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55-462: Wadi Kubbaniya is located in Southern Egypt. A wadi is geographical term that describes a valley that would become filled with water and form a stream during the rainy season. Wadis are normally lush and are valuable land for those wanting to have fertile soil. They normally appear within deserts which make their occurrence especially appreciated. Wadi Kubbaniya is found on the western bank of

110-492: A CCD spectrum disorder are also more likely to have an underbite and to have cysts in their gums that usually form around extra teeth. Dental procedures can be carried out for the retention of deciduous teeth and non-eruption of permanent teeth. A combination of surgical and orthodontic work can also be considered for actively erupting teeth. Reports have noted that there is late tooth eruption in cleft lip patients when contrasted with non cleft lip patients. The duration of delay

165-806: A blade industry with materials of mainly chert, but also agate , granite , jasper , quartz , and chalcedony . Over 9000 artifacts attributed to the Silsilian industry were found at site E-84-2. This assemblage has been dated to between 18.7 cal ka BP and 17.5 cal ka BP. From this sample, most of the artifacts found were blades . Some argue that the Silsilian industry is really a part of the Ballanan , and spans from northern Upper Egypt to Nubia . Wadi Wadi ( Arabic : وَادِي , romanized :  wādī , alternatively wād ; Arabic : وَاد , Maghrebi Arabic oued , Hebrew : וָאדִי , romanized :  vadi , lit.   'wadi')

220-430: A fever, Gingival irrational and/or drooling. Primary dentition stage starts on the arrival of the mandibular central incisors , typically from around six months, and lasts until the first permanent molars appear in the mouth, usually at six years. There are 20 primary teeth and they typically erupt in the following order: (1) central incisor , (2) lateral incisor, (3) first molar, (4) canine , and (5) second molar. As

275-404: A general rule, four teeth erupt for every six months of life, mandibular teeth erupt before maxillary teeth, and teeth erupt sooner in females than males. During primary dentition, the tooth buds of permanent teeth develop inferior to the primary teeth, close to the palate or tongue. Mixed dentition stage starts when the first permanent tooth appears in the mouth, usually at five or six years with

330-476: A hearth and sent off for identification. From the sample, there were five grains, which were later identified as barley and einkorn wheat. Based on morphology, archaeologists could not definitively say whether these grains were domesticated or wild. However, archaeologists believed that these cereals could not have grown well without the assistance of humans. Therefore, if cereals were found at this site, and archaeologists believed that cereals could not survive without

385-446: A more prominent brow ridge. The age estimation is based on complete tooth eruptions , a closed coronal suture, and complete epiphyseal closure except in the medial heads of clavicles and heads of ribs. The hands show evidence of this individual working with more precision rather than participating in work that requires constant heavy lifting (i.e. farmer or smith); proposed skills include net-making (fisher) or blade-making (hunter). Of

440-408: A pit. Of the stone tools discovered, they were determined to be basic technology- mostly made of Chert and Egyptian flint . Handstones and grinding stones were also found at the site and many of them had evidence of ochre on them. Six of these stone implements were tested for pollen, phytoliths , and starch. The pollen pointed to possible seed processing. From this testing, much evidence pointed to

495-491: A result. Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because sub-surface water is sometimes available in them. Nomadic and pastoral desert peoples will rely on seasonal vegetation found in wadis, even in regions as dry as the Sahara , as they travel in complex transhumance routes. The centrality of wadis to water – and human life – in desert environments gave birth to the distinct sub-field of wadi hydrology in

550-709: A wide range of sedimentary structures, including ripples and common plane beds. Gravels commonly display imbrications , and mud drapes show desiccation cracks. Wind activity also generates sedimentary structures, including large-scale cross-stratification and wedge-shaped cross-sets. A typical wadi sequence consists of alternating units of wind and water sediments; each unit ranging from about 10–30 cm (4–12 in). Sediment laid by water shows complete fining upward sequence. Gravels show imbrication. Wind deposits are cross-stratified and covered with mud-cracked deposits. Some horizontal loess may also be present. Modern English usage differentiates wadis from canyons or washes by

605-401: Is a complex process, there is little agreement on the identity of the mechanism that controls eruption. There have been many theories over time that have been eventually disproven. According to Growth Displacement Theory, the tooth is pushed upward into the mouth by the growth of the tooth's root in opposite direction. Continued Bone Formation Theory advocated that a tooth is pushed upward by

