rid of myself, partially in science, more completely in society, —but not perfectly except by committing myself to God ... In November 1851, Maxwell studied under William Hopkins , whose success in nurturing mathematical genius had earned him

2457-449: The necessary references, but died on 2 April at Glenlair before either knew the result of Maxwell's candidacy. He accepted the professorship at Aberdeen, leaving Cambridge in November 1856. The 25-year-old Maxwell was a good 15 years younger than any other professor at Marischal. He engaged himself with his new responsibilities as head of a department, devising the syllabus and preparing lectures. He committed himself to lecturing 15 hours

2520-483: The neighbouring King's College to form the University of Aberdeen . There was no room for two professors of Natural Philosophy, so Maxwell, despite his scientific reputation, found himself laid off. He was unsuccessful in applying for Forbes's recently vacated chair at Edinburgh, the post instead going to Tait . Maxwell was granted the Chair of Natural Philosophy at King's College, London , instead. After recovering from

2583-465: The nickname of " senior wrangler -maker". In 1854, Maxwell graduated from Trinity with a degree in mathematics. He scored second highest in the final examination, coming behind Edward Routh and earning himself the title of Second Wrangler. He was later declared equal with Routh in the more exacting ordeal of the Smith's Prize examination. Immediately after earning his degree, Maxwell read his paper "On

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2646-515: The orthodox unread admit, and shut up the subject as haunted. But a Candle is coming to drive out all Ghosts and Bugbears. Let us follow the light. In the summer of his third year, Maxwell spent some time at the Suffolk home of the Rev. C. B. Tayler , the uncle of a classmate, G. W. H. Tayler. The love of God shown by the family impressed Maxwell, particularly after he was nursed back from ill health by

2709-490: The physical world with sharper senses than those around him". James Clerk Maxwell was born on 13 June 1831 at 14 India Street, Edinburgh , to John Clerk Maxwell of Middlebie , an advocate, and Frances Cay, daughter of Robert Hodshon Cay and sister of John Cay . (His birthplace now houses a museum operated by the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation .) His father was a man of comfortable means of

2772-475: The physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), who was a professor at the college from 1860. A little further to the south is St John's Waterloo church, designed by Francis Octavius Bedford and built in 1824 to celebrate the victory of the Napoleonic Wars . The church was firebombed in 1940 and much of the interior was destroyed. It was restored and reopened in 1951, serving as the parish church for

2835-422: The problem, proving that a regular solid ring could not be stable, while a fluid ring would be forced by wave action to break up into blobs. Since neither was observed, he concluded that the rings must be composed of numerous small particles he called "brick-bats", each independently orbiting Saturn. Maxwell was awarded the £130 Adams Prize in 1859 for his essay "On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings"; he

2898-499: The publication of " A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field " in 1865, Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space as waves moving at the speed of light . He proposed that light is an undulation in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. The unification of light and electrical phenomena led to his prediction of the existence of radio waves . As

2961-731: The religion of the Bible—is the only scheme or form of belief which disavows any possessions on such a tenure. Here alone all is free. You may fly to the ends of the world and find no God but the Author of Salvation. You may search the Scriptures and not find a text to stop you in your explorations. ... The Old Testament and the Mosaic Law and Judaism are commonly supposed to be "Tabooed" by the orthodox. Sceptics pretend to have read them and have found certain witty objections ... which too many of

3024-662: The rings were composed of particles. It is now understood, however, that the rings' particles are not totally stable, being pulled by gravity onto Saturn. The rings are expected to vanish entirely over the next 300 million years. In 1857 Maxwell befriended the Reverend Daniel Dewar, who was then the Principal of Marischal. Through him Maxwell met Dewar's daughter, Katherine Mary Dewar . They were engaged in February 1858 and married in Aberdeen on 2 June 1858. On

3087-411: The school syllabus and he did not pay particular attention to examination performance. He wrote his first scientific paper at the age of 14. In it, he described a mechanical means of drawing mathematical curves with a piece of twine, and the properties of ellipses , Cartesian ovals , and related curves with more than two foci . The work, of 1846, "On the description of oval curves and those having

3150-429: The university and particularly when back home at Glenlair. There he would experiment with improvised chemical, electric, and magnetic apparatus; however, his chief concerns regarded the properties of polarised light . He constructed shaped blocks of gelatine , subjected them to various stresses , and with a pair of polarising prisms given to him by William Nicol , viewed the coloured fringes that had developed within

