104-631: The Clarence River ( Māori : Waiau Toa ; officially Waiau Toa / Clarence River ) is a major river which flows through the Kaikōura Ranges in the northeast of New Zealand's South Island . At roughly 209 kilometres (130 mi) long, it is the longest river in Canterbury and the eighth longest in New Zealand. For its first 50 kilometres (31 mi), the river runs in a generally southeastern direction. It then turns northeast, running down
208-420: A hackney cab !" Coach and horses were assembled quickly and he immediately proceeded to Parliament. Said The Times of the scene before William's arrival, "It is utterly impossible to describe the scene ... The violent tones and gestures of noble Lords ... astonished the spectators, and affected the ladies who were present with visible alarm." Lord Londonderry brandished a whip, threatening to thrash
312-471: A label of three points argent , the centre point bearing a cross gules , the outer points each bearing an anchor azure . In 1801 his arms altered with the royal arms, however the marks of difference remained the same. As king, William used the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom undifferenced: Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ); II Or
416-459: A compromise between two bitterly opposed factions, but in the process proving himself more capable as a constitutional monarch than many had supposed. British and Hanoverian honours Foreign honours Before becoming king, William, as a son of the sovereign, was granted the use of the royal arms (without the electoral inescutcheon in the Hanoverian quarter ) in 1781, differenced by
520-655: A free, independent American, so much did he respect that nation, which had given birth to George Washington , the greatest man that ever lived". By exercising his personal charm, William assisted in the repair of Anglo-American relations, which had been so deeply damaged during the reign of his father. Public perception in Germany was that Britain dictated Hanoverian policy. This was not the case. In 1832, Austrian chancellor Klemens von Metternich introduced laws that curbed fledgling liberal movements in Germany. Lord Palmerston opposed this, and sought William's influence to cause
624-493: A full and merry house this Christmas, 'tis what the dear Duke delights in." The King was accepting of his son's relationship with the actress (though recommending that he halve her allowance); in 1797, he created William the Ranger of Bushy Park , which included a large residence, Bushy House , for William's growing family. William used Bushy as his principal residence until he became king. His London residence, Clarence House ,
728-578: A government or to appoint another against the wishes of Parliament. William understood that as a constitutional monarch he had no power to act against the opinion of Parliament. He said, "I have my view of things, and I tell them to my ministers. If they do not adopt them, I cannot help it. I have done my duty." During William's reign, the British Parliament enacted major reforms, including the Factory Act of 1833 (preventing child labour),
832-808: A great distance, including from the southern coast of the North Island . Formed along New Zealand's Marlborough Fault System , they can be seen as the northernmost extension of the Southern Alps in the South Island. Named the Looker-on mountains, by Captain James Cook , they take their name from the town of Kaikōura at the southern extreme of the more eastern range, the Seaward Kaikōuras. This range rises straight from (and dominates)
936-400: A letter of condolence from Munster signalled a reconciliation. His hopes were not fulfilled and Munster, still thinking he had not been given sufficient money or patronage, remained bitter to the end. Queen Adelaide attended the dying William devotedly, not going to bed herself for more than ten days. William died in the early hours of the morning of 20 June 1837 at Windsor Castle , where he
1040-609: A lieutenant in 1785 and captain of HMS Pegasus the following year, during which he spent time in the colonies of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia . Later in 1786, he was stationed in the West Indies under Horatio Nelson , who wrote of William, "in his professional line, he is superior to two-thirds, I am sure, of the [naval] list; and in attention to orders, and respect to his superior officer, I hardly know his equal." The two were great friends, and dined together almost nightly. At Nelson's wedding, William insisted on giving
1144-426: A lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules ( for Scotland ); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ); overall an escutcheon tierced per pale and per chevron (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent ( for Westphalia ), overall an inescutcheon Gules charged with
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#17327720568481248-464: A long history of pre-European habitation and was once one of the most populated areas of the island, with multiple iwi having ties to the region. While archaeological evidence on the northern side of the river, such as a series of middens , suggests early habitation in the area by the Waitaha iwi, the earliest concrete evidence of permanent Māori habitation relates to a Kāti Māmoe pā at Waipapa on
1352-571: A long straight valley between the Inland and Seaward Kaikōura Ranges . At the end of the Seaward Kaikōuras, the river meanders through undulating hill country before draining into the Pacific Ocean near the town of Clarence . A large part of the river is within the boundaries of Molesworth Station . The river and its tributaries cut through rock formed on the seafloor of the Pacific during
1456-454: A new constitution for Hanover, which empowered the middle class, gave limited power to the lower classes, and expanded the role of the parliament. The constitution would later be revoked by his brother and successor in Hanover, King Ernest Augustus . For the remainder of his reign, William interfered actively in politics only once, in 1834, when he became the last British sovereign to choose