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660-413: Is a process in tooth development in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible. It is currently believed that the periodontal ligament plays an important role in tooth eruption. The first human teeth to appear, the deciduous (primary) teeth (also known as baby or milk teeth), erupt into the mouth from around 6 months until 2 years of age, in a process known as " teething ". These teeth are

715-526: Is dependent on the patient's age, preference and clinical situation. Cleidocranial Dysplasia (CCD) is a disorder characterised by the identification of a heterozygous pathogenic variant in RUNX2 (CBFA1) and/or various clinical presentations and radiographs. There is a wide range of clinical presentations found in patients with CCD, including patients with a classical presentation of the disorder to patients who have isolated dental anomalies. These will often affect

770-510: Is generated in the periodontal ligament beneath unerupted teeth, and that this force physically drives teeth out through the bone. This idea may have been superseded by a further recent theory. This new theory proposes firstly that areas of tension and compression are generated in the soft tissues surrounding unerupted teeth by the distribution of bite forces through the jaws. These patterns of tension and compression, are further proposed to result in patterns of bone resorption and deposition that lift

825-502: Is known as altered or delayed passive eruption . In this phenomenon, the gingival tissues fail to move apically and thus lead to shorter clinical crowns with more square-shaped teeth and appearance of what is known as gummy smile . Coslet et al. classified delayed passive eruption into two types which related the bone crest of a tooth to the Mucogingival junction (MGJ) of that tooth. These two groups were further divided based on

880-479: Is known as eruption of teeth into the mouth towards the occlusal plane. This is a natural path of eruption of all the teeth as they emerge from gingiva and continue erupting until they make contact with the opposing tooth. Passive eruption is known as movement of the gingiva apically or away from the crown of the tooth to the level of Cementoenamel junction (CEJ) after the tooth has erupted completely. Problems in gingival tissue migrating apically can give rise to what

935-495: Is not necessarily classified as a fever. General symptoms during primary tooth eruption include; irritability and drooling being the most common, followed by a decreased appetite, sleeping problems, rhinorrhea , fever, diarrhea, rash and vomiting. Local signs included inflammation of the gums and Gingival reddening (Hyperemia) most commonly presenting in posterior teeth. A study shows that 70.5% of children between 0–36 months showed signs and symptoms of tooth eruption whether it being

990-730: Is sometimes observed in this assemblage. The discovery of the Afian industry here is significant because it suggests multiple occupations. A site in Wadi Kubbaniya has also been associated with the Silsilian industry. A non-Levallois technique that uses triangular and trapezoidal tool forms. One third of this collection was blank production. Wendorf and Schild pointed out that the artifacts found from this assemblage are not like anything they had observed in Upper Egypt. 2063 artifacts were collected from site E-78-5e which shows evidence for

1045-508: Is still found on the Nile today. Despite their hypothesis of early agriculture proving false, the time spent on recovering and studying samples has still proven useful. Due to their convictions of Wadi Kubbaniya being one of the earliest sites for agriculture, there was much time and effort put into carefully excavating plant remains from the soil. There is now a large and diverse collection of plant remains from Wadi Kubbaniya that tells us more about

1100-504: Is the Arabic term traditionally referring to a river valley . In some instances, it may refer to a wet ( ephemeral ) riverbed that contains water only when heavy rain occurs. Arroyo ( Spanish ) is used in the Americas for similar landforms. The term wādī is very widely found in Arabic toponyms . Some Spanish toponyms are derived from Andalusian Arabic where wādī

1155-466: The Nile River and is roughly 30 kilometers from Aswan . In the southwestern desert, Wadi Kubbaniya was one of the three principle paleo-drainage systems. Discovered at the site were barley, lentils, chickpeas (or at least what they thought were chickpeas), and einkorn wheat . Of the plants discovered and identified at the Wadi Kubbaniya site, one of them stood out- barley . A sample was taken from

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1210-425: The "ligament" Sicher observed was determined to be merely an artifact created in the process of preparing the slide. The most widely held current theory is that while several forces might be involved in eruption, the periodontal ligament provides the main impetus for the process. Theorists hypothesize that the periodontal ligament promotes eruption through the shrinking and cross-linking of their collagen fibers and

