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54-412: Waistline refers to the horizontal line where the waist is narrowest, or to the general appearance of the waist. Because of this and because the waist is often synonymous with the stomach, one can become confused as to the exact location of the waist. Another confusing factor is that the waistline differs on different people. A study showed that self-reported measurements, as opposed to measurement done by

108-419: A better indicator of overall health. Some research suggests waist circumference can be predicted from brain function, therefore capturing the neurobehavioral pathophysiology of obesity. An extremally high waist circumference can lead to falsely low estimates of bone health when using the trabecular bone score . Waist–hip ratio is the ratio of the circumference of the waist to that of the hips . It measures

162-444: A newborn, it may represent a diaphragmatic hernia . In general, it is indicative of malnutrition . Many gastrointestinal diseases affect the abdominal organs. These include stomach disease , liver disease , pancreatic disease , gallbladder and bile duct disease; intestinal diseases include enteritis , coeliac disease , diverticulitis , and irritable bowel syndrome . Different medical procedures can be used to examine

216-407: A serous membrane known as the parietal peritoneum . This membrane is continuous with the visceral peritoneum lining the organs. The abdomen in vertebrates contains a number of organs belonging to, for instance, the digestive system , urinary system , and muscular system . The abdominal cavity contains most organs of the digestive system , including the stomach , the small intestine , and

270-427: A special regard for the navel. During the early Jōmon period in northern Japan, three small balls indicating the breasts and navel were pasted onto flat clay objects to represent the female body. The navel was exaggerated in size, informed by the belief that the navel symbolized the center where life began. In Arabic- Levantine culture, belly dancing is a popular art form that consists of dance movements focused on

324-432: A technician, underestimated waist circumference and this underestimation increased with increased body size. In the study, waist circumference measured at the level of the umbilicus was larger than that measured at the natural waist. To locate the natural waistline, one need simply stand upright and then tilt over to the side, keeping the legs and hips straight. Where the torso creases is the natural waistline. The waist

378-402: Is a protruding, flat, or hollowed area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord . All placental mammals have a navel, although it is generally more conspicuous in humans. The umbilicus is used to visually separate the abdomen into quadrants. The umbilicus is a prominent scar on the abdomen, with its position being relatively consistent among humans. The skin around

432-421: Is enclosed in a thick sheath, formed as described above, by fibers from each of the three muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. They originate at the pubis bone , run up the abdomen on either side of the linea alba, and insert into the cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs. In the region of the groin , the inguinal canal , is a passage through the layers. This gap is where the testes can drop through

486-417: Is important to properly exercise the abdominal muscles together with the back muscles because when these are weak or overly tight they can suffer painful spasms and injuries . When properly exercised, abdominal muscles contribute to improved posture and balance, reduce the likelihood of back pain episodes, reduce the severity of back pain, protect against injury, help avoid some back surgeries, and help with

540-620: Is to bend one's back forward (flexion). The main work of the abdominal muscles is to bend the spine forward when contracting concentrically. Social and cultural perceptions of the outward appearance of the abdomen has varying significance around the world. Depending on the type of society, excess weight can be perceived as an indicator of wealth and prestige due to excess food, or as a sign of poor health due to lack of exercise. In many cultures, bare abdomens are distinctly sexualized and perceived similarly to breast cleavage . Being key elements of spinal support, and contributors to good posture, it

594-453: Is to draw three horizontal and two vertical lines. The two vertical or mid-Poupart lines are drawn from the point midway between the anterior superior spine and the pubic symphysis on each side, vertically upward to the costal margin. The right subcostal margin corresponds to the lower limit of the liver , while the right nipple is about half an inch above its upper limit. The abdomen can be divided into quadrants or regions to describe

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648-465: Is usually measured at the smallest circumference of the natural waist, usually just above the belly button. Where the waist is convex rather than concave, as in pregnancy and obesity, the waist may be measured at a vertical level 1 inch above the navel. Strictly, the waist circumference is measured at a level midway between the lowest palpable rib and the iliac crest , respectively typically 60% and 64% of total height. It can be predicted as 72% of

702-538: The Lepidoptera and the Symphyta (sawflies) have fleshy appendages called prolegs on their abdominal segments (as well as their more familiar thoracic legs), which allow them to grip onto the edges of plant leaves as they walk around. In arachnids (spiders, scorpions and relatives), the term "abdomen" is used interchangeably with " opisthosoma " ("hind body"), which is the body section posterior to that bearing