1560-555: A new general election. At first, William hesitated to exercise his prerogative powers to dissolve Parliament because elections had just been held the year before and the country was in a state of high excitement which might boil over into violence. He was, however, irritated by the conduct of the Opposition, which announced its intention to move the passage of an Address, or resolution, in the House of Lords, against dissolution. Regarding
1664-697: A population of 1,689 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 144 people (9.3%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 270 people (19.0%) since the 2006 census . There were 585 households, comprising 894 males and 795 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.12 males per female. The median age was 44.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 315 people (18.7%) aged under 15 years, 246 (14.6%) aged 15 to 29, 870 (51.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 261 (15.5%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 89.5% European/ Pākehā , 17.1% Māori , 0.7% Pasifika , 3.0% Asian , and 2.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas
1768-628: A prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament. In 1834, the ministry was facing increasing unpopularity and Lord Grey retired; the home secretary , William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne , replaced him. Melbourne retained most Cabinet members, and his ministry retained an overwhelming majority in the House of Commons. Some members of the Government, however, were anathema to the King, and increasingly left-wing policies concerned him. The previous year Grey had already pushed through legislation reforming
1872-419: A series of savage and, for the King at least, painful quarrels" over money and honours. His daughters, on the other hand, proved an ornament to his court, as "They are all, you know, pretty and lively, and make society in a way that real princesses could not." At the time, the death of the monarch caused fresh Parliamentary elections and, in the general election of 1830 , Wellington's Tories lost ground to
1976-643: A short but eventful reign. In Britain, the Reform Crisis marked the ascendancy of the House of Commons and the corresponding decline of the House of Lords, and the King's unsuccessful attempt to remove the Melbourne ministry indicated a reduction in the political influence of the Crown and of the King's influence over the electorate. During the reign of George III, the king could have dismissed one ministry, appointed another, dissolved Parliament, and expected
2080-451: A speech in the House of Lords opposing the war. The following year he spoke in favour of the war, and expected a command after his change of heart; none came. The Admiralty did not reply to his request. He did not lose hope of being appointed to an active post. In 1798 he was made an admiral, but the rank was purely nominal. Despite repeated petitions, he was never given a command throughout
2184-405: A squadron of ships, leaving no word of where they were going, and remained away for ten days. The King requested his resignation through the prime minister, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington ; he complied. Despite the difficulties William experienced, he did considerable good as Lord High Admiral. He abolished the cat o' nine tails for most offences other than mutiny, attempted to improve
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#17327720568482288-675: A time, as your judgment may direct. I am fully persuaded, that it is unnecessary to caution you against offering insult or indignity to the persons of the Prince or Admiral... The plot did not come to fruition; the British heard of it and assigned guards to William, who had until then walked around New York unescorted. In September 1781, William held court at the Manhattan home of Governor Robertson . In attendance were Mayor David Mathews , Admiral Digby, and General Delancey . William became
2392-542: A wealthy heiress, such as Catherine Tylney-Long , but his suits were unsuccessful. Following the death of William's niece Princess Charlotte of Wales , then second-in-line to the British throne, in 1817, George III was left with twelve children but no legitimate grandchildren. The race was on among his sons, the royal dukes , to marry and produce an heir. William had great advantages in this race—his two older brothers were both childless and estranged from their wives, who were both beyond childbearing age anyway, and William
2496-553: Is an immense improvement on the last unforgiving animal, who died growling sulkily in his den at Windsor. This man at least wishes to make everybody happy, and everything he has done has been benevolent." William dismissed his brother's French chefs and German band, replacing them with English ones to public approval. He gave much of George IV's art collection to the nation and halved the royal stud . George had begun an extensive (and expensive) renovation of Buckingham Palace ; William refused to reside there and twice tried to give
2600-425: Is not known to have had mistresses after his marriage. The couple had two short-lived daughters and Adelaide suffered two miscarriages. Despite this, false rumours that she was pregnant persisted into William's reign—he dismissed them as "damned stuff". William's eldest brother, the Prince of Wales, had been Prince Regent since 1811 because of the mental illness of their father. In 1820, George III died and
2704-640: Is the poetic "Footprint of the rainbow." Beyond the Inland Kaikōuras is the valley of the Awatere River , which runs parallel to that of the Waiau Toa / Clarence. The climate is characterised by a dry cold winter. The statistical area of Kaikōura Ranges includes Clarence and covers 2,037.57 km (786.71 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 1,950 as of June 2024, with a population density of 1.0 people per km . Kaikōura Ranges had