1265-511: The 1990s. Deposition in a wadi is rapid because of the sudden loss of stream velocity and seepage of water into the porous sediment. Wadi deposits are thus usually mixed gravels and sands. These sediments are often altered by eolian processes. Over time, wadi deposits may become "inverted wadis," where former underground water caused vegetation and sediment to fill in the eroded channel, turning previous washes into ridges running through desert regions. Tooth eruption Tooth eruption

1320-467: The Afian industry. Site E-83-4 has been excavated and documented to have contained 461 pieces that resemble the Afian industry , with 262 being chips and chunks and 3 cores. The site has been dated to 16.5-15/14.5 cal ka BP during the time of usage of the Afian industry. Bladelets and long, small flakes are what characterize the Afian industry. The presence of retouched tools and the Levallois technique

1375-605: The Aswan-Kom Ombo Archaeological Project (CPEF/AKAP). It is located to the west of the field site that Wendorf and Schild excavated during 1978 to 1983. The area was initially discovered in 2012. This site was theorized to be more recent than other excavated sites in Wadi Kubbaniya due to the discovery of an Ounan point; these points have been found in other areas of Egypt and were dated to the early to mid-Holocene. In Area A, during excavations they found 2 hearths, 19 postholes , and what remained of

1430-513: The Combined Prehistoric Expedition. However, due to time constrictions, they postponed excavating the site. They then had to wait until 1977 for a permit to be granted due to war breaking out. Discoveries reported at Wadi Kubbaniya are: grinding stones, fish bones , charcoal, bird bones, mammal bones, and backed bladelets . Of the sites that produced plant remains, they were reoccupied numerous times. The individuals of

1485-633: The Late Paleolithic in Wadi Kubbaniya mainly survived on fish and plants of the root variety. From these discoveries, notably charred bits of human feces were found- probably from infants. This is significant as it provides direct evidence for human consumption of plants. It is thought that this site was repeatedly occupied during its prime seasons, summer and winter. Other pre-agrarian, hunter gatherer sites that report plant remains are Belilena , Ban Kao , and Abu Hureyra 157; however, these are all Mesolithic sites. A Middle Paleolithic individual

1540-488: The Nile Valley today. These identified plant remains, or their near relatives, have been relied upon by modern hunter-gathers according to ethnohistorical records. The nut-grass tubers that were found are known for having some toxins and a surplus of fibers. In order to eat these tubers consistently, these fibers and toxins need to be worked away. This can be done with boiling or grinding . The grinding stones found at

1595-425: The action and prevalence of water. Wadis, as drainage courses, are formed by water, but are distinguished from river valleys or gullies in that surface water is intermittent or ephemeral. Wadis are generally dry year round, except after a rain. The desert environment is characterized by sudden but infrequent heavy rainfall, often resulting in flash floods . Crossing wadis at certain times of the year can be dangerous as

1650-424: The arch for eruption. Non-eruption of non-ankylosed teeth occurs due to an eruption mechanism that has failed leading to a posterior unilateral/bilateral open bite. Infra occlusion is the primary hallmark of PFE. Primary teeth are most commonly affected and normally all teeth distal to the most mesially affected tooth will show characteristics of this disease. PFE can be treated by orthodontic treatment, however this

1705-572: The area, hunter-gatherers, and possibly other Late Paleolithic sites in Egypt. The earliest examples of plant domestication and crop cultivation from the Old World is currently attributed to sites like Netiv Hagdud and Gilgal , Jericho, and Tell Aswad , which all have evidence for fully domesticated crops. Wadi Kubbaniya was discovered by Fred Wendorf and Romuald Schild in January 1967 during

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1760-412: The blades may have simply been buried with the corpse. Age and sex estimation were performed on the remains, leading to data describing the individual as a young man, possibly 20–25 years old. Biological sex is surmised through the skeleton having a valgus angle within the male range, broader shoulders compared to hips, a narrow pelvic brim, large femoral and humeral heads, evidence for more muscle mass, and

1815-406: The contraction of their fibroblasts. There is good evidence from experimental animals that a traction force is unlikely to be involved in tooth eruption: Animals treated with lathyrogens that interfere with collagen cross-link formation showed similar eruption rates to control animals, provided occlusal forces were removed. Inherent in most of the theories outlined above is the idea that a force