756-405: The aorta and inferior vena cava . The urinary bladder , uterus , fallopian tubes , and ovaries may be seen as either abdominal organs or as pelvic organs. Finally, the abdomen contains an extensive membrane called the peritoneum . A fold of peritoneum may completely cover certain organs, whereas it may cover only one side of organs that usually lie closer to the abdominal wall. This is called

810-402: The bladder . The belly button is unique to each individual due to it being a scar, and various general forms have been classified by medical practitioners. Outies are sometimes mistaken for umbilical hernias ; however, they are a completely different shape with no health concern, unlike an umbilical hernia. The navel (specifically abdominal wall) would be considered an umbilical hernia if

864-414: The colon with its attached appendix . Other digestive organs are known as the accessory digestive organs and include the liver , its attached gallbladder , and the pancreas , and these communicate with the rest of the system via various ducts. The spleen , and organs of the urinary system including the kidneys , and adrenal glands also lie within the abdomen, along with many blood vessels including

918-475: The kidneys , the pancreas and the spleen . The abdominal wall is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides), and anterior (front) walls. The abdominal muscles have different important functions. They assist as muscles of exhalation in the breathing process during forceful exhalation . Moreover, these muscles serve as protection for the inner organs. Furthermore, together with the back muscles they provide postural support and are important in defining

972-414: The linea alba in the abdominal wall. At about its midpoint sits the umbilicus or navel . The rectus abdominis on each side of the linea alba stands out in muscular people. The outline of these muscles is interrupted by three or more transverse depressions indicating the tendinous intersections . There is usually one about the xiphoid process, one at the navel, and one in between. It is the combination of

1026-410: The lumbosacral joint (the intervertebral disc between L5 and S1 ) to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet . The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear. In vertebrates, the abdomen is a large body cavity enclosed by

1080-536: The metabolic syndrome . Excess abdominal fat is a risk factor for developing heart disease and other obesity related diseases. A study published in the European Heart Journal in April 2007 showed that waist circumference and waist–hip ratio (defined as waist circumference divided by hip circumference) were predictors of cardiovascular events. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute classifies

1134-417: The retroperitoneum , and the kidneys and ureters are known as retroperitoneal organs. There are three layers of muscles in the abdominal wall . They are, from the outside to the inside: external oblique , internal oblique , and transverse abdominal . The first three layers extend between the vertebral column , the lower ribs, the iliac crest and pubis of the hip . All of their fibers merge towards

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1188-408: The torso between the thorax (chest) and pelvis in humans and in other vertebrates . The area occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal cavity . In arthropods , it is the posterior tagma of the body; it follows the thorax or cephalothorax . In humans, the abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim . The pelvic brim stretches from

1242-521: The umbilicoplasty procedure itself. The public exposure of the male and female midriff and bare navel was considered taboo at times in the past in Western cultures , being considered immodest or indecent . Female navel exposure was banned in some jurisdictions, but community perceptions have changed to this now being acceptable. The crop top is a shirt that often exposes the belly button and has become more common among young people. Exposure of

1296-437: The abdominal muscles, at the front and to the sides, and by part of the vertebral column at the back. Lower ribs can also enclose ventral and lateral walls. The abdominal cavity is continuous with, and above, the pelvic cavity. It is attached to the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. Structures such as the aorta , inferior vena cava and esophagus pass through the diaphragm. Both the abdominal and pelvic cavities are lined by

1350-412: The abdominal organs. This is associated with a higher risk of heart disease , asthma and type 2 diabetes. Abdominal trauma is an injury to the abdomen and can involve damage to the abdominal organs. There is an associated risk of severe blood loss and infection . Injury to the lower chest can cause injuries to the spleen and liver. A scaphoid abdomen is when the abdomen is sucked inwards. In

1404-497: The appearance of the waist. Waist reduction may be used simply to reduce the width of the waist. This change can be permanent or temporary. Waist training may be used to achieve a certain permanent waist shape, such as a pipe-stem waist . Definition: "middle part of the body," also "part of a garment fitted for the waist, portion of a garment that covers the waist" (but, due to fashion styles, often above or below it), probably from Old English * wæst 'growth', hence, 'where

1458-410: The body grows', from Proto-Germanic * wahs-tu- (cognates: Old English wæstm , Old Norse vöxtr , Swedish växt , Old High German wahst 'growth, increase', Gothic wahstus 'stature', Old English weaxan 'to grow'. Navel The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus ; pl. : umbilici or umbilicuses ; commonly known as the belly button or tummy button )

1512-500: The bulbous gaster . The petiole and gaster (abdominal segments 2 and onward) are collectively called the metasoma . Unlike other arthropods, insects possess no legs on the abdomen in adult form, though the Protura do have rudimentary leg-like appendages on the first three abdominal segments, and Archaeognatha possess small, articulated "styli" which are sometimes considered to be rudimentary appendages. Many larval insects including