2808-590: Is unknown; the son, also called William, drowned off Madagascar in HMS Blenheim in February 1807. Caroline von Linsingen, whose father was a general in the Hanoverian infantry, claimed to have had a son, Heinrich, by William in around 1790 but William was not in Hanover at the time that she claims, and the story is considered implausible by historians. From 1791, William lived with an Irish actress, Dorothea Bland , better known by her stage name Mrs Jordan,
2912-604: The 1832 Reform Act was passed. The mob blamed William's actions on the influence of his wife and brother, and his popularity recovered. William distrusted foreigners, particularly anyone French, which he acknowledged as a "prejudice". He also felt strongly that Britain should not interfere in the internal affairs of other states, which brought him into conflict with the interventionist foreign secretary , Lord Palmerston . William supported Belgian independence and, after unacceptable Dutch and French candidates were put forward, favoured Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ,
3016-623: The Napoleonic Wars . In 1811, he was appointed to the honorary position of Admiral of the Fleet . In 1813, he came nearest to involvement in actual fighting, when he visited the British troops fighting in the Low Countries . Watching the bombardment of Antwerp from a church steeple, he came under fire, and a bullet pierced his coat. Instead of serving at sea, William spent time in the House of Lords, where he spoke in opposition to
3120-597: The Reform Crisis eroded his standing he was very popular among the people, who saw him as more approachable and down-to-earth than his brother. The King immediately proved himself a conscientious worker. The prime minister, the Duke of Wellington, stated that he had done more business with King William in ten minutes than he had with George IV in as many days. Lord Brougham described him as an excellent man of business, asking enough questions to help him understand
3224-551: The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (emancipating slaves in the colonies), and the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 (standardising provision for the destitute). William attracted criticism both from reformers, who felt that reform did not go far enough, and from reactionaries, who felt that reform went too far. A modern interpretation sees him as failing to satisfy either political extreme by trying to find
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3328-553: The Spenser Mountains , just beyond the northern end of the Southern Alps . The upper river flows through Lake Tennyson before joining up with Princess Stream and Serpentine Creek and flowing south for roughly 25 kilometres (16 mi) towards Hanmer Springs . Upon reaching the Hanmer Range , the river turns and flows east for 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and north for a further 8 kilometres (5.0 mi), taking
3432-536: The Whigs , as did his elder brothers, who were known to be in conflict with the political positions of their father. William ceased his active service in the Royal Navy in 1790. When Britain declared war on France in 1793, he was eager to serve his country and expected to be given a command but was not, perhaps at first because he had broken his arm by falling down some stairs drunk, but later perhaps because he gave
3536-553: The abolition of slavery , which still existed in the British colonies. Freedom would do the slaves little good, he argued. He had travelled widely and, in his eyes, the living standard among freemen in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland was worse than that among slaves in the West Indies . His experience in the Caribbean, where he "quickly absorbed the plantation owners' views about slavery", lent weight to his position, which
3640-709: The leader of the House of Commons and chancellor of the Exchequer , Lord Althorp , inherited a peerage, thus removing him from the Commons to the Lords. Melbourne had to appoint a new Commons leader and a new Chancellor (who by long custom, must be drawn from the Commons), but the only candidate whom Melbourne felt suitable to replace Althorp as Commons leader was Lord John Russell, whom William (and many others) found unacceptable due to his radical politics. William claimed that
3744-474: The personal union of Britain and Hanover, which had persisted since 1714. The main beneficiaries of his will were his eight surviving children by Mrs Jordan. Although William is not the direct ancestor of the later monarchs of the United Kingdom, he has many notable descendants through his illegitimate children with Mrs Jordan, including British prime minister David Cameron , TV presenter Adam Hart-Davis , and author and statesman Duff Cooper . William IV had
3848-626: The 8th longest river in New Zealand. Northern tributaries along the middle segment of the Clarence River (e.g., Mead Stream, Dee Stream, Branch Stream, Muzzle Stream) cut through an uplifted, folded and rotated block of limestone and marl that accumulated on the seafloor from the late Cretaceous through the Paleocene and middle Eocene (75–45 million years ago). Exposures of this limestone—the Amuri Limestone—provide some of
3952-513: The Clarence River 10 to 12 kilometres (6.2–7.5 mi) from its mouth, causing a buildup of water behind it. Due to the risk of flash flooding downstream, residents below the slip were evacuated. The river broke through the debris 16 hours after it occurred. Kaik%C5%8Dura Ranges The Kaikōura Ranges are two parallel ranges of mountains located in the northeast of the South Island of New Zealand. The two ranges are visible from