1870-504: The distal portions of alluvial fans and extend to inland sabkhas or dry lakes . In basin and range topography , wadis trend along basin axes at the terminus of fans. Permanent channels do not exist, due to lack of continual water flow. They have braided stream patterns because of the deficiency of water and the abundance of sediments . Water percolates down into the stream bed, causing an abrupt loss of energy and resulting in vast deposition. Wadis may develop dams of sediment that change

1925-416: The first discovered from antiquity. These areas where plant remains were found were all overlooking what used to be the floodplain, on the top of dunes. One of the identified plants was barley, which is what lead early researchers to believe this site was the origin for early agriculture. But after more research was done it was found that all of the 13 identified plants were actually wild, and still grow wild in

1980-518: The first permanent molar, and lasts until the last primary tooth is lost, usually at ten, eleven, or twelve years. There are 32 permanent teeth and those of the maxillae (on the top) erupt in a different order from permanent mandibular (on the bottom) teeth. Maxillary teeth typically erupt in the following order: (1) first molar (2) central incisor , (3) lateral incisor , (4) first premolar , (5) second premolar , (6) canine , (7) second molar , and (8) third molar . Mandibular teeth typically erupt in

2035-526: The following order: (1) first molar (2) central incisor , (3) lateral incisor , (4) canine , (5) first premolar , (6) second premolar , (7) second molar , and (8) third molar . While this is the most common eruption order, variation is common. Since there are no premolars in the primary dentition, the primary molars are replaced by permanent premolars. If any primary teeth are shed or lost before permanent teeth are ready to replace them, some posterior teeth may drift forward and cause space to be lost in

2090-435: The growth of the bone around the tooth. In addition, some believed teeth were pushed upward by vascular pressure or by an anatomic feature called the cushioned hammock. The cushioned hammock theory, first proposed by Harry Sicher, was taught widely from the 1930s to the 1950s. This theory postulated that a ligament below a tooth, which Sicher observed under a microscope on a histologic slide, was responsible for eruption. Later,

2145-414: The hypothesis that Wadi Kubbaniya is the earliest known site for agriculture. However, through further investigation it was determined that the barley found was actually wild and was not an indication of early agriculture taking place at Wadi Kubbaniya. The lentils, which were uncharred, could not have been from any site earlier than 3000 B.C. What they thought were chickpeas ended up being a wild plant that

2200-444: The intentional act of humans, this meant that this was a site of early farming and cultivation. The einkorn wheat is also commonly seen as a weed that accompanies Near Eastern crops. What bolstered their claim even more was the stone tools discovered. These tools were found with what they hypothesized to be as sickle sheen on them, which can be an indication of agricultural use. Archaeologists used these data and hypotheticals to propose

2255-486: The mechanisms of tooth eruption and result in problems within primary and secondary dentition. Studies have shown that up to 94% of persons with CCD spectrum disorder have dental findings including supernumerary teeth and eruption failure of permanent teeth. The presence of a second permanent molar within primary dentition is the most common at 80% along with wide spacing in the lower incisor area, supernumerary tooth germs (705) and parallel-sided ascending rami. Individuals with

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2310-424: The mouth, the teeth are in the permanent dentition stage. Each patient should be assigned a dentition period to allow for effective dental treatment. There are several signs and symptoms associated with the eruption of primary teeth. It is a process that begins with the eruption of the mandibular central incisors at the age of 6 months. A common symptom among young children is a mild rise of temperature, however this

2365-412: The mouth. This may cause crowding and/or misplacement once the permanent teeth erupt, which is usually referred to as malocclusion . Orthodontics may be required in such circumstances for an individual to achieve a functioning and aesthetic dentition. The permanent dentition begins when the last primary tooth is lost, usually at 11 to 12 years, and lasts for the rest of a person's life or until all of

2420-399: The new theory. Further work is required, however, to confirm this new theory experimentally. Although tooth eruption occurs at different times for different people, a general eruption timeline exists. The tooth buds of baby teeth start to develop around 6 weeks of pregnancy. Adult teeth buds start forming around 4 months of pregnancy. The entire tooth will start to form from the crown down to