1566-464: The common honey bee . In the Collembola (springtails), the abdomen has only six segments. The abdomen is sometimes highly modified. In Apocrita (bees, ants and wasps), the first segment of the abdomen is fused to the thorax and is called the propodeum . In ants , the second segment forms the narrow petiole . Some ants have an additional postpetiole segment, and the remaining segments form

1620-440: The concavity of the ileum. However, the term is in common usage. Abdominal organs can be highly specialized in some mammals. For example, the stomach of ruminants , (a suborder of mammals that includes cattle and sheep ), is divided into four chambers – rumen , reticulum , omasum and abomasum . In arthropods , the abdomen is built up of a series of upper plates known as tergites and lower plates known as sternites ,

1674-407: The detachment of the umbilical cord. This is located in the center of the navel, sometimes described as the belly button . Around the cord remnant is the "umbilical collar", formed by the dense fibrous umbilical ring . Surrounding the umbilical collar is the periumbilical skin. Directly behind the navel is a thick fibrous cord formed from the umbilical cord, called the urachus , which originates from

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1728-404: The digestive tract is placed and so most of the absorption and digestion of food occurs here. The alimentary tract in the abdomen consists of the lower esophagus , the stomach , the duodenum , the jejunum , ileum , the cecum and the appendix , the ascending , transverse and descending colons , the sigmoid colon and the rectum . Other vital organs inside the abdomen include the liver ,

1782-439: The form. When the glottis is closed and the thorax and pelvis are fixed, they are integral in the cough , urination , defecation , childbirth , vomit , and singing functions. When the pelvis is fixed, they can initiate the movement of the trunk in a forward motion. They also prevent hyperextension . When the thorax is fixed, they can pull up the pelvis and finally, they can bend the vertebral column sideways and assist in

1836-418: The healing of back problems, or after spine surgery. When strengthened, the abdominal muscles provide flexibility as well. The abdominal muscles can be worked by strength and fitness exercises, and through practicing disciplines of general body strength such as Pilates , yoga , tai chi , and jogging . Abdominal obesity is a condition where abdominal fat or visceral fat, has built up excessively between

1890-408: The ilium to the spine of the pubis . These lower limits are marked by visible grooves. Just above the pubic spines on either side are the external abdominal rings, which are openings in the muscular wall of the abdomen through which the spermatic cord emerges in the male, and through which an inguinal hernia may rupture. One method by which the location of the abdominal contents can be appreciated

1944-409: The internal oblique and the underlying transverse fascia . It originates from the inguinal ligament, costal cartilages 7-12, the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia. Inserts into the conjoint tendon, xiphoid process , linea alba and the pubic crest. The rectus abdominis muscles are long and flat. The muscle is crossed by three fibrous bands called the tendinous intersections . The rectus abdominis

1998-424: The linea alba and the tendinous intersections which form the abdominal "six-pack" sought after by many people. The upper lateral limit of the abdomen is the subcostal margin (at or near the subcostal plane ) formed by the cartilages of the false ribs (8, 9, 10) joining one another. The lower lateral limit is the anterior crest of the ilium and Poupart's ligament , which runs from the anterior superior spine of

2052-406: The location of an organ or structure. Classically, quadrants are described as the left upper, left lower, right upper, and right lower. Quadrants are also often used in describing the site of an abdominal pain. The abdomen can also be divided into nine regions. These terms stem from "hypo" meaning "below" and "epi" means "above", while "chondron" means "cartilage" (in this case, the cartilage of

2106-528: The male navel has rarely been stigmatised and has become particularly popular in recent years, due to the strong resurgence of the male crop top and male navel piercing . The navel and midriff are often also displayed in bikinis , or when low-rise pants are worn. While the West was relatively resistant to navel-baring clothing until the 1980s, it has long been a fashion with Indian women, often displayed with saris or lehengas . The Japanese have long had

2160-440: The midline and surround the rectus abdominis in a sheath before joining up on the opposite side at the linea alba . Strength is gained by the criss-crossing of fibers, such that the external oblique runs downward and forward, the internal oblique upward and forward, and the transverse abdominal horizontally forward. The transverse abdominal muscle is flat and triangular, with its fibers running horizontally. It lies between

2214-400: The navel can be involved in umbilical sinus or fistula, which in rare cases can lead to menstrual or fecal discharge from the navel. Menstrual discharge from the umbilicus is a rare disorder associated with umbilical endometriosis . To minimize scarring, the navel is a recommended site of incision for various surgeries, including transgastric appendicectomy , gall bladder surgery, and