4056-602: The Drawing Room at Kew Palace on 11 July 1818, William married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen . William's marriage, which lasted almost twenty years until his death, was a happy one. Adelaide took both William and his finances in hand. For their first year of marriage the couple lived in economical fashion in Germany. William's debts were soon on the way to being paid, especially since Parliament had voted him an increased allowance, which he reluctantly accepted after his requests to have it increased further were refused. William
4160-410: The Duke of Wellington to office, but Wellington had insufficient support to form a ministry and the King's popularity sank to an all-time low. Mud was slung at his carriage and he was publicly hissed. The King agreed to reappoint Grey's ministry, and to create new peers if the House of Lords continued to pose difficulties. Concerned by the threat of the creations, most of the bill's opponents abstained and
4264-468: The Government supporters, and was held back by four of his colleagues. William hastily put on the crown, entered the Chamber, and dissolved Parliament. This forced new elections for the House of Commons , which yielded a great victory for the reformers. But although the Commons was clearly in favour of parliamentary reform, the Lords remained implacably opposed to it. The crisis saw a brief interlude for
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4368-632: The Hanoverian government to take the same position. The Hanoverian government instead agreed with Metternich, much to Palmerston's dismay, and William declined to intervene. The conflict between William and Palmerston over Hanover was renewed the following year when Metternich called a conference of the German states, to be held in Vienna , and Palmerston wanted Hanover to decline the invitation. Instead, William's brother Prince Adolphus , Viceroy of Hanover, accepted, backed fully by William. In 1833, William signed
4472-846: The House of Lords. He supported the Catholic Emancipation Bill against the opposition of his younger brother Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland , describing the latter's position on the Bill as "infamous", to Ernest's outrage. George IV's health was increasingly bad; it was obvious by early 1830 that he was near death. The King took his leave of William at the end of May, stating, "God's will be done. I have injured no man. It will all rest on you then." William's genuine affection for his older brother could not mask his rising anticipation that he would soon be king. When George IV died on 26 June 1830 without surviving legitimate issue, William succeeded him as William IV. Aged 64, he
4576-575: The King bitterly opposed these proposals. William exclaimed to Lord Gosford , Governor General-designate of Canada: "Mind what you are about in Canada ;... mind me, my Lord, the Cabinet is not my Cabinet; they had better take care or by God, I will have them impeached." When William's son Augustus enquired of his father whether the King would be entertaining during Ascot week , William gloomily replied, "I cannot give any dinners without inviting
4680-464: The Opposition's motion as an attack on his prerogative, and at the urgent request of Lord Grey and his ministers, the King prepared to go in person to the House of Lords and prorogue Parliament. The monarch's arrival would stop all debate and prevent passage of the Address. When initially told that his horses could not be ready at such short notice, William is supposed to have said, "Then I will go in
4784-577: The Prince Regent became George IV. William was now second in the line of succession, preceded only by his brother Frederick. Reformed since his marriage, William walked for hours, ate relatively frugally, and the only drink he imbibed in quantity was barley water flavoured with lemon. Both of his older brothers were unhealthy, and it was considered only a matter of time before he became king. When Frederick died in 1827, William, then more than 60 years old, became heir presumptive. Later that year,
4888-622: The Protestant Church of Ireland . The Church collected tithes throughout Ireland, supported multiple bishoprics and was wealthy. However, barely an eighth of the Irish population belonged to the Church of Ireland. In some parishes, there were no Church of Ireland members at all, but there was still a priest paid for by tithes collected from the local Catholics and Presbyterians , leading to charges that idle priests were living in luxury at
4992-560: The Waiau Toa and Waiau Uwha were lovers who for reasons unknown were turned into their respective rivers, with the increased flow from snow melt said to represent their weeping from being separated. The origins of the European name for the river are unclear. The name 'Clarence River' first appears on an 1856 chart of the region alongside the Māori name, however this is believed to be a recording of an earlier name in honour of King William IV , who
5096-801: The Whigs under Lord Grey , though the Tories still had the largest number of seats. With the Tories bitterly divided, Wellington was defeated in the House of Commons in November, and Lord Grey formed a government. Grey pledged to reform the electoral system, which had seen few changes since the fifteenth century. The inequities in the system were great; for example, large towns such as Manchester and Birmingham elected no members (though they were part of county constituencies), while small boroughs, known as rotten or pocket boroughs —such as Old Sarum with just seven voters—elected two members of Parliament each. Often,
5200-619: The area and giving Ngāti Kurī mana whenua over the region to this day. Further settlements were then established in the area, including at the mouth of the Waiau Toa near a waka landing site. The frequency with which the iwi local to Waiau Toa changed is partially related to its importance as a mahinga kai (food gathering place). The area traditionally provided a wide variety of food sources, including birds (such as kererū , tūī , and tītī ), plants (such as harakeke , raupō , and kiekie ), and seafood (such as pāua , kina and pipi ). The river's floodplains provided ample fertile soil for