2475-461: The only ones in the mouth until a person is about 6 years old creating the primary dentition stage. At that time, the first permanent tooth erupts and begins a time in which there is a combination of primary and permanent teeth, known as the mixed dentition stage, which lasts until the last primary tooth is lost. Then, the remaining permanent teeth erupt into the mouth during the permanent dentition stage. Although researchers agree that tooth eruption

2530-491: The people of this site having possessed tools such as sickles that they used on the available plants. Of the bones found, there were only Clarias , a type of fish. No mammal bones were present. Scientists theorized that the evidence of only fish indicated that this site was a dry season occupation zone. All of this evidence points to a people that had a complex and diverse system of providing for themselves. From Wadi Kubbaniya, there have been lithics found that are attributed to

2585-479: The position of the alveolar bone crest to the cementoenamel junction. Abnormalities in tooth eruption (timing and sequence) are often caused by genetics and may result in malocclusion . In severe cases, such as in Down syndrome , the eruption may be delayed by several years and some teeth may never erupt. Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a rare disease in which tooth eruption does not occur despite space in

2640-399: The root. Typically, humans have 20 primary teeth and 32 permanent teeth. The dentition goes through three stages. The first, known as primary dentition stage, occurs when only primary teeth are visible. Once the first permanent tooth erupts into the mouth, the teeth that are visible are in the mixed (or transitional) dentition stage. After the last primary tooth is shed or exfoliates out of

2695-544: The site are strong evidence that they ground these tubers to make them more edible. Radiocarbon dates were published by The Tucson Laboratory. They are as follows: site E-78-3: 18,000-17,870bp; site E-81-1: 17,990- 17,210bp; site E-84-4: 17,810- 17,300bp with +/-150- +/-280 years in error range. Site WK26 is a recently studied area in Wadi Kubbaniya. Work on this site began in 2014 by the Combined Prehistoric Expedition Foundation and

2750-428: The sixteen sites excavated, only four sites had evidence of plant remains and/or feces. These plant remains, overall, consist of fruits, tissues of soft vegetables, and 25 different types of seeds. The soft tissue of the vegetables were preserved due to its interaction with fire which acted as a type of conservation. This is significant as these soft tissues do not easily preserve in the archaeological record, and these are

2805-485: The stream patterns in the next flash flood . Wind also causes sediment deposition. When wadi sediments are underwater or moist, wind sediments are deposited over them. Thus, wadi sediments contain both wind and water sediments. Wadi sediments may contain a range of material, from gravel to mud, and the sedimentary structures vary widely. Thus, wadi sediments are the most diverse of all desert environments. Flash floods result from severe energy conditions and can result in

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2860-447: The teeth are lost ( edentulism ). After the adult tooth forms in the bone, it will push through under the baby tooth. The adult tooth will dissolve the baby tooth's root, making the baby tooth loose until it falls out. During this stage, permanent third molars (also called " wisdom teeth ") are frequently extracted because of decay, pain or impactions. The main reasons for tooth loss are decay or periodontal disease . Active eruption

2915-519: The tooth into the mouth. This theory is based on Wolff's law , which is the long established idea that bone changes shape in accordance with the forces applied. Significantly, a recent finite element analysis study, analysing the distribution of force through the jaw of an 8-year-old child, observed overall compression in the soft tissues above, and tension in the soft tissues below, unerupted teeth. Because bone resorbs when compressed, and forms under tension, this finite element analysis strongly supports

2970-501: Was also found entombed within a burial. The remains included part of a skull, lower jaw, the first three cervical vertebrae (fused), the rest of the vertebrae, pelvis, and assorted fragments from the upper and lower limb. This individual was buried face down and they found a chert and chalcedony bladelet around the lumbar vertebra. Blades were located near where there is observed breakage of the right ulna and left humerus; speculative evidence that they were involved in cause of death. However,

3025-428: Was used to mean a permanent river, for example: Guadalcanal from wādī al-qanāl ( Arabic : وَادِي الْقَنَال , "river of refreshment stalls"), Guadalajara from wādī al-ḥijārah ( Arabic : وَادِي الْحِجَارَة , "river of stones"), or Guadalquivir , from al-wādī al-kabīr ( Arabic : اَلْوَادِي الْكَبِير , "the great river"). Wadis are located on gently sloping, nearly flat parts of deserts; commonly they begin on

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