3213-711: The west, the National Film Theatre below the road, and the Royal National Theatre to the east. In earlier times, this was the location of Cuper's Gardens . Just to the south in the middle of a large roundabout with underground walkways is the British Film Institute (BFI) London IMAX Cinema. Nearby to the east is the James Clerk Maxwell Building of King's College London , named in honour of

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3276-417: The young James Clerk Maxwell, in his mid to late 20s, a man of middling height, with frame strongly knit, and a certain spring and elasticity in his gait; dressed for comfortable ease rather than elegance; a face expressive at once of sagacity and good humour, but overlaid with a deep shade of thoughtfulness; features boldly put pleasingly marked; eyes dark and glowing; hair and beard perfectly black, and forming

3339-495: Was "Rolling Curves" and, just as with the paper "Oval Curves" that he had written at the Edinburgh Academy, he was again considered too young to stand at the rostrum to present it himself. The paper was delivered to the Royal Society by his tutor Kelland instead. In October 1850, already an accomplished mathematician, Maxwell left Scotland for the University of Cambridge . He initially attended Peterhouse , but before

3402-521: Was already detailed; he could give chapter and verse for almost any quotation from the Psalms. His mother was taken ill with abdominal cancer and, after an unsuccessful operation, died in December 1839 when he was eight years old. His education was then overseen by his father and his father's sister-in-law Jane, both of whom played pivotal roles in his life. His formal schooling began unsuccessfully under

3465-638: Was astonished at his lucidity and the immense power and scope of his memory, but comments more particularly, ... his illness drew out the whole heart and soul and spirit of the man: his firm and undoubting faith in the Incarnation and all its results; in the full sufficiency of the Atonement; in the work of the Holy Spirit. He had gauged and fathomed all the schemes and systems of philosophy, and had found them utterly empty and unsatisfying—"unworkable"

3528-503: Was conceived of old, ... is to let nothing be wilfully left unexamined. Nothing is to be holy ground consecrated to Stationary Faith, whether positive or negative. All fallow land is to be ploughed up and a regular system of rotation followed. ... Never hide anything, be it weed or no, nor seem to wish it hidden. ... Again I assert the Right of Trespass on any plot of Holy Ground which any man has set apart. ... Now I am convinced that no one but

3591-775: Was his own word about them—and he turned with simple faith to the Gospel of the Saviour. As death approached Maxwell told a Cambridge colleague, I have been thinking how very gently I have always been dealt with. I have never had a violent shove all my life. The only desire which I can have is like David to serve my own generation by the will of God, and then fall asleep. Maxwell is buried at Parton Kirk, near Castle Douglas in Galloway close to where he grew up. The extended biography The Life of James Clerk Maxwell , by his former schoolfellow and lifelong friend Professor Lewis Campbell ,

3654-505: Was nearly 40 when he was born. They had had one earlier child, a daughter named Elizabeth, who died in infancy. When Maxwell was young his family moved to Glenlair , in Kirkcudbrightshire, which his parents had built on the estate which comprised 1,500 acres (610 ha). All indications suggest that Maxwell had maintained an unquenchable curiosity from an early age. By the age of three, everything that moved, shone, or made

3717-536: Was one such interest which he had begun at the University of Edinburgh while he was a student of Forbes. With the coloured spinning tops invented by Forbes, Maxwell was able to demonstrate that white light would result from a mixture of red, green, and blue light. His paper "Experiments on Colour" laid out the principles of colour combination and was presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March 1855. Maxwell

3780-538: Was published in 1882. His collected works were issued in two volumes by the Cambridge University Press in 1890. The executors of Maxwell's estate were his physician George Edward Paget , G. G. Stokes , and Colin Mackenzie, who was Maxwell's cousin. Overburdened with work, Stokes passed Maxwell's papers to William Garnett , who had effective custody of the papers until about 1884. There

3843-429: Was responsible for the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation , which was the first theory to describe electricity, magnetism and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism achieved the second great unification in physics , where the first one had been realised by Isaac Newton . Maxwell was also key in the creation of statistical mechanics . With

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3906-461: Was the only entrant to have made enough headway to submit an entry. His work was so detailed and convincing that when George Biddell Airy read it he commented, "It is one of the most remarkable applications of mathematics to physics that I have ever seen." It was considered the final word on the issue until direct observations by the Voyager flybys of the 1980s confirmed Maxwell's prediction that

3969-418: Was this time able to deliver it himself. Maxwell was made a fellow of Trinity on 10 October 1855, sooner than was the norm, and was asked to prepare lectures on hydrostatics and optics and to set examination papers. The following February he was urged by Forbes to apply for the newly vacant Chair of Natural Philosophy at Marischal College , Aberdeen . His father assisted him in the task of preparing

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