5304-400: The available Protestant princesses; he came up with Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel , but her father, Frederick , declined the match. Two months later Adolphus married Augusta himself. Eventually, however, a princess was found who was amiable, home-loving and willing to accept (even enthusiastically welcome) William's nine surviving children, several of whom had not yet reached adulthood. In
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#17327720568485408-494: The bride away. After touring Quebec in 1787, he was, the next year, given command of the frigate HMS Andromeda and promoted to rear-admiral while commanding HMS Valiant in 1790. William sought to be made a duke like his elder brothers, and to receive a similar parliamentary grant, but his father was reluctant. To put pressure on him, William threatened to stand for the British House of Commons for
5512-452: The celebration of the King's coronation on 8 September 1831. At first, William wished to dispense with the coronation entirely, feeling that his wearing the crown while proroguing Parliament answered any need. He was persuaded otherwise by traditionalists. He refused, however, to celebrate the coronation in the expensive way his brother had—the 1821 coronation had cost £240,000, of which £16,000
5616-520: The coast to the north of the town, and reaches its highest point with the 2,608-metre (8,556 ft) Mount Manakau . The long straight river valley of the Waiau Toa / Clarence River separate the Seaward Kaikōuras from the longer and loftier Inland Kaikōuras. This latter range contains the highest peak in the ranges, the 2,885-metre (9,465 ft) Tapuae-o-Uenuku , the translation from the Māori of which
5720-602: The conflict between the King and Victoria's widowed mother, the Duchess of Kent and Strathearn . The King, angered at what he took to be disrespect from the Duchess to his wife, took the opportunity at what proved to be his final birthday banquet in August 1836 to settle the score. Speaking to those assembled at the banquet, who included the Duchess and Princess Victoria, William expressed his hope that he would survive until Victoria
5824-493: The constituency of Totnes in Devon. Appalled at the prospect of his son making his case to the voters, the King created him Duke of Clarence and St Andrews and Earl of Munster on 19 May 1789, supposedly saying: "I well know it is another vote added to the Opposition." William's political record was inconsistent and, like many politicians of the time, cannot be ascribed to a single party. However, he allied himself publicly with
5928-539: The country; demonstrations grew violent in so-called "Reform Riots". In the face of popular excitement, the Grey ministry refused to accept defeat, and re-introduced the Bill, despite the continued opposition of peers in the House of Lords. Frustrated by the Lords' obdurate attitude, Grey suggested that the King create a sufficient number of new peers to ensure the passage of the Reform Bill. The King objected—though he had
6032-437: The created peerages would for the most part be absorbed as subsidiary titles. This time, the Lords did not reject the bill outright, but began preparing to change its basic character through amendments. Grey and his fellow ministers decided to resign if the King did not agree to an immediate and large creation to force the bill through in its entirety. The King refused, and accepted their resignations. The King attempted to restore
6136-625: The development of gardens, with a large agricultural community developing around the area's many pā farming crops including kūmara , which typically would not be able to grow so far south. The Māori name for the river, Waiau Toa, points to a legend regarding this river and the nearby Waiau Uwha River . Both of these rivers have their sources on either side of the St James Range , separated by roughly 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), before flowing in different directions and ending 80 kilometres (50 mi) apart at their mouths. According to legend,
6240-557: The electorate to vote in favour of the new administration. Such was the result of a dissolution in 1784, after the dismissal of the Fox-North Coalition , and in 1807, after the dismissal of Lord Grenville . But when William dismissed the Melbourne ministry, the Tories under Peel failed to win the ensuing elections. The monarch's ability to influence the opinion of the electorate, and therefore national policy, had been reduced. None of William's successors has attempted to remove
6344-463: The expense of Irish people living at the level of subsistence. Grey's Act had reduced the number of bishoprics by half, abolished some of the sinecures and overhauled the tithe system. Further measures to appropriate the surplus revenues of the Church of Ireland were mooted by the more radical members of the Government, including Lord John Russell . The King had an especial dislike for Russell, calling him "a dangerous little Radical." In November 1834,
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#17327720568486448-401: The husband of one of her daughters from a previous relationship, William took custody of the daughters and stopped paying the £1,500 (equivalent to £132,500 in 2023) designated for their maintenance. After Mrs Jordan's acting career began to fail, she fled to France to escape her creditors and died, impoverished, near Paris in 1816. Deeply in debt, William made several attempts at marrying
6552-401: The incoming prime minister, George Canning , appointed him to the office of Lord High Admiral , which had been in commission (that is, exercised by a board rather than by a single individual) since 1709. While in office, William had repeated conflicts with his Council, which was composed of Admiralty officers. Things finally came to a head in 1828 when, as Lord High Admiral, he put to sea with