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2268-466: The neck height; an alternative approximation, very relevant in anthropometry , is Small of the Back (SOB) + 2cm. Variables such as posture significantly influence the measurement of the waist, and therefore any measurements for a group need to maintain a constant posture between the subjects. Waist size (waist circumference ) is an indicator of abdominal obesity and is one of the criteria for diagnosing

2322-436: The organs of the gastrointestinal tract. These include endoscopy , colonoscopy , sigmoidoscopy , enteroscopy , oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and virtual colonoscopy . There are also a number of medical imaging techniques that can be used. Surface landmarks are important in the examination of the abdomen . In the mid-line, a slight furrow extends from the xiphoid process above to the pubic symphysis below, representing

2376-400: The proportion by which fat is distributed around the torso . In modern clothing, the region referred to as the waist is considerably below the waist as defined anatomically. With the advent of pants and skirts that do not require support from above, the clothing waist moved down to a position where the body starts to expand to form the buttocks and a support is therefore available. However,

2430-412: The protrusion were 5 centimeters or more. The diameter of an umbilical hernia is usually 1/2-inch or more. Navels that are concave are nicknamed "innies". While the shape of the human navel may be affected by long term changes to diet and exercise, unexpected change in shape may be the result of ascites . In addition to change in shape being a possible side effect from ascites and umbilical hernias,

2484-486: The rib) and "gaster" means stomach. The reversal of "left" and "right" is intentional, because the anatomical designations reflect the patient's own right and left .) The "right iliac fossa" (RIF) is a common site of pain and tenderness in patients who have appendicitis . The fossa is named for the underlying iliac fossa of the hip bone , and thus is somewhat imprecise. Most of the anatomical structures that will produce pain and tenderness in this region are not in fact in

2538-481: The risk of obesity-related diseases as high if men have a waist circumference greater than 102 cm (40 in) and women have a waist circumference greater than 88 cm (35 in). Further, whether waist circumference or body mass index (BMI) is a better predictor of adverse health outcomes is debatable. For example, those who lift weights may have high BMI but are at relatively low risk for cardiovascular consequences. For these people, waist circumference may be

2592-464: The spine. They also stabilize the spine when upright. The rectus abdominis muscle is not the most superficial abdominal muscle. The tendonous sheath extending from the external obliques cover the rectus abdominis. The rectus abdominis is the muscle that very fit people develop into "six-pack" abs, though there are five vertical sections on each side. The two bottom sections are just above the pubic bone and usually not visible. The rectus abdominals' function

2646-455: The torso and navel. Buddhism and Hinduism refer to the chakra of the navel as the manipura . In qigong , the navel is seen as the main energy centre, or dantian . In Hinduism , the Kundalini energy is sometimes described as being located at the navel. Abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly , tummy , midriff , tucky , or stomach ) is the front part of

2700-469: The trunk's rotation. The transverse abdominis muscle is the deepest muscle; therefore, it cannot be touched from the outside. It can greatly affect the body's posture. The internal obliques are also deep and also affect body posture. Both of them are involved in rotation and lateral flexion of the spine and are used to bend and support the spine from the front. The external obliques are more superficial and are also involved in rotation and lateral flexion of

2754-475: The waist at the level of the umbilicus is supplied by the tenth thoracic spinal nerve (T10 dermatome ). The umbilicus itself typically lies at a vertical level corresponding to the junction between the L3 and L4 vertebrae , with a normal variation among people between the L3 and L5 vertebrae. Parts of the adult navel include the "umbilical cord remnant" or "umbilical tip", which is the often protruding scar left by

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2808-470: The waist region remains a highly important measurement and anthropometric landmark in garment construction. Jewellery , such as a belly chain , may be worn around either the clothing or anatomical waist. Waist reduction or waist training refer to the act of wearing a corset or other constricting garment to reduce or alter the waistline. The four floating ribs may be permanently compressed or moved by such garments. A girdle may also be used to alter

2862-409: The wall and where the fibrous cord from the uterus in the female runs. This is also where weakness can form, and cause inguinal hernias . The pyramidalis muscle is small and triangular. It is located in the lower abdomen in front of the rectus abdominis. It originates at the pubic bone and is inserted into the linea alba halfway up to the navel . Functionally, the human abdomen is where most of

2916-415: The whole being held together by a tough yet stretchable membrane. In insects , the abdomen contains the insect's digestive tract and reproductive organs, it consists of eleven segments in most orders of insects though the eleventh segment is absent in the adult of most higher orders. The number of these segments does vary from species to species with the number of segments visible reduced to only seven in

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