6656-458: The late Cretaceous through to the middle Eocene , during which period the majority of New Zealand was at points almost entirely submerged. This provides a useful record of this time period, and has contributed to our understanding of several events which took place during that era. The area also provides valuable insight into more recent geological events, having been heavily affected by the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake . The area around Waiau Toa has
6760-414: The leading abolitionist, saying: "the proponents of the abolition are either fanatics or hypocrites, and in one of those classes I rank Mr. Wilberforce". On other issues he was more liberal, such as supporting moves to abolish penal laws against dissenting Christians . He also opposed efforts to bar those found guilty of adultery from remarriage. William had an illegitimate son before 1791 whose mother
6864-454: The matter—whereas George IV feared to ask questions lest he display his ignorance and George III would ask too many and then not wait for a response. The King did his best to endear himself to the people. Charlotte Williams-Wynn wrote shortly after his accession: "Hitherto the King has been indefatigable in his efforts to make himself popular, and do good natured and amiable things in every possible instance." Emily Eden noted: "He
6968-403: The ministers, and I would rather see the devil than any one of them in my house." Nevertheless, William approved the Cabinet's recommendations for reform. Despite his disagreements with Melbourne, the King wrote warmly to congratulate the prime minister when he triumphed in the adultery case brought against him concerning Caroline Norton —he had refused to permit Melbourne to resign when the case
7072-496: The ministry for himself, he saw the impossibility of governing because of the Whig majority in the House of Commons. Consequently, Parliament was dissolved to force fresh elections . Although the Tories won more seats than in the previous election , they were still in the minority. Peel remained in office for a few months but resigned after a series of parliamentary defeats. Melbourne was reappointed as prime minister, remaining there for
7176-506: The ministry had been weakened beyond repair and used the removal of Lord Althorp—who had previously indicated that he would retire from politics upon becoming a peer —as the pretext for the dismissal of the entire ministry. With Lord Melbourne gone, William chose to entrust power to a Tory, Sir Robert Peel . Since Peel was then in Italy, the Duke of Wellington was provisionally appointed prime minister. When Peel returned and assumed leadership of
7280-505: The month after Victoria's coming of age. "Poor old man!", Victoria wrote as he was dying, "I feel sorry for him; he was always personally kind to me." William was "very much shaken and affected" by the death of his eldest daughter, Sophia, Lady de L'Isle and Dudley , in childbirth in April 1837. William and his eldest son, the Earl of Munster, were estranged at the time, but William hoped that
7384-554: The most complete records for this time interval of Earth's history. They have provided important insights to our understanding of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM-2), and other Paleogene hyperthermal events. The geography of the Clarence is also affected by New Zealand's frequent earthquakes . In the aftermath of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake , a slip blocked
7488-406: The most wretched of men", adding, "With all his excellent qualities, his domestic virtues , his love for his lovely children, what must he not at this moment suffer?" She was given a financial settlement of £4,400 (equivalent to £403,300 in 2023) per year and custody of her daughters on condition that she did not resume the stage. When she resumed acting in an effort to repay debts incurred by
7592-589: The navy seem to have been little different from those of other midshipmen, though in contrast to other sailors he was accompanied on board ship by a tutor. He did his share of the cooking and got arrested with his shipmates after a drunken brawl in Gibraltar ; he was hastily released from custody after his identity became known. William served in New York during the American War of Independence , making him
7696-686: The only member of the British royal family to visit America up to and through the American Revolution . While William was in America, George Washington approved a plot to kidnap him, writing: The spirit of enterprise so conspicuous in your plan for surprising in their quarters and bringing off the Prince William Henry and Admiral Digby merits applause; and you have my authority to make the attempt in any manner, and at such
7800-651: The palace away, once to the Army as a barracks and once to Parliament after the Houses of Parliament burned down in 1834. His informality could be startling: when in residence at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, he used to send to the hotels for a list of their guests and invite anyone he knew to dinner, urging guests not to "bother about clothes. The Queen does nothing but embroider flowers after dinner." Upon taking
7904-451: The power to create an unlimited number of peers, he had already created 22 new peers in his Coronation Honours. William reluctantly agreed to the creation of the number of peers sufficient "to secure the success of the bill". However, the King, citing the difficulties with a permanent expansion of the peerage , told Grey that the creations must be restricted as much as possible to the eldest sons and collateral heirs of existing peers, so that
8008-475: The rest of William's reign, and the King was forced to accept Russell as Commons leader. The King had a mixed relationship with Lord Melbourne. Melbourne's government mooted more ideas to introduce greater democracy, such as the devolution of powers to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada , which greatly alarmed the King, who feared it would eventually lead to the loss of the colony. At first,
8112-462: The river towards Molesworth Station and its confluence with the Acheron River . From here, the Clarence enters a long, straight valley where it separates the Inland and Seaward Kaikōura Ranges , flowing roughly parallel to the coastline and Awatere River . This portion is popular with packrafters for the variety and remoteness it offers. Towards the northern end of the Seaward Kaikōuras,
8216-570: The river turns towards the coast through a gorge historically known as the Sawtooth Gorge before opening to a narrow coastal plain. It then meanders back to the southwest along the eastern flank of the Seaward Kaikōuras as a braided river for around 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) before turning once more to the southeast and emptying into the Pacific Ocean. In total, the river has a length of roughly 209 kilometres (130 mi), making it
8320-600: The rotten boroughs were controlled by great aristocrats, whose nominees were invariably elected by the constituents—who were, most often, their tenants—especially since the secret ballot was not yet used in Parliamentary elections. Landowners who controlled seats were even able to sell them to prospective candidates. When the First Reform Bill was defeated in the House of Commons in 1831, Grey's ministry urged William to dissolve Parliament, which would lead to
8424-415: The situation in which she would be placed." The speech was so shocking that Victoria burst into tears, while her mother sat in silence and was only with difficulty persuaded not to leave immediately after dinner (the two left the next day). William's outburst undoubtedly contributed to Victoria's tempered view of him as "a good old man, though eccentric and singular". William survived, though mortally ill, to
8528-467: The south meanwhile has a more intact beech forest covering. The ranges contain the Kowhai Valley and Shearwater Stream Important Bird Area , some 15 km (9.3 mi) inland from the coastal town of Kaikōura . 42°00′S 173°40′E / 42.000°S 173.667°E / -42.000; 173.667 King William IV William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837)
8632-409: The southern side of the river mouth. A raid on the settlement at Waipapa by Rangitāne proved instrumental in expanding Māori settlement of the region, as a subsequent attack on Rangitāne by Ngāti Kurī led to the latter returning captives and marrying into the area. Following a breakdown of the relationship between Ngāti Mamoe and Ngāti Kurī, Waipapa was occupied by Ngāti Kurī, driving Ngāti Mamoe from
8736-483: The standard of naval gunnery, and required regular reports of the condition and preparedness of each ship. He commissioned the first steam warship and advocated the construction of more. Holding the office permitted him to make mistakes and learn from them—a process that might have been far more costly if he had not learnt before becoming king that he should act only with the advice of his councillors. William spent much of his remaining time during his brother's reign in
8840-579: The throne when he was 64 years old. His reign saw several reforms: the Poor Law was updated, child labour restricted, slavery abolished in nearly all of the British Empire , and the electoral system refashioned by the Reform Acts of 1832. Although William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, he was the last British monarch to appoint a prime minister contrary to
8944-526: The throne, William did not forget his nine surviving illegitimate children, creating his eldest son, George , Earl of Munster and granting the other children the precedence of a daughter or a younger son of a marquess. Despite this his children importuned for greater opportunities, disgusting elements of the press who reported that the "impudence and rapacity of the FitzJordans is unexampled". The relationship between William and his sons "was punctuated by
9048-569: The title "Mrs" being assumed at the start of her stage career to explain an inconvenient pregnancy and "Jordan" because she had "crossed the water" from Ireland to Britain. He appeared to enjoy the domesticity of his life with Mrs. Jordan, remarking to a friend: "Mrs Jordan is a very good creature, very domestic and careful of her children. To be sure she is absurd sometimes and has her humours. But there are such things more or less in all families." The couple, while living quietly, enjoyed entertaining, with Mrs. Jordan writing in late 1809: "We shall have
9152-486: The widower of his niece Charlotte, as a candidate for the newly created Belgian throne. Though he had a reputation for tactlessness and buffoonery, William could be shrewd and diplomatic. He foresaw that the potential construction of a canal at Suez would make good relations with Egypt vital to Britain. Later in his reign, he flattered the American ambassador at a dinner by announcing that he regretted not being "born
9256-560: The will of Parliament . He granted his German kingdom a short-lived liberal constitution. William had no surviving legitimate children at the time of his death, so he was succeeded by his niece Victoria in the United Kingdom and his brother Ernest Augustus in Hanover. William was born in the early hours of the morning on 21 August 1765 at Buckingham House , the third child and son of King George III and Queen Charlotte . He had two elder brothers, George, Prince of Wales , and Prince Frederick (later Duke of York and Albany ), and
9360-599: Was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III , William succeeded his elder brother George IV , becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover . William served in the Royal Navy in his youth, spending time in British North America and the Caribbean , and
9464-437: Was $ 35,600, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 213 people (15.5%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 834 (60.7%) people were employed full-time, 246 (17.9%) were part-time, and 15 (1.1%) were unemployed. These mountains are characterised by tussock land, fellfields, and large areas of open scree, while lowland forests have largely been cleared. The Spencer range to
9568-467: Was 12.4, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 51.3% had no religion, 36.6% were Christian , 0.9% had Māori religious beliefs , 0.4% were Hindu , 0.9% were Muslim , 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.6% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 186 (13.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 291 (21.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income
9672-481: Was 18 so that the Duchess would never be regent. He said, "I trust to God that my life may be spared for nine months longer ... I should then have the satisfaction of leaving the exercise of the Royal authority to the personal authority of that young lady, heiress presumptive to the Crown, and not in the hands of a person now near me, who is surrounded by evil advisers and is herself incompetent to act with propriety in
9776-476: Was buried in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel . As William had no living legitimate issue, the British throne passed to his niece Victoria, the only legitimate child of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn , George III's fourth son. Under Salic Law , a woman could not rule Hanover and so the Hanoverian throne went to George III's fifth son, Ernest Augustus. William's death thus ended
9880-432: Was constructed to the designs of John Nash between 1825 and 1827. The couple had ten illegitimate children—five sons and five daughters—nine of whom were named after William's siblings; each was given the surname " FitzClarence ". Their affair lasted for twenty years before ending in 1811. Mrs Jordan had no doubt about the reason for the break-up: "Money, money, my good friend, has, I am convinced made HIM at this moment
9984-689: Was educated by private tutors. At the age of thirteen, he joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman , in Admiral Digby 's squadron. For four years the lieutenant of his watch was Richard Goodwin Keats , with whom he formed a life-long friendship and whom he described as the one to whom he owed all his professional knowledge. He was present at the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1780, when the San Julián struck her colours to his ship. His experiences in
10088-422: Was first brought. The King and Lord Melbourne eventually found a modus vivendi , with Melbourne applying tact and firmness when called for and William realising that his prime minister was far less radical in his politics than the King had feared. Both the King and Queen were fond of their niece, Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent . Their attempts to forge a close relationship with the girl were frustrated by
10192-483: Was later nicknamed the "Sailor King". In 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews . Between 1791 and 1811, he cohabited with the actress Dorothea Jordan , with whom he had ten children. In 1818, he married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen . William remained faithful to Adelaide during their marriage. In 1827, he was appointed Britain's first Lord High Admiral since 1709. As his two elder brothers died without leaving legitimate issue, William inherited
10296-639: Was merely to hire the jewels. At William's instructions, the Privy Council budgeted less than £30,000 for the coronation. When traditionalist Tories threatened to boycott what they called the " Half Crown -nation", the King retorted that they should go ahead, and that he anticipated "greater convenience of room and less heat". After the rejection of the Second Reform Bill by the House of Lords in October 1831, agitation for reform grew across
10400-571: Was not expected to inherit the Crown. He was baptised in the Great Council Chamber of St James's Palace on 20 September 1765. His godparents were the King's siblings: Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh ; Prince Henry (later Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn ); and Princess Augusta , Hereditary Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel . William spent most of his early life in Richmond and at Kew Palace , where he
10504-445: Was perceived as well-argued and just by some of his contemporaries. In his first speech before Parliament he called himself "an attentive observer of the state of the negroes" who found them well cared for and "in a state of humble happiness". Others thought it "shocking that so young a man, under no bias of interest, should be earnest in continuance of the slave trade". In his speech to the House, William insulted William Wilberforce ,
10608-502: Was the Duke of Clarence prior to his ascension to the throne – potentially by local politician and premier Frederick Weld . The European and Māori names for the river have been used interchangeably for much of the river's history following European settlement, and in 2018 the river was officially gazetted as Waiau Toa / Clarence River, becoming one of many New Zealand places to have a dual name. The Clarence River begins near Clarence Pass in
10712-409: Was the healthiest of the three. If he lived long enough, he would almost certainly ascend the British and Hanoverian thrones and have the opportunity to sire the next monarch. William's initial choices of potential wives either met with the disapproval of his eldest brother, the Prince of Wales, or turned him down. His younger brother Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge , was sent to Germany to scout out
10816-490: Was the oldest person at that point to assume the British throne, a distinction he would hold until surpassed by Charles III in 2022. Unlike his extravagant brother, William was unassuming, discouraging pomp and ceremony. In contrast to George IV, who tended to spend most of his time in Windsor Castle , William was known, especially early in his reign, to walk, unaccompanied, through London or Brighton . Until
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